SLB-TTC-DOC-v1.

TTC Documentation

TTC Documentation
SpaceLab, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis - Brazil

January 2021
 TTC Documentation
January, 2021

Project Chief:
Eduardo Augusto Bezerra

Authors:
Gabriel Mariano Marcelino

Contributing Authors:
Sara Vega Martinez

Revision Control:

Version Author Changes Date

1.2 G. M. Marcelino Template update 2021/01/16

© 2021 by SpaceLab. TTC Documentation. This work is licensed under the Creative
Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license,
visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/.
 List of Figures

2.1 TTC PCB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.2 Hardware diagram of the TTC module. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 External connections on the board. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4 RF ground plane region (red) of the TTC board. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.5 Static power budget of the TTC module. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.6 Dynamic power budget of the TTC module. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3.1 Beacon software stack-up. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3.2 Main flowchart of the beacon software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3 Flowchart of the beacon initialization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.4 OBDH and EPS modules comunication ISRs routines. . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

4.1 Beacon output frequency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

4.2 Downlink output frequency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.3 Beacon output power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.4 Beacon signal harmonics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.5 Analysis of the beacon signal harmonics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.6 Downlink signal harmonics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

5.1 Step 1 of the radio configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

5.2 Step 2 of the radio configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.3 Step 3 of the radio configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.4 Step 4 of the radio configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.5 Step 5 of the radio configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.6 Step 6 of the radio configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.7 Step 7 of the radio configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.8 Step 8 of the radio configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.9 Step 9 of the radio configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.10 Step 10 of the radio configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.11 Step 11 of the radio configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.12 Step 12 of the radio configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.13 Step 13 of the radio configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.14 Step 14 of the radio configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5.15 New CCS project window. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.16 Beacon signal in GQRX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.17 Beacon signal in the GNURadio receiver from the FloripaSat GRS. . . . . 44
5.18 Beacon data in the FloripaSat GRS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

v
 List of Tables

2.1 MSP430F6659 features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.2 Si4463 features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 External connections description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4 PCI-104 connector reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.1 Beacon software tasks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3.2 Normal content of the beacon packets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.3 Content of the beacon packets with a fault in the OBDH module. . . . . . 19
3.4 Content of the beacon packets with a fault in the OBDH and EPS modules. 19
3.5 USCIs configuration of the beacon microcontroller. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.6 Timers configuration of the beacon microcontroller. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

vii
 Nomenclature

ADC Analog-To-Digital Converter.

BSL Bootstrap Loader.

CDS CubeSat Design Specification.

CPU Central Processing Unit.

DMA Direct Memory Access.

GFSK Gaussian Frequency-Shift Keyring.

GPIO General Purpose Input/Output.

HAL Hardware Abstraction Layer.

I2 C Inter-Integrated Circuit.

ISR Interruption Service Routine.

OBC Onboard Computer.

OBDH Onboard Data Handling.

P-POD Poly-Picosatellite Orbital Deployer.

PCB Printed Circuit Board.

RAM Random Access Memory.

RF Radio Frequency.

SPI Serial Peripheral Interface.

TMR Telemetry, Tracking and Command Module Requirements.

TTC Telemetry, Tracking and Command.

UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter.

USB Universal Serial Bus.

ix
 Contents

List of Figures v

Lista of Tables vii

Nomenclature ix

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Module Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 Hardware 5
2.1 General Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Main Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.1 Microcontroller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.2 Radio Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 External Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3.1 PCI-104 Pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4 PCB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4.1 Types of assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.5 Power Budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3 Software 13
3.1 Dependencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.2 Software Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3 Flowcharts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3.1 Main . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3.2 Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3.3 ISRs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.4 Operation Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.5 Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.6 Packets Payload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.7 USCIs Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.8 Timers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4 Tests 21
4.1 RF Signal Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.1.1 Beacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.1.2 Downlink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2 RF Signal Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.2.1 Beacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

xi
Contents

4.2.2 Downlink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.3 Harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.3.1 Beacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.3.2 Downlink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

5 Assembly Instructions 27
5.1 Radio Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.1.1 Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.1.2 Final Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.2 Compiling and Building the Beacon Firmware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.2.1 Creating the Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.2.2 Compiling and Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.2.3 Flashing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.3 Power-On the TTC Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.3.1 Using an External Power Source for the Beacon MCU . . . . . . . 40
5.3.2 Using the JTAG as Power Source for the Beacon MCU . . . . . . . 42
5.4 Receiving the Beacon Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.4.1 Required Softwares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.4.2 Receiving the Beacon Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.4.3 Receiving the Beacon Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

References 45

xii
CHAPTER 1

Introduction

This document is the general documentation of the Telemetry, Tracking and Command
module of the FloripaSat project.
The TTC (or TT&C) is the communication module of the FloripaSat[1] cubesat. It is
responsible to make the communication between the earth (A ground station) and the
satellite, and is divided in two sub-modules: Beacon and telemetry.
The beacon is a independent sub-module who transmits a periodic signal containing
an identification data (ID) of the satellite and some basic telemetry data.
The telemetry sub-module is the main communication device. It has a bidirectional
data link to receive telecommands from the earth and transmit all the requested data.
The telemetry sub-module is controlled by the OBDH module (The OBC of the satel-
lite), and the software for handling with this sub-module is under development in the
OBDH module, and is not documented here.
[2]
The beacon executes the following tasks during its execution:

• 145 MHz band antenna deployment.

