mmD

MILITARY MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES 14

THE ENGLISH
CIVIL WAR

~TER YOL:'\G ,nu L\EL ROFFE

 EDITOR, MARTIN WINDROW

t:mm
MILITARY MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES 14
THE ENGLISH
CIVIL WAR
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u,I.,rm.lli,Ul .",(1 'III" I,ll "lin", I u ~)11l fro.., "f, j,an.~'·
I'k.,...· \\1"111' to;
Osprr)' Miliu.ry Mrliungrr,
PO Bo" 5) R"shden,
Northants NNIO 6YX
 military hislol")' by lilt' l.tlt· Lil'lllcn:lllt-Colund
1Jlfrotlt/rfio/1 :\. H. Burne, D,S,O, FOf Ihis reason Ihcr(' is no
attempl heft' 10 gin' :I det:likd rhronic\C' of Illt'
cvcnts of Ihl" war, llowcvcr, a brid' chrollology
TIl<" p<'riod con red in this book begins with til(' ma), scn"c to remind rC;ldcrs of the main CHillS.
outhreak of Iht' First Civil War ill .G.p and ends
with the Restoration of King Charles II in 1660.
.\!though Scots ,Inuit's illl(n'C'ut,d in tl1l' stru~gle
IWlwecli Kin!!: and !ladiamcnt. it is Iht" English
armies of ,he dOl) which an' discussed in ,lies..: GIl/mloloK)'
pag('s. E\C'1l though, as time \\l"nl by, th(" Cavali('f
and l'arliamClltarian armies devdoJX'd their OWI1
diSlint:tin- charaCIl"1', ill mailers of organization
alld ulliform Iht'y dillcrl'<! bUI lillie, and for this
rcason it is 1I0t inappl'Oprialc to deal with tht'lli
both in a singk ,'olume.
Thl' gnlcral history of the war has been dealt
Willi by slIclt modern aUlllorilics as S. R. Gardiner,
Sir Charks Firth and C. V. Wcdg\\'ood, and its

1638 & 1640

The First anti Second Scots \\'aI'S,

1642
The first carnpaigl1. Till: King ddi.:als the Earl of
ESSt'X at 11L~' hallie of Edgdlill (23 October), and,
after Ill:lking Oxlul'd his capital, :\Ch":lIICeS 011
Loudon. HI' is check(xl at Tlltrlkun Gn:cn and
goes into willlt'f quartct's,

1643
Essex tak('s Reading: ('J:7 April), Me:lllwhilc, IIl1"
Nortlwrn ana Western Royalists, ul1der lhe E:\rl
of Newcastlt' and Sir Ralph 1-101'1011 I'rsP('cli\'c1y,
gain the IIpper hand, though Hull and Glou-
ceSler still huld QLl!. Pri;lct, Ruperl storms Hristol
(26.J lily) a lid King: eha rle~a)'S siege to Gloucester
(10 August), ",hiell Essl'x I'dit,\,cS (8 Septf'll1!){'r).
A ...... ~ ..... t~U or 16401, from the th.I"-pal" or a pampbl"l
in Ih" Brhiih M ..... u.m. _arins a plum..d al ..,,1 ...orion The King: illtl'I'ccpls Essn: at Ncwbur)', hut, :Irtcr
and ridinll:-boola. H" la, p"rhaps, a &""I1"....n or Ih" ;t SCH'n' action (20 Sq>lcmhef), draws OO'II,:!\,ing
t1onou.rabl" ArliU ....')' Cotnpan),. Musk"l«rtI wo..ld
norn,.Uy w"ar .hoes the road 10 Reading and Londun open.

J
 1644 Oli\'cr Cromwell besieges Pembroke C:a~tll' and
The Scots Arm)' under Lord LC\'C'1l crosses tlie then defeats Hamilton and tilt· NOl'thern Royalists
hOI"{II'1" II!) January), lipping Ih(' halance ill al Preston (17 Au~usl). Fail'fax ddi..:lts the
fal'our of lilt, P;lrliall1('l1tari.ll1s. Sir William Royalisn of KCIll at ~laidSlOlie I June} and thell
W.dln (h:fcals the Royalists uncll'" I.ord Forth at lx:siegt.-s Colchester (1'2 JUlll' to '.!R ,\UHllSI1. In
Clu:riwll l\.l!) i\larch', Inll is d('rl~.\Icd liy til(' King l'Olllcfracl Casll(' a Ca\alier !{arrisoll IJIllds 0111
at Croprcdy Bridg(' 29 .JUlIl·). Rupert and until 1649,
:\\'w('.15t1(' an- dcfl':tt ...d hy LCH'Il, III(' Earl of
~1;lllchcsll'r and Lord Fairfax .11 i\hrston l\'loor
1649
('2 Jlll~ J. and, in conSC{IUCIICC, the Cavaliers lose Cromwt'll and Henry IrelOll contri\(· t!le trial
control or the ,~onh. King Charles surrounds of King Charles, who is beheaded on :~o January,
Essex's ,\"111)' in Cornwall and compels all bm the
(';nalry 10 surn.:m!t-.. ncar Fowcy (2 September). 1649-50
At Second ~('wbllry ('27 October) the Ilarlia- Cromwell's Irish Campaign.
IIl1'lHarians COllet'tllrall.' rorcc.~ double the King's
in llumber, hut fail 10 crush him. Recriminations 1650
among- the Roundhead kadel'S brings about the Cromwell defeats David Leslie :It tlte hank of
fonnatiun of the New Model Army under Sir' Dunbar (3 September).
'I'llomas Fair-Hlx,
1651
1645
Tlte New 1\lodcl Army dcl~alS the main Royalist
Cromwell defcan King Charles II at lire hall It' or
Worcesler (3 September),
Army :\t ;\lasehy (I+June) and captures most of
its loot and gUllS, It thl'lI worsts the \\'estern
C:n"aliers lInclC'r Lord (;orillg :l.l Langport 1655
llo July), who los(' heart and n'!il'c gradually A small Royalist rising by C'.ololl('1 John 1'('11-
into 01'\'011 and Cornwall. I'udclock in Wiltshire is quickly crushed.

From Ihis lime onwards the slUry of thl' war IS 1658

largdr une of siegcs. De.:uh of lhe Proleclor, Olivcr Cromwell, who is
succeeded by his incffccti\"l' !IOn, Richard ~
1646 September).
'I'll(' New l\lodd storms Hopton's 1>oslliOll :11
Torrington (16 Fehruary), I.ord ,\.!Hlcy is com- 1659
pelled to liurn:ndcr at Stu"-oll-tht,·\Vuld (21 Sir George Booth's rising in Cheshirt.' is crushed al
March), Till.' King: givcs hirns{,lf up to till' Scots the battle of Winningtoll Bridge,
Iwfor(" Nf"wark C') 1\!arch), Oxfiwd slIlTt,ntkl'~
(24 Junel.
1660
1647 The RestOl'alion of King Ch:u'lcs I I is managed
Harlcch Castle holds OLiI ulltil 1:1 March, and [argd)' by George Monck and a strong detach-
thcrcafta the Royalists !La\(' no strongholds mem from the English garrison of Scotland
except in the Isle of 1\tan, the Channel Islands (29 May),
and the Isles of Scilly.
The li\'es of lhe chief prOlagolListli 1ll:IY be found
1648 in the Dictiona1)' of J\alio1/oi Biogroph)' alld for lhis
The Second Ci\ il \Var was in parl:lll illsurreClion reason I have not de\Otcd a chapler to ,he leaders
by discontented Roundhead sold ins, and in part on eilher side in Ihe Ci\'il Wars, Sufhct· il to say
a rising of Royalists with thc suppOrt of a SCOIS Ihat there was a great deal of militat: l.dent and
army under the Duke of Hamihon. originality 011 either side, and that buth meant

4
 •
,~'
..

,•
The Earl of Lev...", Colon",I-G",neral Syd.. nham Poynlz and (27 May 1645) and Governor of York (19 Augu"I). He
Colon.,1 Edward Rosaitotr at the IIlege of Newark In 1646: defealed Ihe remnantll of King Charlell'" hor"e al Rowton
a de,all from Richard Clarnpe'5 conteD\porary plan. Healh (24 Seplemb.,r 1645), but fell Out whh Ihe Pari;'.·
Alexander L ..sli". first Earl of Lev"n (IS8o?-I66I), mentarlan" in 1647 and f1.,d 10 Holland.
though praclically Illiterate, learned his Irad.. in d." Colond Edward R"Sl!iitrr (c. 1617-69) was Major of Ih ..
Dutch and Swedish armies. He captured Edinburgh Lincoln"hire lior"" 101 I.he "ielle of Ne_ark in March .644,
Casd.., for the Covenanters and won the b:utle of Newburn and I>uer Colon..l. H .. contm.. nd ..d a regimen' 600 "Irong
(:li8 August 1640) b ..ing "r"ated Earl oCLeven In ,641. Hf: I..d in Ih .. Ne_ Model and _a" .. Iso n,ad .. Commander·in·
the SCOIIl Army that lnvarlw England in January 1644 and Chie( of Ihe PariiaRlentarian (orce" In Lincolnshire. He
wall in ovenll com.mand of the Parlia.nenlarian and fought .. t Nall..by. He becll,ne M.P. for Grlmsby In about
Scouillh arn>.les Ihllt fought a' Marston Moor. He did not 1646. On 5 July t648 he de(eal ..d 800 Royalislll at Willoughby
distinguish hI ...",,,lf on thai Dcca"ion. When Goring put Fi..Jd although somewhal outnumb.. rrd, In the fiut
p"rl of hi... arm.y 10 flight he galloped (rom. the field and cbarge h .. 10"1 his hdn,et and _all shot through th .. right
did nOI draw rrin uRdl he reach ..d Leeds. He aillo com· thigb, alii _ell "Ii receiving 1I0me Olh.. r l.a1n(ul wounds
nlanded al Ihe siegell of York, Newcallde, Hereford and _hh a muskct.ball. BUI he conce.. led his lnjuriell and
Newark, continued in con, Aland till th.. figbt ......s _on. ROllsiter
Colonel.General Sydenham Poynl'ir. (born 1607) was s .. rv ..d in Ih .. Parlia.m..nt of 1656. lie was a Presbyterian,
made eolond.General of Ihe Norlhern As,wdalion and had 1I0me IIhare In bringing .. boul the ReSlor-,&l.ion

business. ,\s a Royalist, Captain Richard Though ill t!leol')' tile :ll'rlli";i \W'nt into willter
Atkyns, wrotc: quarters t!lel'(· \ras s<:arn'ly a 11111 ill Iht' Ji~ll\illg'.
'I was admitted into Prine!.' Mauricc's regl- Wilmot lOok i\larllJnt"Ough nil :J Dl'ct'rni)t"I" t642
1l1('1lI, whil:h was accounted the mOSI active ill ilnd Rupl'J'1 SIOJ'ml'd Cin'Il(;('SH.·r on 2 Fdlfuary
the artny, and most cOllllllonly placed ill Ihe 164:~. Hopton and \Valln clmpaigncd ;lgainst
Ollt quarters; which gave me more proficicncy t'aell 011lt'I' in SUSSt·x alld Ilalll[>sllirc throughoul
as a soldier, in haifa ycar's timc, thall gcnerally lilt' winllT Qr t6.1:\-44, :111d tll~' ull.'usin' uf tht'
in tile Lo\\' COLlntries ill 4 or :) years; for there N(·w Modl'l WCIII 011 tlll"Ollg"htllll Ihe last willter
did hardly one \wek pass in Ihe summcr half of till' war.
yeaI' r16431, in which there was nut •.\ batllc OJ' T1Iis 'war wil1wut :Ill ~·lIt'rny', as \Vallel' (:llkd
skirmish foug-hl, or beating up of '1U'II·II.:I'S; . , .' ii, W:IS wagnl with rdCllllt'SS zeal, and if till' wurst

5
\'XCt'''St'S III' llit' Thirt)' Yc'ars 'VOIr wnc ollly for ~r.ort IWl'iods, Witb grape-shot tht' recoil wa,~
imiwtt'd ill In'laud and SCOllaml, England sa\\! rnluel'd ami it was 110t necessary to rllll the gUlls
hloodslwd (,llou~h, CoulIli,'s wne di\'ided, f:tllli- lip hetWt'Cl1 rounds, But hy IBI;) all sorts or im-
lies wen' split, ((Ir tlloS(' who fought on eltllt'r side pl'Un'llH'llts hild heen mack, with guns lightened
fullu\\td tht'if "unsc:ienct's, j"or :Ire till' caust's for and IlU';ITlS or tr.lellOn improved, A table or
which tll('y fought meaningless at the prc:scnt day: rangNi will hI' fOund In the scctiull dtallng with
Wt' still ha\t~ 1{ollndhc;l{ls and Ca\alicrs ill our tht, train,
mids!. The musktt in common usc was :I heil\'Y
m;l!chlock, whil:h e,"en a Irained soldil.'r could 1101
hope to firt mon' than once a minute, Though it
might kill or maim at 200 yards it was lIot likely
10 hit the target :II a range of mort than .)0 y:lrds,
Tht, rt;lson for this inaccuracy was that the hlillet
did not fil the smooth-bon' barrel ilt all tightl)',
ami therefore, whcn propelled lowards the target,
it ltended to wander. The disath'anlages of match
wen' all too ob,";otls: by night it I:ollid betray the
positiolL or the musketeers, and in 10111 wcather it
simply wcnt out.
Onc cOllies acroSS another form of' muskel
during this pcriod: all eill'1y llilltlOl·k known as
the 'sllaph:lnec' or 'IIn'lock', It was comparall\"c1y
rare, and soldit'rs so armed wc.:re usually employed
IIt)w did tlu'y li~11l in thoS{' days? Wltat was a to guard tilt.' lrain of artillery, Therc was less
hatlk lik('? As always, w\lic... W('I'(' gO\'l'rllcd by chance of unrOrtull:ltt.' .tccidents if its escort
Wt';IIXIlIS alld ground, consisted of men armed with flintlocks ratlwr thall
Tht, English cOlllllry~id,' in til(' mid-S('\cnteenth with matchlocks,
eentur)' rather f,n"tlurt'd du' action of ca\"alry, The c.walry of the period normally carried a
Not cIIlly. OreOl/rM', waS thlTc no harbed wire, but brace of piSlOls and sometimes a carbinc as well.
tllt'n: W,'rt' t'umparatin'ly few enclosures of any These weapons were frequently used ill melct,
(It-scription, ami sitl('t' tilt' forests which dOllied and pursuit, but the great ca\'nlry commanders
lhc country ill the Dark aud f\liddlt' i\~('s were of the Ci\ il War soon came 10 rdy chien}· 011 the
already hc'gillllillg tu dis:tp»l'ar, Ihe coulltry was, sword, This is true hOlh of Cromwell and of
broadly speaking, Suil:lhle fur movcm('nt and Rupert.
esp('cially lor that of large hod iI's or cavidry, How('vcr, ir lhe e:l\'alry, Cavalier and Round-
M O\t'Il\I'Il( is (111)' onl' dt'lllelll of tal' lies: anot ht'r head alike, came to rely upon shock ;I('tion liLey
is fir\', 'I'hl' importanl c'!tar:H:lcriSlics of firearms could l'CSOrt to firearms if they chosc, Similal'ly,
:1I'C lheil' r:lllg<" lllt'if ralc' (,t'fin' :llId Ihl' nalure of lhough thc' bayuncl had nOI yet bel'll illlroduced,
till' missiltll the)' throw, the musk~,teers could join ill it melce with their
The rail' of t':lIlIiOIl-firt was very slow, The swords or, better still, the sharp-pointed bUllS of
proel"ss of spulIglng-otll amI reloading was theil'!l<'av)' llluskets, But the pikcmell, who madl~
ddilwrah' and complex, I'uwdrl' was kept in slllall up at least one-third of the infantry wt.'rt' COIl-
IlUdJ.:l' I"'flt'ls lIear Ihe gUliS, whit'll werc fired by demned 10 shock aClion and nOlhinlo; mon°, They
tilt, ;lpplit ,Ititlf) of lillstocl.. to the tOllch-hole, The were far from mobile, ha\'illg to movc in dose
risk tlf prematllrt' explosions was \('ry grcat, and formation in order to form thtir hcdl-;"ehog, and
it i~ douhlful wh("th('r it was possible 10 firc morc being weighed down with helmet anrl cONcll't,
than aboui OIiC round t'\-ery thrc(' millull's. By II is nOI \'cr)' safe to gencralizJ' ahOllt tile hat ties
the tilll\, of \\';t1t'1'loo il was possihlt', using grape- of the Ci\'il Wars, for Ihe l:Letics \\,('rt' f:tr from
shot, to g(·t "ll" as mall)' as thrc(' rOlillds a minule st('f('otypt.'d, Uul usually, ami at I\,.. ~t in thl' bigger

