CSBP 315 – Operating System Fundamentals

Lab 2 – Basic Unix Commands Part 1

Objective:
Practice common UNIX commands.

Procedure:

1. Open your Unix shell and try these commands:

 Change your password
v Passwd

 Date Commands
date Gives time and date
Example: date

cal Calendar
Examples:
cal 3 1997

cal 1997

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 cal 3
cal 7 1962

 You and the System

uptime Machine’s ‘up’ time

hostname Name of the machine

whoami Your name (short form)
who am I (long form with pseudo terminal)
w what is everyone doing? (Pseudo and text terminals)

UNIX Help
man cat
man man

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2. Listing files and directories

ls (list)
When you first login, your current working directory is your home directory. Your
home directory has the same name as your user-name, for example, user, and it is
where your personal files and subdirectories are saved.

To find out what is in your home directory, type

$ ls
The ls command ( lowercase L and lowercase S ) lists the contents of your current
working directory.
ls does not, in fact, cause all the files in your home directory to be listed, but only
those ones whose name does not begin with a dot (.) Files beginning with a dot (.) are
known as hidden files and usually contain important program configuration
information. They are hidden because you should not change them unless you are
very familiar with UNIX!!!

To list all files in your home directory including those whose names begin with a dot,
type

$ ls -a

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 As you can see, ls -a lists files that are normally hidden.
ls is an example of a command which can take options: -a is an example of an option.
The options change the behaviour of the command.

3. Making Directories

mkdir (make directory)

To make a subdirectory called unixstuff in your current working directory type

$ mkdir unixstuff

$ ls
To see the directory you have just created, type

4. Changing to a different directory

cd (change directory)
The command cd directory means change the current working directory to 'directory'.
The current working directory may be thought of as the directory you are in, i.e. your
current position in the file-system tree.

To change to the directory you have just made, type

$ cd unixstuff

Type ls to see the contents (which should be empty)

Exercise 1a

Make another directory inside the unixstuff directory called backups

5. The directories . and ..

Still in the unixstuff directory, type

$ ls -a

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 As you can see, in the unixstuff directory (and in all other directories), there are two
special directories called (.) and (..)

The current directory (.)

In UNIX, (.) means the current directory, so typing

$ cd .
NOTE: there is a space between cd and the dot

means stay where you are (the unixstuff directory).

This may not seem very useful at first, but using (.) as the name of the current
directory will save a lot of typing, as we shall see later in the tutorial.

The parent directory (..)

(..) means the parent of the current directory, so typing

$ cd .. will take you one directory up the hierarchy (back to your home directory). Try it.

Note: typing cd with no argument always returns you to your home directory. This is
very useful if you are lost in the file system.

6. Pathnames
pwd (print working directory)

Pathnames enable you to work out where you are in relation to the whole file-system.
For example, to find out the absolute pathname of your home-directory, type cd to get
back to your home-directory and then type

$ pwd
The full pathname will look something like this -

/home/user

which means that user (your home directory) is in the home sub-directory, which is in
the top-level root directory called " / " .

Exercise 1

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 Use the commands cd, ls and pwd to explore the file system.

(Remember, if you get lost, type cd by itself to return to your home-directory)

7. More about home directories and pathnames

Understanding pathnames

First type cd to get back to your home-directory, then type

$ ls unixstuff

to list the conents of your unixstuff directory.

Now type

$ ls backups
You will get a message like this -
backups: No such file or directory

The reason is, backups is not in your current working directory. To use a command on
a file (or directory) not in the current working directory (the directory you are
currently in), you must either cd to the correct directory, or specify its full pathname.
To list the contents of your backups directory, you must type

$ ls unixstuff/backups

~ (your home directory)

Home directories can also be referred to by the tilde ~ character. It can be used to
specify paths starting at your home directory. So typing

$ ls ~/unixstuff

will list the contents of your unixstuff directory, no matter where you currently are in
the file system.

What do you think

$ ls ~

would list?

What do you think

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$ ls ~/..

would list?

Summary

Source: http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Teaching/Unix/index.html