• One-way communication (RX) with the EPS module, using the FSP protocol.

• Two-way communication (TX and RX) with the OBDH module, using the FSP pro-
tocol.

• Transmission of the beacon packets (In two protocols: NGHam and AX.25), containing
the data from the EPS or the OBDH module and the satellite ID (“FLORIPASAT").

• When required by the OBDH module, the transmissions are stopped for an hiberna-
tion period (shutdown).

• In case of an critical failure of the OBDH module, or the uplink channel, the beacon
activates its reception and is capable of make its own hibernation (shutdown).

1.1 Module Requirements

In the list below, the TTC module requirements for the mission are described. These
requirements are nominated as TMR, or Telemetry, Tracking and Command Module Re-
quirements.

1
Chapter 1. Introduction

TMR 1 The FloripaSat shall have a physical device to inhibit radio frequency (RF) trans-
mission.
Compliance with CDS 3.3.9: The use of three independent inhibits is highly recommended and
can reduce required documentation and analysis.

TMR 2 The CubeSat will have the RF power output to the transmitting antenna input no
greater than 1,5 W.
Compliance with CDS 3.3.9.1.

TMR 3 The CubeSat will have the RF power output to the transmitting antenna input no
less than 1,0 W (or 30 dBm).
Defined by team analysis.

TMR 4 No CubeSats shall generate or transmit any RF signal from the time of integration
into the P-POD through 45 minutes after on-orbit deployment from the P-POD.
Compliance with CDS.

TMR 5 TTC transceiver shall transmit and receive on the frequency of 437,9 Mhz.
Defined by the team, based on available spectrum allocation to Amateur communication.

TMR 6 TTC beacon shall transmit on the frequency of 145,9 Mhz.

Defined by the team, based on available spectrum allocation to Amateur communication.

TMR 7 TTC shall modulate and demodulate information using GFSK.

Defined by the team.

TMR 8 TTC Beacon must transmit periodic beacon messages at an interval of 10 seconds,
except when in hibernation or shutdown mode. Allows ground stations to track
and receive satellite data even if telecommand was not sent to the satellite.

TMR 9 TTC transceiver must receive signals from ground stations and demodulate them.

TMR 10 TTC must interface with OBDH, exchanging encoded raw data received or to be
transmitted.

TMR 11 TTC must interface with OBDH using the SPI protocol (@2 KHz).
Defined by the team.

TMR 12 TTC radio must modulate raw data received from OBDH using GFSK, prior to
transmission, and demodulate received data and forward raw data to OBDH.

TMR 13 TTC transceiver shall transmit and receive data at a baud rate of 2400 bps.
Defined by the team, based on link budget analysis.

TMR 14 TTC beacon shall transmit data at a baud rate of 1200 bps.
Defined by the team, based on link budget analysis.

TMR 15 TTC beacon shall transmit packets using the NGHam and AX.25 protocols.
Defined by the team.

2
 1.1. Module Requirements

TMR 16 A same beacon packet must be transmitted in both NGHam and AX.25 protocols.
Defined by the team.

TMR 17 TTC must receive the batteries voltages from the EPS module at every 10 sec-
onds.
Defined by the team.

TMR 18 The payload from the packets transmitted by the beacon must contain at least
the satellite ID ("FLORIPASAT") and batteries voltages (received from the EPS
module at every 10 seconds).

TMR 19 TTC uC must perform the antenna deployment of the VHF band antenna.
Defined by the team.

TMR 20 Between the beacon packets transmissions, the beacon MCU and radio must
operate in low power mode, to save energy.
Defined by the team.

TMR 21 TTC PAs (Power amplifiers) must just only be activated during transmissions.
When they are not in operation, they must be turned off.
Defined by the team.

TMR 22 All the beacon critical data, like time control and antenna deployment status,
must be stored in a non-volatile memory.
Defined by the team.

TMR 23 TTC beacon must be able to receive a 24 hour shutdown command from the
OBDH module.
Compliance with AMSAT/IARU regulations.

3
CHAPTER 2

Hardware

The TTC board is composed by the following main components:

• MSP430F6659, as the beacon microcontroller.

• RF4463F30, as the radio module for the beacon and the telemetry link.