6
 Si.. Thoma", Fai..fa",. h.' thIrd Ba ..on ••..; ..f."
of Can.....on (16n-71)••" ·f'd at th" 1i1f'8" of
80ili-I..-D"e (1629) and ;n th" First SCOl!o W.r.
F..om .6.. " to .646 h" W"1i I"f' lif" and Iioul of hh.
f,...h ....••• ",1011 for~ whkh k"pl up 'h" un ..qual
Sl"u8CI" wllh N.. wc•• 'I..•• NO ..lh n A .. n,y unlH ;t
was d"'>Iroy"d ., Ma"'''on Moo Hi. tacdc:al .kHl
and pilanl I".d...... hip ali ......11 hi.. V;CIO..; .....1
Wak.. 6 ..ld (21 M.y 1643)•• nd Nanlwkh (25 J.nuary
16;14) I..d'0 hi. HIf'cllon ali ..omma.nd.... of Ih..
N..w Modd A .. n.y, who,... "ielorl..",.1 Na"..by,
Lanfl;porl, Torr;.. ~'on and "Isf'wh.. r .. l,ul lin f'nd
10 Ih .. Fi..sl Cidl \\'.r. FaIrfax,. ladlurn ",an,
waf; no poliddan, and pow.. r lIlr.ildlO.. Jly pa5st:d
10 hI" .....,ond_in..:o"'"'and, Oll"f'r Crornwf'lI.
I Hi. _If..'. ayn'palhl... w .. r" Royall.1 .nd h ..
pla)'t:d no p.rt in 'he Irl.1 of Chari... I
,I

7
 Prinet R"~"I (1610r32). The porl .....;1 Mlow is from
an orillinal by Sir Anchon)' van Dyck. and ,halon
I.he I.,ft by Ge .... rd von Honchonl. With the polislblr
"""..pdanli of Ih .. M"'rquis of I\fon10'05" and Lord
Hopton, Prince Rupert wa.. d ... oUlsCandins
Royalilll leade.. of hhl day. Un(orulnalely hi..
vidori... a. Powlck Bridle, Cl ..enceliter. Uc:hfield
Clo",.., Chalsro.... Field, B"hilal and Newark "'ere
canetll«l OU' by the di••,ur.. at !'<ta .....lon Moor
which 10111 Ih,.. Norch (or the Kin!!_ II .. was bootie..
... Ihe commande.. of .. "Rlall mobile a .. ft')',
.. 'brisade ,roup', th... of. blS ... my. This may
boo au.rib"cw 10 his yauch. He waa .. Ihoro"shly
"leReifie soldier, •• much.1 hom .. in a "i~ .. a ...
ca",lI.1ry ch" ", and ;nl"""I',rd in the developm",",
of "'''.pon In Ialcr life he pro....d .. bold and
dfidcnl .dmi.....1

8
battles, it was customary to draw up an army havc heen 50,000 men l'ngaged but lhey wcrc
with thc foot and gUllS in the centre, and the from live dilICt'(:nt armies, thosc of Rupcrt and
cavalry on the wings. Dragoons, if preS('I1I, were Newcastle (Royalist), of Levcll, .\Janehester and
mostly placed Oil Ill(' ollter wings of Ihl' caYillry. Fairfax (SCOIS and Parliamentarian).
The smaller gUlls - oftcn c:llled 'drakes' - \\"("n' The control ofa battlc was ~t simple. Cenn.d
placed in pairs wilh the hrig:ldcs of foot l \\'hile II\(· officers very often led charges and fought hand-to-
bigger pi('Ccs \\l're planted further hack. hand. Men like Sir Thomas Fairfax and Prince
There W.L!i usually a reseryc, ofttn consisting of Rupert \\'crc ne\'er contenl to sit on their horses
IX)lh horse and fool. The commander, 011 hOI"$('· upon some loft), cminence, whilst their men
b:lck, \vas oneil to bc found al the head of the fought il out, and Rupert, indeed, h:l(.1 his own
rcscrn', btlt il was not thc fashioll to Sl:t lip a tcchnique of running a cavalry fighl which called
command post at some building or upon somc for his personal leadership. Sir Edward SoutheOle,
cmincnc(·. It cannot havc been easy for gallopers when describing the Prince's way of fighting,
to deliver their mcssages. Princc Rupert's great says, 'he had a select body of horse who always
standard, taken at Marslon 1\Iour, may hayc !.Jcen attClIded him, ;md in every allack Ihey receivcd
inlcnded lu mark his headqtlartl·rs. In Ihc I"('ar Ihe CllCllI)"S shot withoul rellll'ning it; !.Jut one
of Ihe army, occasionally formed into a wagoll- and all borc with all their force upOn the adver-
laager, was the baggagl·-lraill. saries till they broke lbeir ranks, and charged
Baltlc.~ sOlllctimes lx-gan witll tile commander quite through tltem: thell they rallied, and when
par:\ding duwII his linc exhorting his men, ur they [the RoulldheadsJ were in disorder, fell
giving Ihem tactical instructiuns, as King Charks upon their rear, and slaughtel'cd Ihcm with
and Prince Rupert did al Edgehill. Somctimes, scal't:e any opposition'. Thc select body lIO dOllut
as at Braddock I)own, the Royalists had prayers, was the Lifeguard under Sir Richard Crane, and
or the ROllndhcads, ;IS befon' Powick Hridge, Prince Rupert's Rcgimellt of Horse, which e\tn
s:lng a psalm. Then canH' the preliminary bom- as latt as Naseby could muster 400 men.
bardrncllI which was 1101 gencrall)' \'er)" c!Tcelin:. A mi'lcc could uc a difficult and dangerous
Excrpliolls arc Braddock IJown where a surprise affair if the enemy stood 10 their work. At Round-
hurst of fire from the IWO small Royalist gUllS way 00\\'11 Colonel Sir John Byron describcs how,
struck terror into Ihe Roundheads; Hopton Hc..... th cchoillS Rupert'S orders at Edgchill, he com-
\\'here 'Roaring l\Jcg' c•.used heavy casuahi('S manded Ihal:
among Sir John Cell's Roundhead sland of pikes; I not a man should discharge his pistol lill Ihe
and Langpon where the artillery of thl' New enemy had spent all his shot, which was pUtlClU-
l\lodl'l quickly silenced Goring's big gUlls. ally observed, so that first they gavc us a volley
The ncxt phase was usually :t genNal advancc,
sollie times Ill'ralded by some preliminary skirmish-
ing h)' the dragoons. Usually it was the. cavalry
that came to grips, before the foot calllc to push
of pike. The victor was usu:llly tltc one who cOltld
dispose of his 0PPOllCIH'S borse, ami having dOlle
so could tul'll upon Ihe as yel unbroken foot of his
cllemy's arm)'. This was Iltt casl' hoth at Marstoll
:\Ioor ami at Naseb),.
TII(,last phai>l' was the pursuil, 01' '('XCCllliull' <IS
it Will> c.. lIed. Oftell more fell ill flight than ill the
aClual bailIe, and Ihe victor made a good haul
of prisoners, especially from among the fool. The D"nba.. Medalls tho..Jthl 10 ....ve "-n Ihe linl Sh'en
10 .11 no..... ol ....il:lorio... Enlli"h ...my. The obverse
Some of Ihe so-called battles were \'cl)' small, show• • po"no;1 ol Olive" C ..om.. ·~11 ...d the wo .......
im'olving 1I0t more than a few thousand on each TIlE LORD OF HOSTS, which waS ,he 'field wo..d' 0 ..
p .... _n:1 .1 Ihe ban..le. The .-e..erse _how. lhe Ho"se ol
side. In the biggcsl, Marston Moor, therc may Commo... I" .a.loll

9
 G~org~ ~10nck, raUl Duk~ o(
Albemarl~, K.G. (1608-70), a D~von
n,an, wall on~ o(lh~ mOIU
dililingu;"h~d profe5lllonallloldl~rll
of hili day,H~ was In Ih~ Cadi,.
~",~dhion of 16::t5 and disc;nguish~d
hims~lClIIllhe famous lIiege of Breda
in 1637, in which 110 many of lhe
leaderli of Our Civil Warli look parI.
Caplur~d al Nanlwich in .64.. h~ wali
s~nt to the Tower, wh~re he w ....le
his ObsulXJlions upon Miliforytmd
Puliticol Affairs, whleh are full of
good sense, Afler Ihe beheading of
Charles I he joined. Cromwell, and a
reg;menl waS formed for him which
ill now the ColdSlream Guardll, He
fought at Dunbarand waS
aflerwards Comm.ander.ln.Chlef In
Scotland. He wall chieRy responsible
for Ihe re.,lOrallon of King Charleli II

or their earhilil's, tlll'll or their pistols, and then foot naked, and pursllcd thcm twar 3 miles, over
we 1'\,11 in with them, and gave them ours in their the downs ill Bristol way till till')' carlle to a
tecth, )'et the)' would 1I0t quit their ground, bllt precipice, where their fear made them so \'aliant
sl00d pllshing lur it a pn:tly space, till it pleased that they galloped as ifit had been plain ground,
God {I thinke) to Pllt new spirit into our tired and many of them brake both their own and
horse as well as into Otlr men, so that though it their horSt'S' necks.'
wefe lip the hill, and that a stecp onc, we over- This is a spirited account by olle whose regi-
bore tlH'm, and with thai violence, that we forced Illellt was till' oldest ill the King's Army, Olle like
tllem to Elil foul upon otllt'!' resen'csofborsc that those dcsnil}('d by a Roundhead eycwitlU':SS of
stood behind to second them, & so swept their j\larstoll 1\1001' wlto wrote: 'The enemy's horsc ...
,
whole body ofhonw out urthe (jeld, and k·ft their stood \'cry firm a long while, corning to a close

10
fight with the sword, and standing like an iron-
wall, so that they werc not easily broken ... ."
The heavy cavalry of those days, unless skilfully
handled, could easily rOLlt those of their OW1l side.
I-Iopton givcs a marvellously vi,·id account of the
'rune medly' at Babylon 1-1 ill at the vcry beginning
oftbe war (7 Septcmber 1642). The Roundheads
nearly lOok him by surprise by marching out of
Ycovil 'by a secret way they had made over thr
fields'. I-Ic bad four troops of horsc; and he scnt
two into thc attack, supportcd by a third, keeping
the: fourth in reservc. Captain Edward Stowell:
'charg'd n:ric gallantly and routed Ihe enemy,
hut withal I (bis troops consisting of ncw horse,
and the Enemy bcing more in number) was
rowted himsclfe; and Capt. I Henry 1 Moreton,1
being a little tOO necrc him, was likewise hroaken
with the same shocke, and Ihe truelh is in verie ?
shon tyme, all the horse on both sides wcre in a
confusion: At the sallle trllle a troope of the
Enemyes horse charg'd lip in the hollow-way on "'-"";~-'

tlte right band, where ([ Colonel] Sir Tho:

Lllnsford having forgotten 10 put a party of
;:t&~-
Colon..1 John RUllUIl, M.I'. (.620-87) w:u. G.. n .. ral of Ihe
musket tiers as before) they found noe opposicion Hors.. in Eu.. x',. Army. All Li"'ul .. nanl.Colon..1 of Lord
till they came among the voluntirrs ["Stowell's W .. nlworlh's R ..gim..nl of O ....g{){)nll h .. foughl al Ih..
•Ho..ming of Ci.... nc....I.... (2 Feb..ua ..y 1643) and ac Ch:tl_
troop] upon the 10PP of the Hill, where br a vcry g ..ov.. Fi..ld (18)une 164]). H .. WlUl wound ..d al Ih.. storm_
ing of Bohon on 28 May .6-44, W"II at th.. slorming of
extraordinary accident, Sir James Colbornc Leic....ler (Jo May .645), .. nd wa" wor,>nd..d al Nas.. by.
Wilb alowling gunnc sholt at lhe Captain',!. in the He was in ,h.. defence of Bri~101 in 1645
head of tht' troope, and at the same instant Mr.
John Stowell charg'd him single (by which of
their hands it was, it is not cenainc) but the follow and charged the eru.'ll1y, wlto ellllTtaillt'd
Captain was slarne, and the troope (being rawc us with a great sal,'o 01" muskct shot, and dis·
fel1owes) immedyatcly rowtcd. 111 this cxtrcame charged their two drakt·S upun us laden with
confllsion Sir Ralph Hopton was enforecd to case SIlOI, which killed sOlne and hlll'l many of
make good lco\"crl the rt·treatc with a f('w my men, so thai wc Wl'l'C Iilrced to \\'heel ofr
officers and Gentlemen that rallycd to him. ;\nd (ould nOt meet thl"m at Ihat charge."
Sending 00' his foot lie withdrew to Sherborne The dogged l3yron was nOt lhe mall to he pm oll".
Caslle with lillie loss. He rallied his mell, and while he did so the
Nalllrally not all charges were candry against Roundhends pulled back tllt:ir drakes. Another
cavalry: somelimcs it was a question of horsl· charge beat them back to till" cml of thl" close,
against foot, alld this had pc·clliiar hazards sinc(· 'wherc they [;lecd liS again, having tbe advantage
the latter would take cuver bdlind hedges and 01" a hedge ;It th(·it' hacks and pOlll'cd ill allother
walls. "olley of shot lIpon m, when I Colonel I Sir Thoma,~
Byron wltose hors(· had been shot in the tllroat Aston's horse was killed under him, ami witll:!1
with a Illllsket-hall describes the fighting ill whieh kept liS orr with tlH·ir pikes·. The hattldidd 01"
Lord Falkt:llld fell at First Newbury: Newbury was full uf ellclosures ill thos(' days: no
'The p:lssage heing then made som('what placc for horse.
wide, and I not ha\'illg anotlh:r borse, drc\\' III Little Dean (Il April 1643), it secms, was nOt
my OWl) troup first, giving orc\rl's 101' til(' rest til much btttt'l". Captain Richard Atkyns of Prince