In the figure 2.1, ...

Figure 2.1: TTC PCB.

2.1 General Diagram

In the figure 2.2, a general hardware diagram can be seen, with the connection and pro-
tocols between the components.

5
Chapter 2. Hardware

PC104

SPI/GPIO

UART

GPIO
JTAG RF4463F30 RF

SPI
JTAG Antenna
(Transceiver)

UART SPI/GPIO RF4463F30 RF

Debug MSP430F6659 Antenna
(Beacon)

I2C

UART
Serial RF

TTC Board

Figure 2.2: Hardware diagram of the TTC module.

2.2 Main Components

2.2.1 Microcontroller
The beacon microcontroller is the MSP430F6659IPZR [3]. Its main characteristics can be
found in the table 2.1.

2.2.2 Radio Modules

The NiceRF RF4463F30 [4] is a transceiver module based on the Silicon Labs Si4463 [5]
radio. This module also contains a PA module to increase the output power up to 31 dBm.
In compliance with the TMR 3, the RF4463F30 module operates with 5 V as input
voltage in the TTC board, to achieve 30 dBm (1 W) in its output (The RF connector).

Si4463

The RF4463F30 module uses the Si4463 radio module. The main characteristics of this
IC can be found in the table 2.2.

2.3 External Connections

This section describes the external available connections of the TTC module.
In the figure 2.3, all the external connections are enumerated.
A brief description of each connection is presented in the table 2.3.
The connections 1, 2, 4 and 6 were designed to be used during the software development
stage, and not during the satellite operation.

6
 2.3. External Connections

Characteristic Value
CPU MSP430
Frequency Up to 20 MHz
Non-volatile memory 512 kB
RAM 66 kB
GPIO pins 74
2
IC 3
SPI 6
UART 3
DMA 6
ADC ADC12-12ch
Comparators 12 inputs
Timers - 16-bit 4
Multiplier 32 × 32
BSL USB
Min Vcc 1,8 V
Max Vcc 3,6 V
Active Power 360 µA/MHz
Standby Power (LMP3) 2, 6 µA
Wakeup Time 3 µs
Operating Temperature Range -40 to 80 ◦ C

Table 2.1: MSP430F6659 features.

Characteristic Value Unit

Frequency range 119-1050 MHz
Receiver sensitivity -126 dBm
Modulation (G)FSK, 4(G)FSK, (G)MSK and OOK -
Max. output power +20 dBm
PA support +27 to 30 dBm
Ultra low current powerdown modes 30 (shutdown), 50 (standby) nA
Data rate 100 bps to 1 Mbps -
Power supply 1,8 to 3,6 V
TX and RX FIFOs 64 bytes for each or 129 bytes shared -

Table 2.2: Si4463 features.

2.3.1 PCI-104 Pins

The table 2.4 describes the PCI-104 connector used pins. The first column is the row
number of the connector, and the remaining columns are the respective columns (Named
as H1A, H1B, H2A and H2B respectively). If the pin has no description, it is not connected
to the TTC board.

7
Chapter 2. Hardware

Figure 2.3: External connections on the board.

2.4 PCB
The PCB (Printed Circuit Board) of the TTC module has basically the MSP430F6659 ic,
the RF4463F30 module and all the external connectors.
Some characteristics of this PCB are described bellow:

• The components and traces of the board are distributed over two layers (one in each
side of the board).

• The RF modules are placed in a isolated ground plane (Connected to the main GND
using a ferrite bead). This region can be seen in the figure 2.4.

• The antenna output of the RF4463F30 modules are connected to their respective
connector over a 50 Ohm coupled trace.

2.4.1 Types of assembly

The TTC PCB has two types of assembly: Develop and flight.
The develop type has the purpose to be used during the development stage and tests.
In this version, the connectors 3 and 5 are not soldered (Using the figure 2.3 as reference).
The flight version were designed to be used during the satellite operation. In this
version, the connectors 1, 2, 4 and 6, and the reset button, are not soldered.

8
 2.5. Power Budget

Number Connector Description

1 Male pin header UART TX @4800 bps. These pins transmit the beacon
(1 × 2) packets over a serial connection (It is enable in the
configuration file, setting the BEACON_RADIO
variable as UART_SIM).
2 Male pin header Debug UART TX/RX @115200 bps. These pins
(1 × 2) transmit a description of the main events of the beacon
software during it’s execution. This feature is only
available in DEBUG_MODE.
3 Male JTAG and Debug. This connection contains the relevant
PicoBladeT M pins of the connectors 2 and 4.
(×6)
4 Male pin header MSP430 JTAG. This connection is for programming the
(2 × 2) uC code, using a MSP-FET debugger.
5 Male Antenna I2C. I2C bus for a communication channel with
PicoBladeT M the antenna module.
(×6)
6 Male pin header Power supply jumper. With a jumper, the beacon
(1 × 2) microcontroller power source comes from the JTAG
connector. Without a jumper, the uC power supply
comes from a pin of the PC104 connector.
7 Female Angled 437 MHz band RF signal (Goes to the antenna
MCX module).
8 Female Angled 145 MHz band RF signal (Goes to the antenna
MCX module).
9 Male/Female PCI-104. Power supply and communication buses with
PCI-104 others stacked up modules.

Table 2.3: External connections description.

2.5 Power Budget

9
Chapter 2. Hardware

Figure 2.4: RF ground plane region (red) of the TTC board.

Current [A] Power [W]

Functionality Components Quantity Notes
Min. Max. Min. Max.
MSP430F6659 1 0,155m 0,0031 0,5115m 0,01023 4 MHz, Flash. Datasheet p.54
Microcontroller XT1 (Crystal 1 - 32,768 kHz) 1 ∼
=0 0,00029 ∼
= 0 0,000957 Datasheet p. 60
XT2 (Crystal 2 - 4 MHz) 1 ∼
=0 0,0002 ∼
=0 0,00066 Datasheet p. 61
Total 0,155m 0,00359 0,5115m 11,85µ Beacon/EPS DC/DC 3V3/2A

Figure 2.5: Static power budget of the TTC module.

Between transmissions During transmissions

Activation Active Active Power
Functionality Components Quantity Current [A] Charge [As] Current [A] Charge [As]
Period [s] Time [s] Time [s] Min. Max. Mean Notes
Radio RF4463F30 1 10 9,9 0,5µ 49,52µ 0,1 0,6 0,058 17µ 1,98 0,01916 ∼
= 50 % efficiency

Figure 2.6: Dynamic power budget of the TTC module.

10
 2.5. Power Budget

Row H1A H1B H2A H2B

1 GND GND GND GND
2 GND GND GND GND
3 - - UART RX -
@4800 bps from
the EPS
module.
4 Telemetry radio Telemetry radio - -
GPIO0 GPIO1
5 Telemetry radio Enable beacon - -
GPIO2 radio power
supply
6 Telemetry radio - OBDH OBDH
SDN communication communication
(SPI MOSI) (SPI clock)
7 - - OBDH OBDH
communication communication
(SPI chip select) (SPI MISO)
8 - - - -
9 - - - -
10 - - - -
11 - - - -
12 - - - -
13 - - - -
14 - - Beacon uC 3,3 V beacon uC
power supply power supply
(3,3 V/50 mA) (3,3 V/50 mA)
15 GND GND GND GND
16 GND GND GND GND
17 - - - -
18 Telemetry radio - - -
SPI clock
19 Telemetry radio - - -
SPI MISO
20 Telemetry radio Telemetry radio - -
SPI MOSI SPI chip select
21 - - - -
22 - - - -
23 - - - -
24 - - - -
25 Telemetry radio - - -
power supply (5
V/500 mA)
26 Beacon radio - - -
power supply (5
V/500 mA)

Table 2.4: PCI-104 connector reference.

11
CHAPTER 3

Software

The beacon software is responsible to transmit periodic beacon signals, containing the
satellite identification and a basic telemetry data.
To achieve it, this software communicates with other modules of the satellite (to acquire
data to transmit in the beacon packets), controls the beacon’s radio module and its antenna
module.
It’s written in C, using the Code Composer Studio IDE (Version 7.4.0). The radio
module (Si4463 IC) is configured using the WDS (Version 3.2.11), a step-by-step tutorial
is available as an apendix.

3.1 Dependencies
The beacon software is dependent of the following libraries:

• NGHam: Used to generate and interpret the NGHam protocol packets (This library
was modified for this firmware).

• DriverLib: Used to handle the internal peripherals of the MSP430F6659 uC.

3.2 Software Layers

The figure 3.1 describes the software layers of the beacon system.
It is composed by five layers:

• Hardware layer: All the TTC hardware (MSP430F6659 and the RF4463F30).

• Drivers layer: The software to make the interface with the hardware (Internal pe-
ripherals of the uC, the radio module and the antenna module).

• System layer: General usage functions and resources of the beacon system (like
data structures, power management, etc.).

• Application layer: The main beacon software, where all the tasks were implemented.

13
Chapter 3. Software

Beacon Application

Beacon System Configuration

Parameters

Drivers DriverLib

Beacon Hardware

Figure 3.1: Beacon software stack-up.

Power On

System
Initialization

Main Loop

Figure 3.2: Main flowchart of the beacon software.

3.3 Flowcharts
3.3.1 Main
3.3.2 Initialization
Watchdog

The watchdog is initialized using the ACLK as clock source and a 512k clock divider
(generating a 16 second watchdog). The counter starts right after the initialization.