II
 Cromwdl. Both
port ....,;'.. are by
Samuel C&oper. lhlll
One on the I"ft
from an unfjnl~hed
nllnlature. Th.,
signature iH I...
Protector In 1657,
and the second
Great Seal of Ihe
Protector is of 1655

12
~'Iau rice's Regi ment had Olll: of his se"er:\l narrow Thomas Byron, who pistol led the Roundhead.
escapes that day: The episode at Newark (21 March (644), when
'The charge was seemingly a.~ desperate as any a Parliamentarian trooper laid his hand 011
I was e"cl' in; it being to I)('at the enemy rrom a Prince Rupert's collar only to have it sliced on'
wall which was a Strong breastwork, with a gate by Sir William NC'alc, serves tu show that the
in the middle; possessed by above 200 muskeleers, cavalry fights of those days were no! a u:\ttlc of
besides horse: we wefe to charge dO\\'11 a steep flowers.
plain hill, ofabovc t2 score yards: l ill length; as As for the foot, it was their business to ach-ance
good a m:lrk as they could wish: 0111' party steadily ill rank and file until they camc to push
cOlISisting of between twO and three hundred of pike. Sometimes, as at Braddock Down, olle
horse, nOt a Ill:ln of thelll would follow LIS, so the sidc would 1101 await the shock; or, as at Stratton,
officers, about 10 or t2 4 of us, agrccd to gallop they counter-attacked; or sometimes, as in the
dowl1 in as good order :IS wc could, and m:lke a case of EdgehilJ, finding they could make no
desperate charge upon thelll; the enemy seeing impression, 'each as if by mUlual! consent retired
our resolutions, ne"cr fircd at us at all, but flm some fe\v paccs, and they stuck down their colours,
away; and \ve (like young soldiers) arter them, continuing to fire at one another even till nighl;
doing execution upon tht'm; bllt one Captain a thillg so very extraordinary, tbat nothing less
Hanmer being Uell('l" horsed than myse1f~ in than so mall)' witnesscs as were there present
pursuit, rell upon their ambuscade and was could make it credible' - Killg ]amts II. These
killed horse and man: I had only time enough 10 young soldiers, Roundhead and Cavalier alike,
ttlrn my horse and run 1'01' my life, This party who lough! it OUl at Edgehill, were not unwonhy
of Ollrs, that would not be drawn all at first, ancestors or the 'Thin Red Linc' or the superb
by this time, se~'ing our success; came illlo the inf."111try of 1914, for the one. virtLie thal the rOOl-
town after us, and stopped our retreat; and soldier nccds above all, then and now, is tenacity.
finding tltat we wcrc purslled by the tltcmy, tltt
horse in the fronl, fell back upon the rl'ar, and
they were so wedged together, that they l"Out(..d
themselves, so as there. wa~ no pa~~agc for a long
time: all this while the enemy were upon mc,
CJlie :HOrse
Cutting my lbulf] coat uijOIl my armour in
several places, and discharging pistols as thl:Y gal
up to me, bc·ing the outermost llIan; whit:h
Major lThomasJ Sheldon declared tu my wry
great adv:ltl1age: ... l~'lajor Leighton,r' came up
and] made good a stonc house, and so prepared
for thcm with musketecrs; that one volley ofshnt
made lhem rctreat: they werc so ncar me, that a
lllusket bullet Ii'om 0111' or our mtu tOOk 011' one
or the hal'S or my I.stcelJ cap I charged with, and
went through my hair and did me 110 burt.' As a general rule regiments or horse were ,jOO
Many and varied wcre the ad\'elllllreS that strong and were organized ill six troops, each
might befall a ca\'alryman as he tried to get the some 70 strong. In practice, however, strength,~
hetH'r or SOllle opponent in the 'Balacla\'a varied considerably, especially in the Royalist
melee' nf tbose days. Likl' Sir Richard Bulstrock, armies, and this was the case from the very outset.
he cuuld be wounded while pursuing an el\ellly at The raising or horse presented peculiar difficult ks.
Edgehill, and, obviollsly striving like any sensible 1t was not easy to find olTicers who had both
horse-soldier to all,u:k all the left or bridle-haud tactical skill and a knowledge or animal manage~
side, be wounded by a vicious swing or the pole- men!. In some pans of the country it was not
axe! Blllstrode was savcd by his colonel, Sir possible to obtain large numbers 01" horses. The

13
 Thomas !'Iowan!. At the othcr end ur the scale
therc wel't' Colonels Sir Allcll Apsley and George
GUllter, who had only onc troop apiece; and Sir
Gcorge Vaughan who had ('ighty IllCli organized
in two tl'OOps.
At a muster of the Parliamcntarian Army at
Tin'rtoll in thc summer of 1644, under thl' Earl
of l:.ssex, ,hcl'c wcrc SC\'cn rcgimelllS prcsclll,
They, too, varied vcry much in sizl' and com·
position.

COLONEL TROOI'~ OFFlt:ER~ MEN

Sir Philip Staplelon 8 86 639
Sir William BalfOll1' 6 6, 43'
Hans Bchrc 5·' :$7 1
John Dalbicr .,5 43 .67
James Shcnlcld 6 6, 'P4
Sir Robert P)'c 3' '08
Edmond Hal'\'c)' "
6 7' 389

Ch,.rl.... G ..... rd, 6r"l Baron Gerard of Brandon and Earl

of MlIIccle"r...ld (d, 169-f), Gerard wa" a caplain in Ihe D .. tch
38 _11 0 2.7 20
..er..lce and th .. n in Ih .. Seol" War, He commanded a
I .. rda of foOl. In which hi,. r"Jl:lm.,nl of bluecoatlj .... rved.
.. I Ihe b,ud.. 01 EdJl:.. hill, Ii., wa" 1IIlall"nt ",Didier ..nd was
I n addition there was Captain Abcl'cromby's
wounded H ..eral Ume.., ""'.id.... dlnlnJl:ulshing him...,lf al company of dragoons. consisting of nine officers
fint Newbury, Newark and elsewber." Ue wa5 a firm
friend of Prince R .. pert who Jl:01 him the conun.and in and sixty·fivc dragoons. At first sight the large
So.. lh Wal.,... whr.rc h., pro..ed very unpopular _lIb tbe llumber of officcrs may s{'CIll surprising, but ill
local lentry, Gerard wa.. _lib Turenne al the .,iese of
Arra.!i in 1654. and COlJltnanded Chari.... U· Urer;U>lrd those days non.commissiollCcI ofliccrs and C\'cn
of HOnle in t66o. In lal.,r years h ...... pporled MonmO"lh,
Iho.. ~h he did not lake parI in bU rebe.lIion. He li..ed trumpeters werc included undcr that head,
10 conun.. nd William III'. bodYluard in 1688. Hi. The composition of the normal troop was:
porl ...il by DoblOOn ili;n Ihe Dunedin P .. blic Art GaU.,...,.;n
New Zealand
field ollieer or captain
COlptain-lieutenanl or lieutcnalll
Cornish Army, which HuplUn led at Slr:tttOIi ;:tnd Cornel
Lansdown, was sniously short of caxalry until it Qual'tcnuUslel'
Corp0r:lls
joined hands Wilh the l\lal'quis of Hertford and
Princ(' MaUl'ic(' al Chard 011" .Julle 16.~3, Trlllllpclen. ,3
Saddler
1'11::LD-
Fanicr
IlON,Sl( 1>N,i\UOOSS 1:00'1' Tl'oopcl's
l'lECES
Ii0PIOil SOl! :I()() :$,000 '~-5
Hertford 7'
and
~lallriec 1,500 ',000 10-11 In the Royalist armies regimt'lits usually had
tltree field oflicers: colonel, lil'Ult'nant·colond and
'.000 300 ·1,000 1.1- 16 major. In the Parliamentarian armies only
exceptionally strong regiments, such as Crom-
At tl1l' rendcz\'ous at Aldbourne on 10 April well's famous unit, which was twice thc usual size,
16+1 four of tht' Royalist regiments were 300 had licuten'lIlt·coloncls, The qu.lrterma<;tel'S w('re
strong ami had each, scven or ciglll troops. These commissioned o(lkers. I ha\'C nc\t'r comc across
I>o\\crfui units were thc regimt'lUs of thc Earl of any individual Royalist soldier with the appoint·
Forth, Prince l\lauricc, lArd I)crcy and Colonel ment of fan-ier or saddkr, but Ihey t'annot very

14
'11... Poul..11 Family R ..turn frOn>lh .. Wan_' 11.... charm_ 11... oldrr C._lirr in IlU. Aroup it" John, fI Ba.ron
inr; if s<>m.. wh,u prin"dv.. plclur.. hi ..specially r .. v..alin& Poul..11 (1586-1649) of HlnlOn S. Ceurr;", So", e', who
aboul th.. ho ........ The".. h..avy, hand"on... bea"I'; w .. n: was railird 10 Ih.. pt'eraS" in 16:l7' II .. Hrvrd in Ih.. W.."I
..,.aeily whal Ih.. eavalryn.an of Iho".. daYIi ..... nl ..d for a Counlry, as did hi• •on. Sir John (.615-65)•• h ......cond
eharr;.. r, NOI .., 100, Ih.. r1aboral ..ly buill.up "addl.... ba.ron, and Ami,""

well have done without ,hem, In the organization Rupert Oll(' imagincs f;1\'O\lrcd a faster pace,
of Essex's t6'1~ Arm}' tlu:y arc specifically mell- and lhe Earl of Northatll]JLOtI'S first allack at
tioned, Hopton He;\th (19 March 16'1~) was {kscribed
by a Roundhead cyt'witlll'sS as 'a vcry fierce
charg<:, French-like', an itlll'rt'Slill~ C01ll11l1'111, lor
FOR r.,'IATIONS
Condl'·'s great \'ictul'y at Rllcroi was IOllght thai
The ea,'alry of tll(' Civil Wars seem 10 haw used vcry p'ar alld tht' Fn'llcil OWt'd ;t g-I"t';\( deal of
rather del'pl'r Or Ju'avicr formatiOlls thall those of their succcss to the daslt of their ca"alry, AI
more mo{krll tinu's, Bulsll'mk lells. us that ;Il Powid Bridge (23 Se]Jlt'mbcr t6,12) Sir Lewi,~
Edgdlill tht' Ro}'alist horsc wen' thrl'l' dCl'p, Dy,'c's troop, which was in Ruperl's Rrgillll'lll,
while th(' P,.rliarucntarians occasionally, as at received tIl(' ROllndll{';ld eharg:t' ,II lhl' lIalt,
Xewark (:.!t ~Ial'ch 1601,,1). douhled tlldr files :lttd firing a volley of carbine alld pis.tol shot. They
charged six {!t'ep, Tlw picilln: thai Cruw gi\'t~ were roughly handled ami wl1('n, a mOllth laler,
(Plate G) canllOI, IIll'refon', ha\(' been vny f;lr they fOllght at Edgehill they recei,'cd slwcific
from till.' rcalil~" though Rupert and Croml,'ell orders 10 'march as close ;IS was possible, kecping
relied all l!ll' sword r.l\lwr than the pistol. The their Ranks with Swol'd ill I land, to rcceiw lhe
lauer, describing the action at Gralllham, speaks Enemy's shot, without firillg either Carbin or
ofad,'ancing at 'a !ll'l'tly rOllnd trOt', Pistol, till we hrokl' in amongst the Enemy, and

15
 then to make use of our Firc·Arms as need should complained that their soldiers plundered every-
require; which Ordel' ,,'as punctually ohsern~d'­ where, 'The trllth is unless we were able to execute
Sir Rid/Qrd IJ/ilstrod~. some exemplary punishmelll upon the principle
malefactors, we have no hope to redress this horrid
enormity.' They were rightly afraid that, 'if this
go on awhile, the army will grow as odious to Ihe
'Disciplille coumr)' as the Cavaliers', Lord Brooke and Lord
Saye and Sele both made some attempl to asscrt
discipline, the latter C\'en scnding some mutineers
to prison. But il was not until 9 Now'mber that
Parliament eventually laid down The Laws and
Ordinanus of I VaT established for the hellif COT/dud of
the Arm)·.
II is an odd fact that, e"cept for the mutineers
imprisoned by Lord Saye and Selc at Oxford, the
only inSlanec of punishmcllI in Essex's Army that
Sergeant Wharton records was when, 011 27
August, some soldiers at Coventry took the law
The Cavalier, Sir Philip Warwick, records the into their own hands and ill-treated a whore, who
cOlH'ersaliOIl of a sober friend of his with an had followed them from London. She 'was taken
acquaintance scrving under Sir Thomas Fairfax. by the soldiers, and first led about the city, then
The Roundhead bO;lSIcd of the sanctity of their set in the pillory, "flcr in the cage, then duckl in a
army and the negligence of the Cavaliers. 'Faith,' river, and at the last banisht the City'.
retorled the Royalist, '1I101I sayest true; for in our Pillaging and desertion were not readily
army we have the Sins of mcn (drinking and checked by The Laws and Ordinanus, panly
wl'nching) Inll in yours YOll have those of devils, because lhe soldiers had too long been allowed
spirilual pride and rebellion'. to do as they pleased, Cromwell, Ihough he had
At the beginning of the war they had a good a taSle for iconoclasm as he showed at Peler·
many other sins as well. In 1642 Essex and his borough Cathedral (22 April 1643), drew the
senior officers were hampered in their attempts to line at pillage and marauding. As early as May
impose discipline. For one thing man)' of thcm 1643 S/JtLinll Passages records thaI,
were 'pluralists' and could not be in IwO placl:s al 'no man swears but he pays his twelve pence; if
once. ~1:lny of the colonels of foot were members he be drunk he is set in the slOcks, or worse, if
of one of the Houses of Pnrlialnl:nt and also one calls the other ,. RouJldhead" llc is cashiered;
commanders oftl"Oops of horse. But a more serious insomuch that lhe countries where thcy come
factor working against good order was the feeling leap for jo)' of thelll, and come in and join with
per\'ading' the Roundlwad Army that, high or low, lhem. I-Iow happy were it ir all the forces were
tliey WtTe all rebels togcthel'. lhus disciplined.'
An intelligellt Londoner, a sergetlnt in Denzil But, of cOurse, they were nol. As late as Adwa.hon
Holles's Rt'/{illlellt, wrote ll'lters to his master, Moor (29June 1643) Sir Thomas Fairfhx tells us
which paillt a lurid pictllre of the anny's discip. that Ihe Northern Forces did not yel have manial
lim:, \\ hilt: Brian Twyne has record eo some of their la\\' among them, and it was left to Almight)'
clisonkrs at O"ford. We lind instances of kirk· Providence to punish four malefactors who \~'erc
rapine, poaching deer, Illurderous ;lIld drunken plundering the corpse of the Ro)'alist Colonel
brawling on a large sc:th', Illutiny; plundering of George Heron. Fairfa.'\: records with salisfaClion
fellow soldiers as well as papists and malignallts. their death from a cannon·shol. As early as APi'il
It was recorded lhat man)' soldiers flung away 1643 Cromwell had twO descrlen whipped in
Iheir arms and descrtt'd. Ihe markel-place at Humingdon and ·11I· fled off
In Sept!"mlJcr Hampden and five Othl'r colonds as renegadocs'.
16
 A standard of Ihe Civil Wars, from
a "kelch by W. Y. Carman, said 10
ha"" belong"d lOa Royaiisl called
Colon.,1 Rice Yale. There doe!l nol
appear 10 have been a colon.,1 Oflh"l
narne _ perhaps his d.,lIcendanCt.
promoted him. Nor does the mouo
look like a Royalist on.,. Perhaps,
indeed, the slandard wa!l a lrophy
.... ther lh.... lhal belonging 10 .. trool'
of Ca"aliers