CPU

For the CPU configuration, the core voltage is setted to level 2 (required for a clock
between 12 and 20 MHz). The DCO FLL reference is setted to REF0 (with the clock
divider equal to 1). The ACLK clock is setted to be equal to REF0 (same as DCO, clock
divider equal to 1). The SMCLK reference is setted to be the DCO, but with a divider
factor equal to 4.

14
 3.3. Flowcharts

So, the final configuration is: MCLK = 16 MHz, SMCLK = 4 MHz and ACLK =
32,768 kHz.

Memory
UNDER DEVELOPMENT.

Time
During the time initialization, the last value stored in the memory is loaded and the counter
continues from it value, preventing the lost of time reference after a system reboot or fault.

Timer
For the system time, a 1 second timer is used (using the timer interruption to increment a
second counter variable, 32-bit unsigned integer). This counting starts from the last value
stored into the memory.

Antenna
UNDER DEVELOPMENT.

EPS Communication Bus

The EPS communication bus (UART) is configured at a transfer rate of 4800 bps, no parity
bit, LSB first and one stop bit. The clock source of this UART bus is the SMCLK. The
EPS queue is also initialized.

OBDH Communication Bus

The same occurs for the OBDH communication bus (SPI): the transfer rate is 2400 bps
and the endianness is MSB first. The OBDH queue is also initialized.

Radio
During the initialization of the radio, it is reseted and all the configuration parameters are
transfered to the radio module. More informations about this process can be found in the
radio IC documentation.

RF Protocols
The NGHam, AX.25 and the FSP protocols also need an initialization, to set internal
variables and counters.

3.3.3 ISRs
OBDH and EPS Communication
The flowchart of the interruption service routine (ISR) of the OBDH communication can
be seen in the figure 3.4(a). Basically, when a new byte arrives, it is pushed to a queue

15
Chapter 3. Software

(if it isn’t full), and periodically, the OBDH communication task process these new bytes
(taking out the bytes from the queue).
The flowchart of the interruption service routine (ISR) of the EPS communication can
be seen in the figure 3.4(b). It’s operation is equal to the OBDH communication ISR.

3.4 Operation Modes

There are three operation modes in the beacon software:

• DEBUG MODE: In this mode, the operation of the beacon is described through
an UART port. At every operation, a message describing what is happening is
transmitted to the debug UART port.

• TEST MODE: In this mode, the antenna deployment routines are not executed. This
is the main mode to use during the satellite integration tests.

• FLIGHT MODE: This is the mode to use in flight, with all the available resources
enabled.

The selection of the operation mode can be done using the “BEACON_MODE" variable
in the “config.h" file.

3.5 Tasks
In the table 3.1, the beacon tasks are listed with a brief description and its period of
execution.

3.6 Packets Payload

In the normal satellite operation, the beacon packets contains the data from the table 3.2.
If a fault on the OBDH module occurs, only the EPS data are transmitted, the contents
of this kind of packet can be seen in the table 3.3.
If a fault occurs in the OBDH and the EPS modules, only the satellite ID is transmitted.
It can be seen in the table 3.4.
The decodification of the packets data are done automatically by the GRS software.

3.7 USCIs Configuration

3.8 Timers

16
 3.8. Timers

Task Description Period

System Submodules initialization (CPU, Aperiodic (Executed only
initialization memory, radio, etc.) at initializations)
Antenna 145 MHz band antenna deployment Aperiodic (Executed once)
deployment after the satellite launch
NGHam packet Transmission of the beacon packets 10, 20 or 30 seconds (EPS
transmission with a basic telemetry data using energy level dependent)
the NGHam protocol
AX.25 packet Transmission of the beacon packets 10, 20 or 30 seconds (EPS
transmission with a basic telemetry data using energy level dependent)
the AX.25 protocol
OBDH data The OBDH module can send Aperiodic (OBDH module
processing telemetry data or commands dependent)
EPS data The EPS modules sends telemetry Aperiodic (EPS module
processing data dependent)
Radio data Processing of an incoming packet Aperiodic (Only when the
processing from the beacon radio OBDH fails and an
hibernation is required)
Beacon radio When a critical failure occur in the Aperiodic (Only when the
reception OBDH module, the beacon OBDH module fails)
activation activates its reception between the
beacon transmissions
Radio reset Beacon radio reset 10 minutes
Beacon reset Beacon system reset 12 hours

Table 3.1: Beacon software tasks.

Information Length (Bytes)

Satellite ID: “FLORIPASAT" 10
Batteries voltages 4
Batteries temperatures 6
Total charge of batteries 2
Solar panels currents 12
Solar panels voltages 6
Overall status of the satellite 2
Accelerometer and gyroscope 12
Time since boot 4
Number of OBDH module resets since launch 2

Table 3.2: Normal content of the beacon packets.

17
Chapter 3. Software

Initialization
Routine

Watchdog Radio
Initialization Initialization

CPU
Initialization Radio No

Init. Successful?

Memory
Yes

Initialization

RF Protocols
Initialization
Time
Initialization

Operational Params.
Initialization
Timer
Initialization

End Of
Initialization
Antenna
Initialization

Antenna No

Init. Successful?

Yes

EPS Com. Bus

Initialization

OBDH Com. Bus

Initialization

Figure 3.3: Flowchart of the beacon initialization.

18
 3.8. Timers

OBDH EPS
ISR ISR

Receive Byte Receive Byte

OBDH No Push Byte to EPS No Push Byte to

Queue Full? OBDH Queue Queue Full? EPS Queue

Yes Yes

End Of ISR End Of ISR

(a) OBDH communication ISR flowchart. (b) EPS communication ISR flowchart.

Figure 3.4: OBDH and EPS modules comunication ISRs routines.

Information Length (Bytes)

Satellite ID: “FLORIPASAT" 10
Batteries voltages 4
Batteries temperatures 6
Total charge of batteries 2
Solar panels currents 12
Solar panels voltages 6
Energy level 1

Table 3.3: Content of the beacon packets with a fault in the OBDH module.

Information Length (Bytes)

Satellite ID: “FLORIPASAT" 10

Table 3.4: Content of the beacon packets with a fault in the OBDH and EPS modules.

MSP Interface Mode Connected Components

USCI_A0 UART RX EPS Bus
USCI_A0 UART TX Packets transmission (Only for tests)
USCI_A1 UART TX/RX Debug
USCI_A2 SPI Slave OBDH Bus
USCI_B0 SPI Master Beacon transceiver
USCI_B2 I 2 C Master Antenna bus

Table 3.5: USCIs configuration of the beacon microcontroller.

19
Chapter 3. Software

Timer Interface Mode Period Function

TIMER_A1 Continuous-Compare 1s Time Control

Table 3.6: Timers configuration of the beacon microcontroller.

20
CHAPTER 4

Tests

This...

4.1 RF Signal Frequency

4.1.1 Beacon
• Target: 145,9 MHz

• Measurement: ∼
= 145,9 MHz

Figure 4.1: Beacon output frequency.

4.1.2 Downlink
• Target: 437,9 MHz

21
Chapter 4. Tests

• Measurement: ∼
= 437,9 MHz

Figure 4.2: Downlink output frequency.

4.2 RF Signal Power

4.2.1 Beacon

• Target: 30 dBm

• Measurement: ∼
= 22 dBm (+3 dBm including the cable and connectors loss)

22
 4.2. RF Signal Power

30

20

10

0
Power [dBm]

Max. power (28.73 dBm)

10 FFT

20

30

40
1.457 1.458 1.459 1.460 1.461
Frequency [Hz] 1e8

Figure 4.3: Beacon output power.

4.2.2 Downlink

• Target: 30 dBm

• Measurement: ∼
= 27 dBm (+3 dBm including the cable and connectors loss)

The output power of the downlink radio can be seen in Figure 4.2.

23
Chapter 4. Tests

4.3 Harmonics

4.3.1 Beacon

Figure 4.4: Beacon signal harmonics.

24
 4.3. Harmonics

Figure 4.5: Analysis of the beacon signal harmonics.

4.3.2 Downlink

Figure 4.6: Downlink signal harmonics.

25
CHAPTER 5

Assembly Instructions

5.1 Radio Configuration

This appendix is a tutorial with the purpose of generate a source code file with basic
configuration parameters of the radio module. For it, the WDS software from Silicon Labs
will be used (version 3.2.11.0).
Unfortunately, the software in only available for Windows platforms.

5.1.1 Steps
After the installation of the software, the procedures to configure the beacon radio are
described bellow (When a parameter to configure the telemetry link radio differs from the
beacon radio, a note describes the difference).

Step 1
1. Open the WDS software.
2. The following box will appear in the center of the window.
3. Click in "Simulate radio" and go to the next step.

Figure 5.1: Step 1 of the radio configuration.

27
Chapter 5. Assembly Instructions

Step 2
1. In the list of radios that appeared on the new window, select the chip type “Si4463".

2. In the revision column, select “B1".

3. Click on “Select Radio" to go to the next step.

Figure 5.2: Step 2 of the radio configuration.

Step 3
1. Select “Radio Configuration Application".

2. Click on “Select Application" to go to the next step.

Step 4
1. In the “Frequency and power" tab, change the base frequency to 145,9 MHz.

2. Change the channel spacing to 0 kHz.

3. Change the crystal tolerance to 10,0 ppm (Both RX and TX).

4. Go to the next step.

28
 5.1. Radio Configuration

Figure 5.3: Step 3 of the radio configuration.