· " r y · .... '··.. ·r····._ . Two ParUamentarlan ca"alry

litandards. These are taken fron~ a
book of colours preser"ed in Ihe
Nalionlll Ar",y Museum, Captain
Roberl Manwaring e"ldenlly lou his
cornet in the charge.. by whiCh
Charles Cenrd'lI bngtode of horse
swept the Roundhead right from Ihe
field al the first baule of Newbury,
and had anolher cornet ",ade.
According 10 I.he law ofarn.. he
..hould have donello only if One of hill
troop had laken .. lltandar<! fron. Ihe
enen~y In the ",_nwhile

SilO \Villiam \Valler was another Parliamentarian infliCI the punishment of puuillgc 011 a pairc of
who strove to enforce discipline. Some court- handcuffs, and with a chaine to dr:lwe the party
martial papers have survived which date baek to up untill hee stand on lipptoe with a bn or jtlgg
16'H. rvlutiny and mass desertion serioLisly reduced rLbout his l1ccke ncere lhe maine Guard, and there
his army alier his defeat at Cropredy Bridge to stand according to discrecon'. As a punishmenl
(29JllIlC), and it is of great interesllOsce what his iL sounds rather more scvere than lhaL of the
disciplinary troubles were, and what was done slocks, which Cromwell had employed for the
abOlit them. A 'Counc(·ll of \,VaIT' at Phemham same ofl'encc the previous year. This punishmelH
(Farnham ?) on 22 April ordercd Ihat 'the was also gi\'cn to Phillip Warningwn who had
(PrO\'05t) i\lal'shall Genera]l", whcnever he fOlind abused and Cllt a fellow soldier (17 July); in
:t private soldier drunk, 'shall have powcr to addition he was cashiered.
17
 down it, his speed checked by a sergeant with his
halbert. Each man was allowed onc blow at the
criminal with a switch or with his ramrod.
A l\'lajor Willelt was cashiered (II OClOber
1644-) for presenting a false muster, that is,
attempting to draw pay for men who did not
exist. On 17 October Corporal Rc.'ld was cashiered
for robbery, with the added indignity that his
sword was to be broken over his head.
The Roundhead commil1ee which ran Ihe
garrison of Stafford (16.1-3-+5) look it upon itself
to impose i1 high standard of discipline. On
II December 1643 it was ordered that Lieutenant
Yang should 'forthwith be casheercd out of the
Towne' for bcing drunk, neglecting his guard,
lelling down Ihe drawbridge at the 'Geolegatc'
at 10 o'clock at nighl and going to Ihe further end
of the fOfegate. He was to st~Uld in the market·
place 'wilh a papet in his h;\lupon Ihe markel~da}'
whc"cin shall be wrolc his onence'.
;18 M:u'ch, 1644
'Ordered that the Gunner which did commill
fornication shall bee SCt uppon the grealc gun
Robert ~vere..., third Eart or Ene. (159t-I~6) com· with a marke uppon his bade through Ihe
n.anded the main Parliamentarian Army rrom 16~ 10;>
16.«. He bad ft'rved as a colonel in the Dutcb Army aftd Garrison and then disgracefully expulsed.
bad bftn vi~-adrniral ift tbe Cadiz e.pediuon or 1625. '27 :\·Iarch 1644
He wa. no Il~t stntle'llilil or dlsclpU-riatl. nOr was he

...,
psrticuJarly ene. .etic. Bou be wss • rna.a or couralle. Hi.
cl>ld ~ploit _ . hi. relier or Glou~.ter in $epte-Rlbe.r
'Lieutenant Dutton for plundering and for
terrorizing the inhabitana of the county was
to "be committed to prison and by Ihe next
cOlwcniency scnt to Ihe Parliament to receive
The same coun ordered that oneJohn Boreman punishment according to Iheyr ordinance in
for 'Running away from his Cullors severall the case".'
tymes', was 'to be hang'd by the neck untill hee It would be idle to pretend that the Royalist
be dead'. This secms to have heen the ordinary armies did not suffer in like manner from dis·
punishment for deserlion, Ihough the coun was ciplinary troubles, Plundering and desertion seem
somctimes Illore merciful; as in the case of two to have been the crimes most prevalent, and,
men who confessed to robbing a tailor at Wood- since the King was unable to keep his men
stock of a doublet and a pattern for a pair of constantly paid, it is not surprising thaI they either
breeches who were ordered to 'lye neck and Heels tried to subsist by marauding, or jusl wen I home.
together one whole day and be fead with no other It would be unwise indeed to assert thaI the
food then bread and water, and then set at Cavaliers were beller disciplined than the Round·
Libeny'. The same court ordered that Henry heads, Ihough in 1642 - while the pay lasted - it
Stone who had confessed to 'plundering a shin, an may be true, at least of the infantry. The trulh,
apron and some other triviall things, shall have is that both sides had such severe administrative
the Cat lapp once through the whole Regiment difficulties that neither army was blameless, and
and be ignominiollsly discharged the Army'. The so the unfortunate country people who had to find
Ganttlope or 'running the gauntlet' was com mall in them quarters suRered the consequenccs.
the Swedish and German armies. The men formed In lhe autumn of 1642, at the outset of the war,
a lane facing inwards and the prisoner passed according to Clarendon who wa.'io not one to praise
18
The Q ..een's Sconee aI Newa ..k. This wo ..k was b .. ilt to pali..ade. Thi.. may hav" been in Ih.. houonl of th" dild,
<:0"..... the bridse whe ..e th.. Fosse Way cro"_,, the Ri"..... wh...... i' c:outd nOI be IU' by cannon.balls. In 1957
Devon. It tlland" On " IiLiSht.ly ..le""'l..d "pu.. of srav...1 and N.. wa ..k Co.. por..,ion d"lI .."d eh" fo..e of a d ...nli" jun~l... of
hali a SODd vi .. w of the Oal meadow" no..th and weSt of tbe b .."h..!> and h .... mhl.,,,. so Lh,,' iL ill now po,."ibl., fo ...." if"
lown. II C:O"..... 1iI a Iilll.....0 .... than th ..e.. :U;....IiI, and ill o ..i!:in,,1 o .. LBn." (CO.... t .."y of f.h .. Iloyal Co... n.i""ion on
1iI ...... o ..nded by a dilch "p to 70 f ....' wide, and 12 to 15 feet Uislori.1 Monum.,nts (Ensl:tnd), C ..own Copy..i«h.)
de..p, Tb.. fo..1 Wall almose ee..eainly lI ....ro ..nded by a

military men, the Royalist army 'either hy lhe mcn Or t1lcir arm,~', hUI \l) disal'm rehds call
care and diligence or the officers, or by 'he good scarcely be so stigmatized, At Binning-ham, a
inclillalions and temper or the soldicrs thcmsclVl'S' very hostile pJacL', lht, Kin~ aClUally had two mCl!
was 'in so good order and discipline, thai, during exccuted lor slealing !i'om tile house uf a Round·
the King's stay at Shrewsbury, there was not a head soldier.
disorder of name, lhe country being kind to Ihe Ccrtainly, without question, Ro)'ali.'H troopers
soldiers, and Ihe soldiers JUSt and regardrul 10 occupied Ihelllsclws wilh plllndering Essex's
thc COUlllr)", Frec loans and cOlllribulions rrom baggage·train in KinC!OIl durillf{ the b'lllle of
Ihe gentry and subSlaiHial inhabilants, and the Edgehill though OIU' Roundhead ct]>tain
noblemen with the ,lrmy, guaranteed the payor aCCU5("S drag-oons of his own side or this! As early
Ihe men so that Ihey had no calise for discontent. as :"1o\'cmber 16-1-2 Sir John Uyroll's men did a
Mrs HUlchinson speaks of Sir Lewis Dy"c's great deal of malicious damage al the house of llw
troop at ~oltingh:un as 'plundering all the honest Roundhead, Bulslrodc Whilclockc.
19
 T~ _,," .f frlttflitt.( 4 ~W."t/t S~"fr·

1is Fourc.fqtt1r(' Skon{C. is of greater llren£th than }'out Triangle, and

D if it be £WCUN with a Ctrong !>cituatiOll, ;IS grnt Rh'crs. or upon'a

Rocke, Of whac it rmy be: lbnkcrcJ from the Bu!work, of. Fort, it
will lUnd III gtClt nod; orhcrwifc it is not to be eaken fOr aOrcngth
ofany moll'lCm. 1"hC' Eulworkcs :md Corrina 3ft to be nude '"Of high. thickcJand
(\rollg. that it may endure th: b3ttering of d)C EI)C11'1ia Ordnance•

...
A plan of .. liIconc~. (rom an i1lu!I(rauOD in Robert Ward'.
A"imut/"f!rsirms oj IV"""l!, 1639; a Konce -alil. detached
fori wilh balition... (Co"r...)' of the Royal Con'mission on
Historical Monumcol" (Enslandl. Crown Copyri!hl)

20
A Royaiisl Iroop on Ibe ma.rcb, from Ihe monunuml of of Plate Co which III r~cO"lilr"clecl In pa.r1 fro... I.h ..
Sir Richard Aluley, Bart." al Pal"h"II, FUr1h~r particulars t .... mpeten llbown here
of A!Otley and hi. lroop wiU be fo"nd In l.he de"",ription

As the war went 011 the Royalists strove to Crispe, who killed Sir James Enyall in a duel
uphold disciplim: with the gallows and the which he had llOt pro\·oked, had to answer for it
wooden horSC,', The lash was not vay much used 10 a COLIfl martial. Colonel Richard Feilding lost
though :t soldiCl" who had r:I\,ished two women his rcgillll'nt - and very ncarly his life - for sur-
was tied to a Iree, wit II his shoulders and chest rendering Rcadinf.:' Sir Richard Ca\'c was
naked, so Richard Symonds of the Lifeguard of court·martiallcd lor sUl'fclldcl'ing HercfOl·d, but
Hurse tells us, ';Ilid c\'cry carter of the trayne and was aequillcd.
carriages was to have a lasll', I-Ie tells us that thi~ Calollel IlclIl'y Windcb:lllk was shot (3 May
was a Spanish pUllisbtllt'nl. 16'~5) fol' surrcndering Uletchingdon I-louse to
II may be 11\;11 tht" King was not sufficielltly Cromwell, and Rupert himself was dismisscd for
Sl'\"Ct"e ill Ilis disciplilll', But al Wing 011 28 August the sllfrende!' of Bristol (10 Sl·ptcmbcl' 1645);
1645 he did ha\'l':1 soldier hanged for stealing tll(' and, al,hough he was cventually acquitted, he
communion plait', Nichola$ writcs to Rupert from lleVCI' fully r('co\'cr(,d his l>Qsitioll in his uncle's
Oxford (II ~Iay lG.j.J) 'Sir James i\lills was fa\'Ollr.
latdy shot hy an ofllccr upon a private quarrd; Tile Rupert COITt'spondcncc conlains lll:ltly
and tilt' lasl night Lielltl'llalll Crancleild was IelltTS in which Royalist eommander.~ complain
wuullded by Ont' Captain Hastings upon the like about plun<h-ring. This shows at least that Ihe
occasion, TI1I'r(' is here no punishmcnt, and senior officers, with :t few notable excclHions,
thcrt'fOl'c llutllillJ..: hIll disorder can be cxpected: intended to kel'J} their men in order. In this some
Perhaps this wry complaint led to a liglHclling were mol'c Sl1cc('s.~ful than others, and Ihis may,
of discipline. <..:enainly Colonel Sir ~icholas of course, be said of both sicks, If pay, or at Icast

21
 Culrall~lcrll :ond H:orqucbuliicrli, (rom john Crulio'" Militari.. bl$tructiu", fur 01" CafKIll'ri.. (16J"1).
Sir Arlhur Hc"Hris;e'lI 'Lobslcra' wcrc probably armcd vcry n,ueh Ukc the Irooper wllh Ihc pllitol,
Ihough il ill probahlc I.hal <luring Ihe Civil Wars c ..lralillicrs worc Ihc lrlplc-barrcd 10hSlcr_lailcd
h"lmrl ralher Ihan • dOllc h"'mct.
Thc common Iype of cltvltlryn""n of 164:1 wall cltllcd It 'harqucb"lIier', bUl hy that lime I.hc h:or_
qucbull lIc"mll to h ......" dillapp_r"d. B"ck and br"astplale, pol heln.et .nd perh"pll It lerl arm Iluard•
....ern 10 ha e en Ihe .. rn.our Ilenerally in ,·oguc; wlch a "word and a p:olr of plSIOl1I for armamenl.
Th.. 1 1I0n'e c lryn'en had (owling_piecell or carbin_ ill c.. rtain, but Ihey 1I.... m to ha ..." m:..n Ih...... _
c .. plion ,",uhcr Ihan th.. rul... CrU80'1i harquebusler 1I.... ms to bc w .... rl ..g .. kind of burgonet. Ie mUSI
be r embcr...d Ihal hill book "lOW Ih.. lighl lenyearli befor.. Edgehlll, but Ih .. Irlpl .. _barrcd h .. ln...1 n'UlU
ha bcen Ih" mOlit COmmo.. 'pol' among bolh Cavalier and Ro .. ndh..ad IrooperN,and th.. r .. III .. vid.. nc..
Ihal ,,"orion,; 1'( Ihc !oort worn in Is88 w ... re 10 he n In the Ci i1 Wanil. Th ......, Ilil nO rcalion why a
hel",cl 6fly_four )-CarS old ~hould not bc Ii.. r ...lceabl NOI .. Ih.. cr 1 bil.. and "purl' ,hal Ih..ltIfl Irooperlil
Uli..: Ih .. y rod .. wllh th .. brake" on and Ih.. chole" OUI!

22
rations, cannoL be assured, marauding is bound LO Ensij.;11
Gent[ellla n ·ol'.tllc·a rills
lollow and discipline can no longer be maintained.
This is a truth as old as war itselr. Sergeants ,
Coq>ora[s
Drummers ,3
Soldiers '00

C]/feYOOf The colonel had a captain-lieutcnant instead of

a licutenant. This officer docs nOI ~eem to ha\'e
been paid cxtra for comm:1I1ding Ihe eolond's
company, bUI at least he ranked above the otllel"
lieutenants and was ncxt in line for a company,
should there be a casualty. Each company had a
colour which was carried by the ensign.
The gentleman·of·the·arms scems to h;l\'c been
a Royalist innovation, It was much more difficult
for them to obtain arms than it was for the
Parliamentarians, and there/ore it beho\'ed them
to take good care of those they had, especially
In theory a regimcnt was 1,300 strong and was the firearms. This officer seems to have been a
ol"ganized in ten companies. The field officers, kind of company armourer sergeant.
colonel, licuLenant~colonel and major had com· Both pikemen and musketeers were to be found
panics, which I~umbercd 200, 160 and 140 respec~ in each company. the theoretical propol'lion
tively. Each of the seven captains had 11 company being one pikeman La cvery two muskc\(·l:rs.
of lOa men. Very often the colonel was also a Therc is some evidcnce: howc\'er, that the
general ofriccr or the governor of some fortress; Royalists at Edgehill had as many pikclllen as
frequently the lieutenant-colonel or even the musketeers, and from a tactical point of view that
m~or was the real commanding officer. III may ha\'e been an advantage.
addition, one of the field officers was sometimes Tbroughout tbew::tr regiments varied very milch
taken away to act as brigade· major of the forma· in numbers. In 1642 many were up LO strength,
tion in which the I"egiment was serving. The duties but battle casu:dties, sickness and dcsenion soon
which in modern times al"e carried out by thc took their LOll. Neither did every regiment have
adjutant and the R.S.M. were then performed by its ten companies: on the Royalist side eight secms
the major. I have fount! 110 adjutant in an to have been a more usual number.
English ;lfIny before 1665, and no 'sergeant- This table illuSll"ates the wastage in the Royalist
major' in the modern sense of R.S.M., before infantry. The figure'S for Novemher t642 al"e
about 1720. In 1642 the term 'sergeant-major' calculated from a pay warrant; those for April
was still frequently used for the major, that is, the 1644 were taken from a muster of tl1(' garrison of
third senior officer of a regiment. Reading.
The staff of a regiment usually included a
quartermaster, a chaplain, a provost-mal"shal (in COLO:'<LL Nov. 16+2
the Parliamentarian Army), a sllrgeon and his John Bclasysc 505
Sir William PcnllYl11an 68S
m:ue, a carriage-master and a drum· major. In
Richal'd Fcildin~ .~60
Royalist regiments one occasionally finds the Richard Bolle 560
wagoner or wagon·master signing for stores, Sir Edward Fitton 460
instead of the quartermaster. Sir Edward Stradling 715
The organization ofa normal company was: Sit, Thomas Salusbul'Y 9tO

Captain COLONEL April 16+-\

Licutellant Sir Theophillls Gilby 355
23
 Sir James Pennymall 479 reinforced by several Northerll rcginwnts ill 164-3-
Sir Jacob Astley "7 Two lJf IIlese arrived in [\·Iay with a COJl\'oy or
George Lisle '70 ammunition, while s{"veral Others reac!l\·d Oxlilf{1
Anthony Thc1wall '9 6 with the Queen in .July. On tlte whole, Ihl"
John Stradling: 35'
Sir Charles Lloyd Nortlll'rn Royalists wellt inlO Ihe army raised by
-t09
the I~arl nf Newcastle - the army whid. was
It will be noticed that nOl one of these sevcn \'irtually destroyed at Marslon [\1001". The CU1"I1-
regimcnlS still had its original colonel. Ish, who W('I"e as \varlike as they were loyal,
At Edgehill the Royalist fOOl, somc 10,000 defended their territory With their trained bands,
sirong, was organized in five tertias or brigades. but as these would 1101 go 'abroad', five 'voluntary'
At Naseby, where Ihe 1001 were certainly nOt regiments were raised. These \'OlllIllCCI'S made Ihe
marc than 4,000 strong, there were only three Ilucleus of Hopton's '""estern AI-my which, after
hrigades. Al Edgehill four of the brigades each llis victory at Stratton, joined Prince Maurice
had thrcc rcgimcnts, while onc had lI\'e. By 1644 in Ihe Lansdown-Rollndway Down campaign
teni.:Is had as many .:IS nine weak regiments and pa\"ed the way for Prince Rllpen's caplure of
in thcm. Bristol; like Newcastle's Wbitecoals, tltey were
In 1642 the regimellts of tile King's main army very good foot.
came from many t1illcrelll parts of lhe kingdom. So far as one can lell Ihe Earl of Essex's Army,
They included: which was the main Roundhead army, was
recruited in London, the south Midlands and lire
COLONEL/REGtMENT Home Counties.
Charles Gerard Lancashire
Cheshire COLONI!.L COUNTY
North Wales Earl of Essex Essex
Sil' Ralph UuLtOll Glouccstershirc Sir John Merrick London
John l3c1asyse Yorkshire (I) Lord Saye and Scle
NOllinglJamshirc ;.zorth O:dol'dshirc
(2) Sir John Meldrum
Riclwrd Fcilding Partly from Herc10rdshire Lord Brooke \Varwickshirc
Sir Thomas Lunsford Somerset Denzil Hollcs, ~[.P, London
Richal'd Bolle SUlflordsllire Thomas Ballard Buckinghamshirc
Sir Edward Filion Cheshire John Hampdcn, ~I.p" Hncki IIglJa msh iI"C
Sir Edward Stradling Soulh Wales, cspcciall~'
Glamorgan
In the matter of wastage, Parliamclltarian
The King's Lileguard Lincolnshire
DerLyshirc rcgiments fared \\'orse than tbose orlhe King, and
Cheshire some did not survi\"c evcn the first campaign.
Lord General l.incolnshil'e Lord WIl;u"!On's and Lord rvIandcville's, which,
Sir John Beaumont Sla(lordshirc among others, fled al E.dgellil!, werc disbandcd in
Sir (;ilbcl't (;(;I",U"(( Lancashire the following month. Dellzil Holles's Rcgimetll
Sil' Thomas Salusbury North Wales, especially fought bravely at Edgehill, bllt was Cllt to pieces
Denbiy;hshire and Flint at Brentlord and did nOt survive Ihe disastcr.
Lord 1\lolynellx l.al1cashirc
Earl orNonhamptoll North Oxfonbhirc
On October 16'tz, Sir Henry Cholmlcy's
\Val'wickshil'e I.zoo-strong Regiment ned at Edgehill and \\las
cvidclllly punishcd for its pains, since only 55~
Sir Lewi~ Dy\'(' ;\1](1 Thomas Blagge, who carne men remained on 23 Novcmber. Lord Brooke,
from the Roundhead coulltles of Bedrordshirc and who had about 1,000 men when he entered
Slllrolk, werc probably nOL able to raise many Oxford at the end of September, had hut 480 in
mell ill those pans. Dyvc seems to ha\"c got al mid·No\'cmber. Thomas Ballard muslered 808
least twO companies from Lincolnshire. olficers and mcn on 17 October 1642 but only
As lime went by tlte King's main army drew had .J.39, not counting officers, on I I November.
many of ilS rCl,;I'\liIS 1'1'0111 'Vales, though it was Some orhis companies were \'Cry thin hy that time.

24
 I Kinll: Charl~. I (1600-49) in .644
2 Sir Edward Walk~r (.6u-,,)
3 Prin,,~ Charl~., I.,u KinS Ch.rl~. II
(163-SS) in 1642

........
-.,.,
A
 Sir Charl..- Lucall (Ie. 16.8)

B
 Trump""",..,
Capfain Si .. Richard Ascl",y's
Troop of Hors",

"CHAH ~o,.. C
D
 P;k~n,an, Lord Brooke'. R~lin..,nt

:t Roundh~.d Commander
3 MUllket.,~r

E
 Lieutenant or a bluecoat regil"enf
2 Colonel Nathaniel Fienne. (1608?~)
3 Colonel Sir Richard WlII)'liO (1614""90)

F
t En.lln, Lan.plulh'. Rell.
n.ent or Fool
~ Drumn.er or a redcoal rell.
menl
J Royali.1 St:rlunl or. areo-n.
coal rellmenl

G
 ~cond
\ captain
(Sir L",wi,. Dyv.. '11 Roeglrn""I)
Fourth caplllin
(51.. Edward Slradling's
Reg;rn",nl)
Li.,uu,nanl-Colonel
(RIch ........ D"II",'" R"",lm .. nt)

c..ptaln
(King's Uf"'luard)

Major
(p.,nnyman's R"gin'''n1) Fiut captain
(Charh'li Grra..d'lI Regime'u)

Major'. Juidon
(Dragoon Regin...,nt)

Caprain Fint caplllln

(KlnJ'5 Lifeguard) (Lamplugh's R"gln,rnl)

H
Tb~ Eq.. ip... ~n( o( a Ibavy Cavalry",an, (ron. Jo ..... Cruso'. AfiUt"1'i~
Ind1'uniol'lS!01' tJl~C.tHlll'1'ir.(163:&). II i. QP'Kiallyfnler~.lin.lloob",~rv~
how "~ry diff~""'nl Ih~ . .ddl~ i. fro", the ""Hilary 'addle of modern linus

25
 .
...fA R T-

1" _ ••

•
.',.~ .....
.~
SCOTLAND
,.,. l .....
.,01 "'r'''''''''''-
d,.,-.r."o~~'l..c .....
~ :i; t:::t ~;:::
P_ ...._
"oor l> , ...
"l~. ,_.h
l n",t."",,, ........ u.T.
, ,-,
<I '
''l'''''''''
L..,.'.., ~, .."
•
", .<0,,,...,
,. '".l""'" •• ~""" ...
II ••" " ...... ~,-'
,
~, """,'~' '.r....
.",n.... ,,,,•.•'1l, .......
''11''''''' PAJ\T
" '1"_ """"......... 'H~ ..\
".,,"",,··'11,...
"8 ........
I' '·.A!o".u
., ......,,,....,,
, .; "".•,.,Po"'I'
q~
""'"''''''1I'''f
0(,.", ...,., ..sCOTLAND
• hbom •• " '"'1,....
,n•• ,..", .>l .
I n~ lHl,I, " ... r..."O
.::;~., "

KIng Charlell'l' ~anlp near B"rwi"k during the First Scots look his regimenl to Irel:and and was killed there. Jeroane
War, 1639. Th.. Glorioul/; Standard is no doubt the lIaane 8reu becan'" a .."rg"anl.n,ajor·llen.,ral. Sir Willian,
one rallied at Nouingb.aan wh ..n, in August r6,.,. the Kin! P.,nny....an's Yorkshire regiment was the 6rst railled in
d ..c1ared war. Some of ch" colonels listed took pare in th" 1642; be WIll< Governor of Oxford and died Iher.. in 160,
Civil Wan. The E:...1 of Newport wall for a short time and his r""gim""nl w:all e"enlnally delltroyed 101 Nalleby.
Lieutenanl_G"n"ral Co th., Earl of Newcastle, bUI Old Sir Thoma.. Metham of Mechan), Yorkllhir., (c.
quarrdled with him and wa" ianprison"d in Pontefraci 1575-1644). con.manded ... troop of g .. nd"men "OIUnl.,ers,
Calitle. Van .. :and HOlh:an) w""re Roundhe:ad ... Savile had a of which N .. wc..... II"" hhnself wa .. noaninally Ih .. caplain,
r""l'hn ..nc or redcoatli in 1639. and il il/; likely that hi.. and WI''' killed al il .. h ..ad at Mar..lon Moor
regianent wall r.,.railied for th .. King in 16,.,. Harcourt

Captain Primrose had only 19 men and Captain

fORMATIONS
Ma,-rord lmt 15.Jolln I-Iampden, whose regiment
did not arrive at Edgehill until the battle was A body of foot normally mllrched in column of
over, still had 893 men on 21 January 1643. His fours, but when it eamc to light il was drawn lip
numbers dwindled more gradually and bY2 I June, in a deeper fOl'm:uion. At Edgchill Essex had his
when hc was lying on his death-bed at Thamc. he men cight decp, which was the formation in the
still had 849 men. Some may have been lost at the Dutch Army when he was a colonel lhere. The
siege of Rcading and elscwhere, but most had Royalisls on tbat occasion were six deep, with
probably succumbed 10 the fevers so prevalent III their tcrtias arraycd in what was known as the
the Thames Valley in the Sllmmcr of 1643. 'Swedish brigadc', A regiment or body of loot

26
lIol'mally fought Wilh a solid hedgehog of pikes
in the celltre :md with muskeleers on lhe flanks.
If ca\'all'Y threalened, the musketeers would take
CO\'cr among the pikemell.