Step 5
1. In the “RF parameters" tab, change the modulation type to “2GFSK".
2. Change the the data rate to 1,2 kbps.
3. Change the deviation to 2, 5 kHz.
4. Go to the next step.

Step 6
1. In the “Packet" tab, many subtabs will appear. In “Preamble" change the “Preamble
TX length" to 4 bytes.
2. Again, in “Preamble", change the “Preamble pattern" to “Std. 1010 pattern (>= 32
and < 40 bits)".
3. Go to the next step.

Step 7
1. In the “Sync Word" tab, change the sync word length field to “4 bytes".
2. In the “Sync Word (on air int.)", enter the following sequence: 5D E6 2A 7E. This
sequence is the sync word used by the NGHam protocol.
3. Go to the next step.

29
Chapter 5. Assembly Instructions

Figure 5.4: Step 4 of the radio configuration.

Step 8

1. In the “Field 1" tab, change the “Field length" to 50 bytes.

2. Go to the next step.

Step 9

1. In the “Variable length config" tab, there is no values to change.

2. Go to the next step.

30
 5.1. Radio Configuration

Figure 5.5: Step 5 of the radio configuration.

Step 10

1. In the “CRC config" tab, choose “No CRC." in “CRC polynomial".

2. Go to the next step.

Step 11

1. In the “Whitening config" tab, there is no values to change.

2. Go to the next step.

31
Chapter 5. Assembly Instructions

Figure 5.6: Step 6 of the radio configuration.

Step 12

1. In the “Field config" tab, there is no values to change.

2. Go to the next step.

Step 13

1. In the “Interrupts" tab, there is no values to change.

2. Go to the next step.

32
 5.1. Radio Configuration

Figure 5.7: Step 7 of the radio configuration.

Step 14
1. In the “GPIO and FRR" tab, enable pullup in GPIO1 and choose “TX_FIFO_EMPTY
- This output is..." as functionality.

2. Enable pullup in GPIO2 and choose “RX_STATE - This output is..." as functionality.

3. Enable pullup in GPIO3 and choose “TX_STATE - This output is..." as functionality.

4. Enable pullup in NIRQ and choose “Active low interrupt signal" as functionality.

5. Enable pullup in SDO and choose “SDO - Output SPI Serial data out." as function-
ality.

6. Select “Global status" for the “Fast Response Register A".

33
Chapter 5. Assembly Instructions

Figure 5.8: Step 8 of the radio configuration.

7. Select “Global interrupt status" for the “Fast Response Register B".

8. Select “Packet Handler status" for the “Fast Response Register C".

9. Select “Chip status status" for the “Fast Response Register D".

10. Go to the next step.

Step 15
1. Click in “Generate Source" and select the “.h" type of source.

2. The software will ask where to save the generated file.

3. The generated *.h file must be copied to the directory of the rf4463 driver.

34
 5.2. Compiling and Building the Beacon Firmware

Figure 5.9: Step 9 of the radio configuration.

5.1.2 Final Remarks

This tutorial has the objective of generate a basic configuration parameters of the radio,
some functionalities of the radio are not covered by the WDS software, and so, must be
configured/controlled in the device driver.

5.2 Compiling and Building the Beacon Firmware

This tutorial is a reference to compile, build and flash the firmware of the beacon of the
TTC module. All the software development was made using the Code Composer Studio
(CCS) IDE, version 7.3.0. To load the code into the TTC MCU, the MSP-FET can be used.

35
Chapter 5. Assembly Instructions

Figure 5.10: Step 10 of the radio configuration.

5.2.1 Creating the Project

After the download and installation of the CCS, open it and create a new project with
following steps:

1. Go to “File" -> “New" -> “CCS Project".

2. The window from the figure 5.15 will appear on the screen.

3. On “Target", select MSP430F6659.

4. On “Project name", enter the name of the project (It can be “beacon", “beacon_firmware",
or whatever name you want).

5. On “Project templates and examples" box, select “Empty project".

36
 5.2. Compiling and Building the Beacon Firmware

Figure 5.11: Step 11 of the radio configuration.

6. Click on “Finish".

Now the beacon project with the correct parameters has been created, and the project
source code files must be moved to the project directory. Copy the files inside the “beacon"
folder from the TTC git repository to the project folder.

5.2.2 Compiling and Building

To compile and build the firmware, click on "Project" -> "Build Project". If the process
finish with no errors, the code is ready to go to the MCU of the beacon.

37
Chapter 5. Assembly Instructions

Figure 5.12: Step 12 of the radio configuration.

5.2.3 Flashing
To load the code into the board, connect the MSP-FET in the computer and follow the
power-on tutorial.
With the board turned on and the MSP-FET connected, click on “Run" -> “Debug" or
just press F11. If no errors occur, the firmware was loaded succesfully to the board.