ARMS, DR [55 AND EQU I PM ENT

The "ppcarance of the armies of 16.~2 would have
pained the Duke of Cumberland, King Gcorge 1\'
and j\larshal Bcrnadotte: lIUI, all lhe same, the)'
did present some show of uniformity, as any unit
will if they receive general issues of clothing,
anns and equipment. At the time orthe Civil 'Vars
commissioned onicc'rs and ('\-ell sel'gcants seem to
have WOnl pretty much what they pleased, butlhc
soldiers, parlicularly in lhe fOOL, Wt'rr gi\'Cll such
ilems as C:lpS, coats. hr('cches, stockings and
'snapsacks', as well as their arms and armour.
UnlOrlllll<Lldy, we ha\'e 110 record of thc coal Prince Maurice (16:zo-S:Z). The favourite brOlher or Prince
colours or till' m:uority of rCl:{irncnls engaged, UUl Ruperl wa. a .Iour_hearled fillhter. Be wa. wilh hill
brother in .everal or hill u:ploltll - III Powlck Bridll:e,
sOllie arc known. Edsehlll and Cirencester _ MrOre heln! s"ven an inde_
pendenl command, He de£ealed Sir William Waller at
Rippte (IJ April 164]) and played a sr.... 1 parr in Ihe
ROYALIST vidorlell or the Welilern Army .. I L.ntKIown and Round_
way Down. He took Exeter and Dartmoulh, but ralled 10
The Kill!-:'s Lifeguard capture Plymouth and Lyme. He commanded the Wutern
R'd Army in Ihe vietorie. al 1.olltwlthlel and al Mcond
The Queen's Life!-:uard R,d Newbury, where they were driven rron, Speen vlllallt!<" He
Prince Charles wall under Rupert at N:l5eby. When parr or I.he Reel eIln'e
Red (?) over 10 Ihe RoyalilOr .. in 16..8 Maurice ...rved in il under
C.O.: Sir \Iichael Woodhouse hi .. brotber. He _10 10101 al Ha. HI.. port rail by Dobson
'Ille Duke or York bf:lonllll to rbe Earl or Dartmoulh
Rod (?)
C.O.: Sir William 5t Lcg-er
(I) Sir Allen Apsley
(2) Edward Hoplon
R'd
Rod EMI of :"lonhampton Green (?)
I..ord Inchquill
Sir William Savile Rod
Henry TillieI' Green
Lord Hopton (jllic
PAR LI A1\IEKTAR I A:'\J
(I) Sir Thoma~ Lunsford
HIlle
(2) Prince Rupert Denzil l'lolles Red
Ch;lI'!cs Gerard HIlle Edward I\lonta!{u Red lined white
Sir William Pel\llymall BIlle (?) Lord Robal'\C5 Red
(I) Sir' Ralph Dutton Sir Ilcnry Cholmle)' mile
White
(2) (Sil') Slcphcn Hawkins Sir William Constable mue
1'Ilarquis of Newcastle's (I) l.ord Sayc and Scle
Regimcnt White (2) Sir .John I\lcldl'tllll } utue (?)
LOI'd Percy WhilC (3) Edward Aldl'ich
(I) Thomas Pinchbeck Earl or Stamford utuc
Crey
(If) Sir !Icnry Bard Thomas R:tllard Grey
Sir Francis Gamul Vellow (?) Sir John \lerriek Grey
(1) Sir Charles \";}Vasolil' John Hampden Gl'cell
Yellow
('2) (Sir) '\Iallhew Applcyal'd or
E..1.r1 \Ial~cheslcr G rcell Ii ned red
Sir John P.lulet Yellow E.:trl of E.sse.~ Orant;:e
(?] Taloot Yellow l.ord Brooke Purple
Sil' Thomas B1ackw;llI mack (?) Thomas Grantham RUSsel (?)
RobeI'I UroughlOll Grcrn EMI fir Dcnbi~h HlJrscl (;rt') I?}

27
A lell"r fro.... Charles II when Prince of Wale:.. c:o.......ill-
sionlng Sir Edward Hopton of Canon FrOR1e, Hereford-
shire, 10 be in command of a reg;"'''nl of fool.

The ,\larquis of Nt'WC;ISl!e'S men are gellerally King. The :lrtllouries of the trained bands, as well
describ<:d as '\\'hilccoals'. It seems tbat his army- as those of private indi\'iduals, were insuOiciellt
not ollly his OWl! J'I'g:illll'lIt - worl' coalS of undyed III pro\'ide weapOllS lor all the \'olunlC'ers. A
\\'0011('11 dOlh. PC'I'cy's Whilecoats alld Pitlehbcek's number of those who foughl at Edgehill had
Grcyeoats bOlh CUll\' to Oxford from Newcastle's nothing betlcr than some con\'erted f:trm imple-
Army;H the same time, II would se('lll lhal the ment 01' a SIOtll sta\,C'. MallY of the weapons atICl
dr('ss of Nnvl';lstlc's 'Lambs' \\';\S nOt cxaetly as pieces of armoul' had already seen service at lhe
white as SIlOW, lime of til(' Annada, or C\'Cll maybc of Floddcl1
Rf'd was a f<lirly popular cololll' ill the C:I\'alier alld (joswol'tll, 011 the other hand, thuse wcrc
Army, I'spcri;t11y, il secms, ill the Royal regi- days when nublemen and gellilemen commoilly
Illellts. From lllt,time oflhe formatioll of the New had sllbstanlial :lI'ITlOllries of lheir OWI1, If lhe
Modd Army it was adoptnl by the Parli;l1llCllt· Royalist pikemell were shari of corS(,klS it \yas
arialls, from whom thl' Slanding Army of King not really such <l hardship: a steel helmet and a
Clw.rh-s II alld his SLltccssur.~ inltnitcd it. good bllll' coat wOlild keep QUI many a savage
blow, and, marching in body armour call havc
been no joke.
A R I'vl S
As for the Roundheads, they had at their
\Vllellille war begall Illere weI'(' not nearlyenouglt command the great armouril'S uf thc Towcl' uf
arm<; to equip all th.. I1l1'll who enlisted for the London and of Hull. Their troops mUSI haw

28
 ~

•
-.
••
".
" •• ft

"•
•
•

Plan of Ill'" siege of Newark, 1646. The survey by 'Richard 1645 to 8 M"l' 1646. Clamp,", who had "ervrd under Ih",
Clan'p.. lngenier' was engra"~ by Perc:grlne Loydl, and Earl of ManehesIII,r, and Sir Thom".. I....irf",._preliun'"bly
printed and t10ld by Peler Ste"1 101 I.h....ig" of the Crown in the New Model_ seenU 10 have been the chief engineer
and ("Ier of I.h .. White Horse in Gilupur Slre",c without of Ihe Parli,unencarlan Army b .. ror" Newark. He was
NewS"r". This plan was certain:)' on sale before 1650' The rewarded in 1647 will> Ihe " ..areher's po,.. 31 the porI of
engraving, 20 inches by 17 inches, COverli an area ofaboul King'lI Lynn in Norfolk. (Courle'liy of the Royal Conlmi,,_
1_0 .niles radius around Newark and shows the works ilion on Hi,uor;eal MOnUm.,nls (England). Crown Copy_
m"de for the lalil siege, which laSled from November right)

29
appe;lred armed \"Cry much accordin~ to the' damaging rnissit('s, which could score ht',lvily 011"
rcgulations of the day, a troop ofhorS(' or a stand ufpikcs, whil~t tor siq.{c
In theol'}', all mnks carrit.'d swol'ds, those of the work the big gUlls were invaluahle_
oOicl'rs brillg: no dOli I>! of sup<-rior quality, With Clan:ndon dt'scribcs the train of •• rtillery as 'a
the t'xcc.'ptiOIi of tilt, I'llsign, wilt> carrit.'d the spunge Ihat can nevCf he filled 01' 5.ltisficd', and
comp'lIly colour, the com pan)' ollict'rs were armed it was only \\ith the grcillcst dinietllly 11t.1I Sir
wilh partisalls, while lhe sergeant's halbert was John I-kydon (d_ 16.')3), ,he Royalist Lil'IHCll:tnt-
at OIlCt.' his wl'apon and his hadg:e of rank, The General oftht., Ordnance, a noted matl\cmaticiall
pikenwll had a weapon hl,twet.'l1 sixteen and and :1 thorough I)' competent .l<lministrator, man-
l'ig:htl'l'll fl'l'l in Icng:th, and wore Ilolck-and-brc.ut :lgcd to ptt! tW('llly guns in the fidd, six of them
- tlw l'orsdet - alld a helmct. The lllllSkt'Il'('rs had big Olles, Tlu:sc gUlls were mostly Ill.tdl' of brass,
IIU hudy :lrI110I1r, lIut were gcnl'l"ally l'quipped The trophies of Edge-hill included SC\Cll gUlls and
with ,I nl.ttchlock Illllskt,t, ,tnd a bandolier, Sonl(' at First Newbury tht., Royalisls had hl'iwier metal.
cI'rt:linl)' had ,t n'st, but this SIX'IllS to hale hcen Al Nascby thc King had ollly twdw big gUliS,
OIJSOkSCI'Il\ h)' tlic time ol'tht, Civil \\'<'11'5, A few Among those captured by the New J\lodcl Army
had tlit, sn:lphatlct" Ill' fin'lud, ,m t'ady Ililltlock wen; lWO dt.'llli·cannolls, probahly thl: san\(' two
muskt,t; hut Ihis was rare and was lIstlalty gi\'CII lhal had beell at Edgl'hil1, and two morlars, Two
10 thc eseurt ortllt' traill oral'till('I'y, for malchlocks or the great brass gUlls lakt'J1 at Nast.:hy wcre
and PO\\'tlt-r-llarrds Wt'l't' Illlllappy partncrs, afterw;lrds used by lhe Parlialllellt,lrians be-sieging
The h:l)'ollct was lltlt yet 10 Ill' St'\'11 ,lll1tll1"~ lht' \Vorccster.
E.nglish illf:mlr)', The Roundht.:ads, backed by tilt., n'sources of
the Tower of London, whe....: since llledil:v:t1
times the Board of Ordnance had had its head-

pe CJ171ill quunel's, wen' mud\ bettel' pro\'ielt'd \\itll gtlns

than Wt're their opponents, In the i6+:l camp;lign
Ihey had OHr fony gUllS, Unforttlllatdy lur them
tht.'ir Iil'utenalll-gcllcral, a torcigner n.llnl'c1 I'hili-

ifrufJ1i/IeIJ' bert E.m;lIIUcl du Boys, pra\cd ineapahle of

collecting ;1 sufliciel1l number or draught-horses,
and mall)' or tht' gUlls arrin:d 100 late fur the
hattie ur Edgdlill. TIlt" tr.lin of .lftillery rceluired
a gn:at deal of transport, for its ammunilion and
stun's, " Royalist bye-train (II" fQlIl' hig guns
detailed to ;,\lIack B;tlIbury Castle in OCtoher
j6'12 rC<\llirt'd the support orfift)'-SC\CII wagons,
TILe persollnel - ufliCt'rs and spt'cialists 01
\'ariolls l-:ueguril's - was also \"('1'Y cOlisiderablc,
III 16'1~ Ess('x'S Train had on-r .p) otficers, 6uo
piollt't'rs, be~idc~ ItlU firclucks, IU I-;uard tile train;
engineers, .:umrnissarics, 11ro\05t, gl'lltlclllCI\·Ol"-
Artillery h;ul provcd its wonh in baltit'S as well as Illc-ordll;lllt;C, tircworkcrs, IJattl:ry-n\.L~tcr :uld
in sieges as I'ady as lhe middle uf the fiftcenth bridge-master were all to be luuml in its mnks,
Ct'ntur)': it was .IS decisiH' .It Castillon as at '('he dress 01" artillel'ymt'!l plol>.!llly l'l'sl'mulcd
COllSlalitillOpk, Hut its prugn'ss had 1)('('11 slow, that of the loot,
,tnd, at thl' lime of the Ci, il "-.Irs, nuny of its The suppl)' or ammunition was not, it seems,
chal'acteriSlics were still vcry ullsatisfaClory, ,ery lil>cral. In Ihe uyc-train already rclcrred to,
Ranges \\tTl:' shorl, r:lH'S of /if(' slow, ('quipmcnt the Royalists allowed fifty -roulld ShOH of yran'
Ilt.'avy and mcans of tractioll Ullt'cOllomical, per gun, ;tnd, in addition, tWl'nt)'-four 'cases of
~e,'cnhdl'ss, hoth round-shot and caSt'-shut Wt-re w'"
t)'1I1I l\llIskclt ShOll, or Cartoucht.'S',

30
 ROYALIST ORDNANCE
TVI'.... .~I)GI'.I"LI. Nk:WlllIRY WI'.IGIIT OF LEN(;TIl Ot' Wt:IGIiT OF
I'II'.CI',. (Ill) I'lt;CE (fl) SHOT (Ib)
• • ,.
I)cllIi·canIIOll'"
Culvcrin"
T we!Vc-l)()llm!crs
• •
•
6,000
01,000
"
10-11
,.
.)
'5
Dcmi-C'"ul\'crins
Six-poul\de~
• 5
3,600 '0 9
6
:-'ak("~ , 2.500 91
~1)'lIioll~ 2 (iron) 1,500 8 .,51
'I'hl CC-lxlllndcrs
Fawcons 6 • )00 6
3
·1
Fawconetl...
!tabonells
6
,
2>0
'.0 •3 '1
,•
H:lscs '2 (iron)

.0 .0
NOTE.S
I. This was I-Ioplon's own troop,
'2, Said 10 have been a son of Sir William Balfour, 4. FOUl' or six troops should have had between
l.ieutenant-Genel'al of the Horse in Essex's Army. sixteen and Iwel1ly-fow' commissioned otliecl's.
3. Cavalry at speed could COVCl' such a distance in 5. Doubtless the major of lhe KinK'S l.ife~ual'd of
half a minutc. Their 0PI)()ncnlS would hardly havc FOOl, who became licutcnanl-coloncl and was
lime for morc than onc volley, knil{hled in 16015: Sir WiIIi:lm l.(;i1.;llIon.

JI
 16+1 by Wl'llceslas I-Iollar (16(17-nl he is shuwn
in filII cuirassit'r's armour, (Jf tILt, SOl'! \\'01'11 hy Sit
Richard Willys (F3J. Hullar was a Ruyalisl
C]/Je Plates soldier and sen'cd in the dclcnC(' of Hasing I-Iollse.
'rhere call he lillk doubt, the!,('f()n:, that h.· Ilad
aClually S(TIl the King- lhus armoured .

..12 :;iir I~df('(lrd J I'(/Ika (di/2-77)

Walker, who hccanw CheSler Herald in 163fl,
was with King Charles continuously from r6'12
to 16"'5. He was at first Secretary al W;lr (J6:12)
and later Secretary of the Pri\'y Council (t6",,).
1-11.' was klli~htcd in r645' A Ilumber ofllis papers,
dealing- with military affairs arc preserved ill tIll'
Ikitisll ~'luseum, alld 11is ('xcellent accounts ol',lle
.'If King Clwrles I (1600-49) in 164-1 J64-1 and 16+:) camp.tigns arc published in Ilis
From n painting by William Dobson (1610-46). lIiJIQri((/! IJ;Jrfllmr.1 (London, t705). Al the
This plate shows lhe King in his normal cam- Restoration W;Jlker became Garter Kirlgo-of-
paigning dress. or course, he did not always wear Arms. III this platr, wlriell is t;rkclll'i'oll\ ~I paintillg
tltis costume. At Edgchill he is described as by Dobson in the National Portrait (;:dkry,
wearing: it black velvet coat liued with ermine, Walkef wears thl.' ordinary campaigning dn'SS of a
and a steel cap covered wilh vclvet. In a print of Cantli('r g('ntlem:tll, Ihou~1r withunt back- ;l1\d
breastplate.

...13 Prinei' C!ltlrll'S, 11111'1' II'ill.!!. L'/wrlr'J /I (di3f1-H.;)

ill rG.f2
From tire portrait hy William Dohsun ill till'
Scouislr National Portrait Gallery. The armOllr
the Prill!.:e is wearing is still in exiStl'llce in rile
armouril'S at the Tower of London. 111 this
Ilol'tr;lit Prillce Clrnrks is dressed as he was at the
bailie 01" Edgehill, 23 Octohcr' 16'1.3. 011 that
occasion Ire was ill danger ofbeillg captured when
Sir William Balfour's Horse hroke thr0uglr tile
R.oyalisl centre. Indel.'d hl; W:IS SCCll winding up
E"al11plea of Newark IIlege money. (Top) the fa"" his wheel-lock pistols and crying out, 'I k;Il' them
and obvulle of" .645 gd. pi"",,; (00110111) face
and obvulie of a 1646 IIhllJlng. Theile lo:r.enge· not', helare Iris I'scort or Gel1tlemCll PClISiollCTS
IIIhaped coins w",re an "",ergenc)' iSlIue,
)U'obably aUlhod:r.ed by the King hil11lO.,lr. The hurried him from the fidd,
main realilon for their i"'I0'''~ .nay have b""" the TILe PrillCC wears the normal eostnlne of a
Governor'lI need to pay the tOwnsmen for
billeting l.h .. garrison. c\\'alry ollieel' of the day, a sleeveless bull' coat
Siege mon,,)' Willi "Iso Issued l\I Carlisle, with back-and-IJrcasl. rn his hand hI' carr;('s a
Che!i1er and Ponlefracl Callde. The N.,wark
coins of 1645 and 16..6, ranging in value from balun, as a gt·lll~r;l.1 did in those days. In J6'LIj,
6d. 10 :n. 6d., are among lhe be"l, They "eeon 10
have been made by 51leing lhe lo",enge_shaped wlwl1 III' \\'as fiftt'ell he was l10minally in ('omm:11ld
blanks from rolled_out plaaell; of "ilver, and of the West Country.
ahen slruck by ..ou'e 601'1 of mechanical
han,,"cr. This waS probably .. hor5e 01' w:o.ter-
operated trip hammer. The word 08S: on lhe
reVel'Se of ahe coins is the Latin ObSetlllm -
be..icged
n Sir Charier Luw.f (k. /6}8)
Lucas was a professional soldier who had serwd
ill the Dutch Army. At Edgl'hill he was liclltCllant-
32
Back, b ...,asl and IHH, Tit.,,,., I,i.,c.,,, of .....nou .. I' ...,".,...."d curious for it Ii.,.,mll 10 b., SOI1,.,lhing b.,lw.,.,n a burgonel
at Broughton Car;tl", w",r", doublle"" worn by a soldi"'r and a .norion
...,rv;ng und .. r Lo ..d Sa)'" and Sd", Th., h.,lon.,1 is ralh.,r

cololl('l in till' Earl ofCacrnar\,on's Regimellt. He or his troop. This trumpeler is dressed vcry much
greally distinguished himself' by rall)'ing 3uo like those one secs Dtirly fn::quemly in Dutch
horse of tilt" Royalist left wing alltl chargillg: illln paintings ur tlte period. His trumpet-hanner, like
the rcar of tilt" ){vlIlldlwad 1001. He was S001l lhe standard ur the troop, and the Captain's
made cololwl and (':11'1)' in 1G44. through Rupert's holstcr-caps ami saddk-c101h, bears tILe cinqucfoil
lllllu(,Ill't', he bccame I.iculenant-General of tht' of Astley.
Hors(' ill NI'\\'ca~tk's Army. Unl'ortlillalcly, he Sir Richard Astley, Bart. (1625-88) \Vas lhe
was laketl pri~fln('r at l\brstull M(lOr, I-k was eldest SOil of Walter Astley, a Roman Catholic.
CXI"CUII·d afler tILl' skgc of Colchester ill IG4~L He garrison cd Pol tshu II 1-1 OUSt:, Ilca r Wol \'er-
Lueas wa~ an ('xpt:rt COllllllallc[(-r of !lorse, alld hampton, which was capturcd 011 14 February
wrOtl' a trt'alist, on the art of war. It was in cipher 1645 by a Roundhead force rrom the garrison or
and so nobody cOlild ull(\crstalld it; its whert:- Stallord. Astley \Vas olle or the garrison or Dudley
abullts, 100, are IInw IIllkllown. Cas lie when it surrendered on 14 May 16.1,6, He
This pl.llt" is a l'l'conS\l'lIctioll based 011 a punrail belonged to the small arlllY ul\{kr Lord I.ough-
by Dobson ill tilt' National Purl fail Galler)" Sir borough, the Royalist Lieulenant-GelLeral ill the
Ch;ll'lt,S is ~IIlJWII Willdillg" lip his wht:C'l-lock pis\lli. Midlands. There is somc ('\·idl'll(:c that be fought
in the lG51 campaign. Astley sUt:t:Cl'dnl to his
(.' '/1"11111/11-"", (;1I/11l//I/ Sir Hid/{/rd .'lJIIQ"~ 'J /"I/O/I father's estales ill 16::;,~ and was mack a baronet
oj JJOI'JI' in 1662, :\ man 01' t:x<:l1lpbr)" piety, Ilc h:L<! one
This ligur..: is takt:ll li'om Astley's mOnUlllent in uthn claim 10 l;tllle: all lILgTniuus iLl\'('lllioLl,
Patsllllil Church, ill whicll lhe Captain, preccded wI10$(' details al'(: 1101 expl:lllH"d, l'or mau:hirlg"
hy his lWU trumpeters is sccn riding at the head game-cocks,

33
 also finds inSlanCt's or m('n firing carbincs 01'
rowling-p;"n's from lilt saddle in a IIIt;lt~t: Sir
Jaml's CoII)()n\l'-~'s l'xploit OIl B;I1»loII lIill is a
case ill point,
It was by no m("ans unknown ror mOllllll"d
troops to lx' armed with a braCt.· IIr !lislUls in
addilion 10 a carbinc. Rich,lrd S)'lllotl(l~ ur the-
King's I.ifeguard rccurds a skirllli~h 1)('lwl'('n
Stilton '\IId lIunlingdon on 24 August 1643" The
Roulldheads. ,100 strong. r'liscd in Sullolk and
EsS('s, wcn' 'under l.ieuICllanl·CoIOIl(,1 I.e-Iiullt.
'TIl('Y a lillk displllt:d Huntingdon, hilt WIT
entcred, notwithslandillg a larg\' dildl ("11-
compass("d iI, , , , Thci$C rebclls rail .l\\,ay 10 Cam-
bridge;" all or Iltelll hack alld hl'l':lSt, hcadpdce,
bracl' of pis loll, olli('l'rs mort'. Ewry IfOOPl'
cotlsislrd of' 100.'
While :ldmiuing thill our pl:tl{, is a f'('COllslnw-
11011, il secms l:lir 10 assert that riders so equippcd
were to hl'SI't'lI in many an an'air of' lhe EIIJ.:lish
Civil Wal's,
John. ro.... Baron Byron of Rochdal~. K.B. (d. 1652) was
U~~I.l~nanl of the To....er from December 16'4' 10 February
164'" When he jolnnS Ih~ KinC al York his reCime.. 1 of
hor_ ...... th~ fir" in th~ field. Byro.. wall a.n unlucky
soldi~r and a poor laClidan. bUI he """s bra"e and
I:', Patmall, l.ord nrfH)~"s Ri'g;mt1l/
dOCA:w. He playHt a creal pari in Ihe "iclory al Robel'! Grc"ille, second Baron Brooke (1608-43)
Roundway Do and di..ll"C"i.hed hi ....sdf al Firsl
Ne_bu'"}" H~ Ii. ho ...·.. "~r. ",,~rely d ..f..al", al Nanl _ dOlhed his rcgimellt or foot in purple. III Ihis he
_ id> .nd Monlcon...'"}' Caslle. I ....... slarc..ly Ihank.IO hill
fa.,hy dilipolih.ionli lhal R"perl's riChl _Inc _all routcd
seems 10 ha, c becn unique - jusl as well perhaps_
al Manila" Moor. AI the ..nd of the war By..on, .... ho had The regiment was raised in London. II had purple
be..n ....ad.. a ba..on in OClober l~), dunC On fi ...., 10
Ch..liler and Ihen 10 Caeman-on with Ihe Ulmnst colours wilh Ihe usual cross or SI GC'orge in all
..eSolulion, exccpl Ihc colond's colour, and with the c;lJ}lain's
Thi" port .... il by Willian, Dob_n n.ay _ .. II ha"e been
paintHt al O""ford ;n January 164), for Ihe scar on 8y..on·s cnsigns dinercncro by a varyillg numbl'r or Sial'S,
counlenanc.. ill probably the halbe .......ound he .. ecei,,~d TIle regimcllt. about 1.000 slrollS ill Sept('mber.
in a fi,;hl 81 Burford On the niChl of I January. as th~
RO)""IiSl ....eekly n" .... sl... pt' .. 1I1"r~lIrirll Aldinll reC'tJ ..ds losl 1U';l\'il)' at Edgeltill, and \\',tS dO\\!1 In +80 by
mid-Novcmber, It sllllcrcd again ,II Bn:llIrord
(12 :'Jo,"cmbcr) and, it is lhought. did lIot long
~III'vi\"e tlte dealh of its CtlIOll<:l, sllipccl by 'Dumh'
D 0f/iul' 4 I/"n,' III' J)mp,flfIIl{
DYOll a\ 1111' siege of Lichficld Oil'.! Mar"h 164.3.
Thi"~ d:lslJil1g' ,'II:U":ll'ler mighl hclurl,L:" III dlher
0)'011 fired from lhe towel' ofSI Chad's Call1l'dral
sidt'o lit, i~,lll ull:I~llalllt'd t'('ClJll~lruction lJasnl Oil a
upon thai sailll's day, Royalists werc not slow
llgllrt' 011 lht' litll·.pags 01" Crllsu's IlIstrl/cfio/ls jor
to pOill\ DUIllae miraculous nalurc of this t'VCIlI,
llir (,'o/'{/lI'ri, (16:~2) and a cUnlCIllJX'rary paillting'
by :l Duu'h anisl. 'I'll(' hdllH'1 i~ or III(" Dutch
or G('rn1;l1l 1)'JlI'" It was pl'()hahl)' Iht' ("sCl'ptioll
r;\lllI'r Iha/l Iht, rule ror :1 dragoon II) \\'C'ar hack- E:J RO/l1ulhtad Command"
and-hn'.lsi. li'l" I!le-}" \\('1"1' rrall)' l1l(ltllllnl inralltry. This figlll't' is based on a portrait reproduced ill
and usually li)ll~hl Ull loo!. It is IrUl" Ihal CoIOlld black and while in R..~. Oore's llsdil1 work Tllr
Julm Okq's Rq~inl('nl. hdollgin~ til Ilw IH'W (.';61 II'arJ in ell,sh;,,_ Thc olliccr is thoughl 10 he
~lodd. llMdl,: a mounled l'h:lr~C' illlt) Ihe- Rnyalisl Colonel John Boolh. The inSlrumellt slung round
liXJI .11 lilt· 1'lId or tll(' h,tHlt' or :\"asd)y: and 0111' his lleck is a spannCI' such as was u§t:d in those

34
days to wind up wheel·lock firearms. His beautiful
carbine is probably an expensivc fowling-piece.
It was doubtless with such a wcapon that Sir
James Colborne was armed at Babylon Hill.

Aj M uskrteer
This soldier is armed with a matchlock musket.
He has made-up cartridges, 'The Twelve Apostles',
hanging from his bandolier, a leather bag con-
taining spare bullets, and a powder-flask. In his
right hand he carries a rest to help him aim his
heavy firearm. Rests do not seem 10 be mentioned
ever in the Royalist ordnance papers that sun'ive

Henry Ireton (16n-51). Educated at Trinity Coli....,

Ox-ford, and Ihe M.iddle Ten'ple, Ir..ton look up arn", in
164:01 and foughl at Edgehlll. Allhough h", h",ld high appolnl_
m",nlS he was no great ,"oldier. lie led the cavalry of the
Roundh",ad I",fl al Naseby, but was wounded and captured
In Ihe fighting. Rupert, Ihough outnumbered, drove hill
n'en fro", th .. field. He married Cromwell'lI daughl .. r,
Brldgel, and was hill chief supporter during the t.rlal of
Charles I. He waS on", of the regicides who signed the
dealh_warranl. Iruon wenl 10 Ireland a. Cromwell'.
d .. puty and carried oul hi" bloodlhirlity polley wilh
diligence and honesty. He died of a fever

in the Public Record Ollice. It Illay be that il was

simpl)' assullled Ihal every musket had its rest
just as it had its ramrod. On the olher hand, it
may be thai this was a Irallsition period and that
the rest was goin~ out. Of the foul' muskeleers
depicted in lite FarndOll Church window only
two have rests.