5.3 Power-On the TTC Module

To power-on the TTC module, there are three different possibilities:

1. Using three different power sources: one for the MCU, one for the beacon radio
module and one for the telemetry radio module.

38
 5.3. Power-On the TTC Module

Figure 5.13: Step 13 of the radio configuration.

2. Using two different power sources: one for each radio module (in this case, the
beacon MCU is powered using the JTAG bus).

3. Using just one power source to all components (THIS METHOD IS NOT SAFE:
there is no control over the power consumption of each component).

To test just the beacon, there is no need to power-on the telemetry radio module.
Turning on the telemetry radio only makes sense if an external module is connected and
controlling it (Like an OBC or an OBDH).
The connections reference of the TTC board can be found in External Connections.

39
Chapter 5. Assembly Instructions

Figure 5.14: Step 14 of the radio configuration.

5.3.1 Using an External Power Source for the Beacon MCU

Power-On the Beacon MCU
1. Set an output of a channel of the power source to 3, 3 V and 30 mA (Cut-off current).
2. Connect the positive cable to the H2A-14 or H2B-14 pin of the PCI-104 connector.
3. Connect the ground cable to any GND pin of the PCI-104 connector.
4. Turn on this channel of the power source.

Power-On the Beacon Radio Module

1. Set another output of a channel of the power source to 5, 0 V and 500 mA (Cut-off
current).

40
 5.3. Power-On the TTC Module

Figure 5.15: New CCS project window.

2. Connect the positive cable to the H1A-26 pin of the PCI-104 connector.

3. Connect the ground cable to any GND pin of the PCI-104 connector.

4. Turn on this channel of the power source.

Power-On the Telemetry Radio Module

1. Set another output of a channel of the power source to 5, 0 V and 500 mA (Cut-off
current).

2. Connect the positive cable to the H1A-25 pin of the PCI-104 connector.

3. Connect the ground cable to any GND pin of the PCI-104 connector.

4. Turn on this channel of the power source.

41
Chapter 5. Assembly Instructions

5.3.2 Using the JTAG as Power Source for the Beacon MCU
In this case, to power on the beacon MCU, just connect a jumper in the P4 connector of
the board and after, connect a MSP-FET debbuger to the JTAG connector.
The procedure to power-on the radio modules is the same as above.

5.4 Receiving the Beacon Data

5.4.1 Required Softwares
• GQRX (For just receive the signal).

• RTL-SDR drivers (The GRQX will install all the required drivers).

• FloripaSat GRS (For receive the signal and data).

Supported SDRs
• RTL-SDR

• FunCube Dongle Pro+

5.4.2 Receiving the Beacon Signal

In this method, you will not be able to see the beacon data in real time. This only shows
the presence of the beacon signals in the air.
The instructions to receive the beacon signal in the GQRX are available bellow:

1. Open the GQRX software.

2. Configure it for your SDR model.

3. Press the power button on the upper left corner.

4. Select the frequency to 145,9 MHz.

5. Wait the spectrum of the beacon signal appear.

The figure 5.16 illustrates the reception of the beacon signal in the GQRX software.

5.4.3 Receiving the Beacon Data

Using this method, you will be able to see the beacon (and the telemetry) data in real
time on the computer screen. For that, the FloripaSat GRS sofware is required.

1. Open the FloripaSat GRS software.

2. Connect a the SDR device.

3. Select the source of the signal.

4. Press the play button in the beacon frame.

42
 5.4. Receiving the Beacon Data

Figure 5.16: Beacon signal in GQRX.

5. A new window will appear in the screen, with the FFT and Waterfall plot of the
received signal (in real time) of the connected SDR.

6. Power on the beacon module of the TTC board.

7. Adjust the frequency of the receive to the center frequency of the beacon signal (Use
the FFT and the Waterfall plot for that).

8. With the correct frequency sinthonization, the beacon data should appear in the main
window of the FloripaSat GRS softwate.

43
Chapter 5. Assembly Instructions

Figure 5.17: Beacon signal in the GNURadio receiver from the FloripaSat GRS.

Figure 5.18: Beacon data in the FloripaSat GRS.

44
 Bibliography

[1] Rafael P. Alevato. <http://floripasat.space/>. FloripaSat Project, December 2017.

[2] SpaceLab. <https://github.com/floripasat/ttc>, December 2017.

[3] Texas Instruments Inc. MSP430x5xx and MSP430x6xx Family User’s Guide, October
2016.

[4] NiceRF Wireless Technology Co., Ltd. RF4463F30 1W High Sensitivity Wireless
Transceiver Module Product Specification, rev 2.1 edition, June 2016.

[5] Silicon Laboratories Inc. Si4464/63/61/60 High-Performance, Low-Current Transceiver,

rev 1.2 edition, 2016.

45