John Lambul (1619""83). Lambut took up armS for

Parliament in t64:o1, and by 16.fJ was commanding a
regiment oC horlle In Yorkshire, He Cought at Marston FI Lieu/cl/aul qf a lJIurcoaU rtgill/w/
Moor, and In July 1647 superseded Poyntz in command The Royalist regimcll! ofColonc1 Charles Gerard,
oC the Northern Forcell.ln 1648-49 he be&leged Pomdract
Caslle, and in 1650 went to Scotland with Cromwell as fought al Edgchill and First Newbury beforc
major_general. He wall wounded and captured at MUli&el_ going to Soutll Wales \\'hen Geral'd was Pllt in
burgh (30 July) bUI Immediately rescued. He Cought al
Dunbar, and routed Sir John Brown at In"'erkelthing, command Ihere early in 16'14. There were blue-
FiCellhire (:010 July 1651). In Ibe Worcutu campaign he
caplured the imporlant bridge al Uplon-on_Se",ern, and coats Oil either side and, exc('pt for the dill'l:rc1Jcc
at Worce ..ter had hi" horse .. hot under hi ..... He wa" tbe in the colour of sashes, it would have becn easy to
leader of the officerll who offered the PO&t oC Protector to
Cromwell, and was one oC hill council of 8lale, but he mistake a Roundhead officer of Ihe Earl of
broke wilh him o"'er Ihe quenlon oC a royal Iltle. In 1660
h .. rellined Monck in vain and h .. ended hill day" in prillon
Stamford's Regimelll for (lIU' ofGcl'al'd's. Colonels
In Gu.. rn ..ey Sir Henry Cholm1t:y and Sir William Constablc

35
also commanded blueco:u regimcnts in the Earl or
Essex's Army during thc Edgehill Campaign or
164 2 .
On at least IWO occasions Royalist officers were
captured through mistakillg an enemy regiment ror
one or their own. This happened to Rupert's
rriend, Will Lq;g<', at Southam (August 1642),
whell he mistook Hampden's men ror the Earl or
Northamptoll's, and to Lieutenant-Colonel Frank
Hutler at Nantwich (January 1644).
This onlcer carries a I>artisan, which was Ihe

A delaa (ro.... a conlen'porary ensravinS of the battle o(

Ounbar, 3 Sepumber 1650. Thill plan, whlch J. prellerved
in Ihe Bodleian Library, _II made by Payne FI.her, who
..... Ii educaled al Harl Hall, Oxford, and ~1agdalene
Con"'Se, Cambrldle. He IIerved In the Netherland.,
asainllt the ScOtli, in Ireland, and (oulhl for Ihe KinS al
Marston J\.100r. He then abandoned the Ro,..Ust eau..e and
in .652 wenl 10 Scotland ali an officla! historian.
Sir Charleli Finh, who discovered lhill plan, Identified
the buJldins lIurrounded by Iren In the ba<,klround as
Meikle Pinkerton farmhoulle. The bodies of fOOl ransed
in front of lion Ihe hllliide, below It Mre 5<:011. A few ScOIS
<'avalryn.en may be lieen breakins Mway and Ileeins up
Doon Hili al Ihe Cromw.,m"n <,ava.lry alla<,k develops in
Ihe lefl for",sround. The SCOIII under David Lelill.. OUI-
numbered Ihe EnSllsh by IWO 10 on." but Ihey nUide a
tacdcal error by leavlnl'; Ihe hilI. Sround, and Cromwell
was able 10 ICOr., On.. of hili mOil brilliant Iiuc<,eliles

\'Icapon, ami indeed the badge, or captains and,

licutenants, though tllc former wcre cntitled to
Colonel Richard G .....:'" (16::u ?~IJ. A Roman Catholic lion han: them wilh gilded hcads. In practice, one
of Robert Grace, Baron of Courlown, he di.ting"ilihed imagines, the blades were probably or plain sleel.
himlieJf in Ihe Flrsl Civil War in Prince Rupert'. R"'gl_
...",nl of Horti"'_ and foughl at Martlon Moor. All a c»plain
he wali taken prh'oner lloon afler al Wdlihpool when Ihe
reelmt'nl wali bealen up in JIll quarlerll at nleht (:r.:r. June
1644). He wali with Ihe (Il:arrlllOn of Oxford In Mar.::h 16.45
and look pari In Colonel Will Leese'. raid On Headinglon /<"2 Cololltl Nal/lQnitl Fitnllts (/608?-6g)
in June. He eommanded Ormonde'll R"'Iln",nt in the
Ro",Ulit Army al the bailie of Duokirk Dunn in 1658, From a painting by Mirevclt belonging to Lord
and n.anaged 10 ret real in Soocl order. In 1691 he _II
Governor of Athlone where he died fiShtinS (or KinS Saye and Scle at Bl'Oughton Castle, Oxrordshire.
Jamell II In 1642 Ficnnes, who was M.P. ror Banbury, was
36
captain or a troop or horse in Essex's Army. and writcs, 'I could not withollt great difficulty
Routed at Powick Bridge (23 September (642), at recover all horse-hack again [remountJ, being
Edgehill his men did bettel' ror they were with loaded with Cttirassier's arms, as the rest of lhe
Sir \<\Iilliarn Iblrour whose charges broke lhc guard also wert·,' During the night after the b;lIde
brigades or Colonel Richard Feilding and Sir he was saarving, 'nclther could 1 find my s('r\,ant
Nicholas Byron, Promoted colonel be was unjustly who had my cloak, so that having tlothing to keep
disgraced aner the raIl or Bristol (26 July 1643), me warm but a suite ofil'OtI, I was obliged to walk
and had it not been for the intervention of ahe about all night, which pl'O\'('d \"Cry cold by reason
Earl or Essex might have been condemned to ofa sltarp frost'.
death. Though excluded from the House of Sir Richard Willys of Fen Dillon, C;tmbridge-
Commons by Pride's Purge (1648), he sat in shire, distinguished himself as alt cnsign of fOOl
Cromwell"s HOllse of Lords (1658)_ Nathaniel in the Dutch Army OIl the sicg\~ 01" Bn'da (t6:p).
Fienncs was the second son of the first Viscoullt J 11 1640 he was major to Goring's Regiment of
Saye and Sele. Foot in the Scots \Val". During the nexl two years
Points to nOle in this plale arc lhe steel gaunllet he served in Killg Charles's gu;trd at Whitehall
which protects his bridle-arm, and the fact Ihal and at Hampton Court. Willys was knighled on
his armour has been painted black to prevent rust.
His helmet looks like a continental one, though he
had never served abroad. Although he was a
cavalryman, his breastplate with its short tassels
looks rather like Ihal of an officer of pike men. His
scnrfis typical ol"those worn by tIle Roundheads;
orange-tawny bein~ tlw colours of lhe Earl of
Esscx.

"'3 CO/Ollel Sir Richard lVi/(ys (/6/4--90)

This plalc is taken from a half-length portrail by
Dobsun, which bdongs to Newark Corporation,
aud - as to the kgs - from the mOlHllllenl l(l
Edward SI .10111I, 'The GoldclI Cav<llier', in lhe
church at Lydianl Tregoze, Wiltshire. Willys is
fuJly equipped as a cuirassier. The whole of Sir
Anhur I-Iesilrige's RegimnJl of Horse Otl the
Parliament side W(Tt' armoured ill lhis EISltiOIl,
and so in 1642 were Essex's Lifeguard. On tht'
Royalisl sidc individuals fitled themsel\'cs out in
lhis style, The Earl of Northampton, K.lL
(t601-43) was wearing filII armour whcn he was
killed at Hopton Heath (19 March 16'~3)' Sc\'cral
suits belonging 10 the Popham liunily (Parlia-
mentari,lIl) arc still to be scen :It Lill1eeotc Hous('
Colond Si.. John Gell's bufr coal, r ..om II phologral,h
[lcar Hungerford, a place which is well \,/orth a laken in 1965. The cOal ha" con,e down in the family 10
visit. Colonel Chandoll_Pole, and mUlil be one of very few whose
original owner can be pO!lhlvely ldenlilied. Si .. John GeU,
One pities lite horse thaI had to carry men Ba.. l. (1583-1671), wa5 the Pa..liamenla1"ian I"ade .. in
De.. byshlre. He and hi. men we ..e nOlo1"iou,; fo .. l.hel .. love
dressed in this fashion; it was also nOI pal'\icularly of plunde... Afle .. Nllseby he WIllj ljuljpecled of conniving
convcnient lor the man himself. Etlrnllnd Ludlow al the ellcape of Royal;'" pr;",onerll, and in 1650 he wa'!
ionprilloned lind lined ro .. ploning asainst the Common-
(Essex's Lifeguard) was dismoul1ted at Edgeltill wealth. He ,"upported the Re .. loration

37
A Royallsc officer fron, the lItained glass window in the A Urn of (Indigent) Officers, 1663.
Barnliton Chapel in farndon Church, Cheshire. Thill is Captain Barnliton carriell a partisan in hill hand, an
Captain Willillnt BarnliCon of Churton (d. 1664) who indication of his rank. He also wears a gorget which
lIUVed in Colonel Sir .'rlmdll Gantul'li Reglntent during ..howli that he is on duty. The UMornt of thi .. regintent
the defence ofChrller. It ntllY have been the City Trained seems to have been of a saffron .. hade of yellow, with the
Band Regintent. The Captain_Lieutenant of the n:-giment officers wearing buff COatli. Other windows frOIn Farndon
wall Richard Barnllton, po:rhapll a younger brother, of Church are shown above and on the facine page
William; he wall alive at the Relitoration for he ill in

I OClobcr 164:2 and served as mnjor of Lord Lincolnshire and Rutland. He had his head-
Grandison's Regiment of Horse al Edgehill. quaners at Newark and was Govcrnor there until
Taken prisoner at Winchester in December he replaced by Bclasyse in OClobel' 1645, because he
escaped and was commissioned as colonel ofhol'sc had supported Prince Rupert in Ihe qual'rels that
on 8 Fehrual'Y 16'13. In April he was Sergeant- followed his surrender of Bristol.
M:~or-Gelleral of Horse in Lord Capel's Army In 1653 Willys became a member of the 'Scaled
opel'ating in the Shrewsbury and CheSler area. Knot', the committce which tl'ied to co-ordinatc
He was captured again at Ellesmere, Shropshire, Royalist opposilion to the Commonwealth. It is
011 II January 1644, hut was exchanged, and by Ihought Ihal he kept Cromwell's secretary, John
II October W;\S back at Oxford. I-Ie was !JtrSOl/(j Thllrloe, informed of its activities. Though llot
gmla with Prince RllPCI'\ and was promoted employed after Ihe Resloration he docs not
Colonel-General of Ih" forces in Nottinghamshirc, appear to have been punished.

38
(,', j·.:nsigl/, Lamp/llgh's Rtgimtl/( of Foot
Colonel John Lamplugh of Lamplugh was
wounded and captured at Marston Moor. He
comm;lIlcied one of the regiments of the Northcrn
Ro)'alisl Army, which were almost all dressed in
white or grey, and were known as 'Newcastle's
Whitecoats'. This panicular rcgimel1l was raised
in Cumberland and in Yorkshire. The colour
shown, thai of the first captain's company, was
alllong those taken at Marston Moor, and shows a
black cross 1N/IOllU on a yellow ficld, as well as
the cross of St George in the upper canton. The
latter emblem was commonly used in practically
all inr:,ntry colollrs in English armies, bOlh
Roundhead and Royalist, at this period. It is Ihe
single cross Ihal shows that the cololll· belonged
10 Iht" firsl captain's company, Yellow (gold)
in a colour, according 10 Gervase i\'1arkham
(TIlt SO/lldirrs !laidl'llcr, 1625), indicated honour,
or height of spirit.

G2 Drulllm., IIf n udcool rtJ!imtfll

At least as t'ady as 1588 we find drummers' coalS
adorned with ;l quantity of gold or silver lace.
Some Norwich accounts of that period describe
them as lX'ing embellished with c!e\Tll yards of
lacC" and six yards of pointing, In the cighteemh
cenlur)' drummers of the Ikitish Army usually
WOrt' coats of the colour of the regimental facings,
Thus tlH" drummers of Ihe 16th I;'oot had yellow
coats and those of the 50th had black. In Ihe Civil
\Vars Wi' sometimes find coats lined with a G3 RO)'Qlist Srrgtnllf of 0 grrtflCotll rtJ~i1/lt"1
dillt'n'nl colour, hilt 'I:tcings' had 1101 yet oeen TIl(' Royalist regiments of Colonel Henry TillieI'
inven\l'd. So whcn W(' learn that in October 1643 and Roben Broughton were raised during the
tilt· Earl or i\!allcht"SICI' Ol'del't'd coats of 'green Second Scots War, probably in 1640, and wert'
c101h lim·d wilh red' (or his regimellt in til(' sent to Ireland in 1642, III t6'~3 there was a
Eastl'l'tl Association, we lIlust llot assume thaI his eessalion of hostilities in Ireland and II\Cse two
dl'lIInnl('I'S wore red coats, It is much morc likely regimellts uf gl'eellcoats wert' amollg ahout a
thaI they wore gr('('n, t'mbcllished with gold or dozen which were sent to Chester or to Bristol
silver lan', We haw no reliable contemporary to reiuforce the Royalist armies, Tillicr's and
picture of a dnJOlIllel' of the Civil Wars since the I3rougluon's landed, 2,000 strollg, ill Cheshire
example in the church window al Farndon, 01' 7 February 16«. The)' were well-onicered and
Clu:shire, i~ copied from a picture belonging to cxpcrienecd units, but there was a good deal of
the Ganks FI'all~aiscs, The drum in 0111' plate is desertion from among the privalc soldicl"S, These
rt--constructed from the one shown serving as ;l two units werc the backbone of the inr:"t.lllry of
table in Dobson's painting (1644) oCKing Charles Prince RUI>crt'S Army at the relief of ~ewark
diel;lting to Sir Edwal'd Walker. It may safcly be (21 l\lareh 1644). They sullcn-d heavily at
assumed that it belonged to the Lifeguard of Foot. Marston Moor, where Majol'·Gcllcral Tillier, a
39
 dressed better than the common soldiers. 111
September 164.2 the Roundhead Nehemiah
Wharton had 'my mistress' searl' and Mr ;vlol·
loyne's hatband ... and had this day made me a
soldier's sute for winter, edged \\lith gold and
sil\'cr lace..",

N CoLours
All except the trumpet.ballllCI' arc Royalist.
1st row
S,com/ caplain Sir Lewis Dyve's Regimenl;
noted by Richard Symonds in
April 1644,
Fourth captain Sir Edward StI'adling's Regi-
ment; taken at Edgehil1.
Lieulella ni-Colonel Richard BoUe's later George
Lisle's Regiment; noted by
Symonds in April 164+

2nd row
Major Pennyman's Regiment,
Ca/Jtaill The King's Lifeguard,
In tbe S<,Otll War Colond Sir Bernard Astley (k. 1645) was
.....jor In hi .. faLber'lI regln.enc of fool, and in 1643 he wa .. First captain Charles Gerard's Regiment;
Ueulenanl-Colond of the Marqull. of Hertford'lI Regi-
...enl in Ihe Wesi. Hoplon would have ...ade hi ... Serll:eant-
noled by Symonds in April
Major-GenerAl kad he nOI fallen ill in che aUIURln of 1643. 1644,
tie <,oRlRlanded a brigade in Ihe 16« <,a... paign and wali
killed during the siege of BrllilOI on 4 Seluen,ber t645
3rd row
Ca/Jlain The King's Lifeguard,
vcry stoUI and able soldier, \\las captured, but .\'fajor's guidol/ Dragoon Regiment; taken at
survived to fight at !\'lomgomcry Castle, and Marston Moor.'
Naseby, by which tilll(' only a handful survived. TTllmpet-hollller Parliamentarian; taken al
Th" sergeant's halbcrL is his l>adgc of rank. It \\las Cropl'edy Bridge.
prohably aboUl d,l.\hl reel ill length. Sergeants Firsl ca/Jtail/ Larnplllgh's Regiment,

40
C""lmu~d ftom bock <o~t 5' Sudane.unl",gn, 1881 98
230 US Army 1890-1 '120
160 N~p'~Gu~rd '"l~n\ry(2! 95 TheberRebell,on
44 Nap'sGermaoAlI1es(l)
4) NapsGermanAilles(2) THE WORLD WARS
90 Naps German NI,es (3) 80 The German Army 1914_18
106 NaPlGermanAII>es(4) 81 The8rnlihAtmy 191418
122 Nap'\GermanAlIj(>I(~) 145 8rot,sIl Ternl""al Un." 1914 18
199 Nap', Spec""'Sl Troops 269 rheOttomanArmyI91~-18
211 Nap'so,.~.sArmy 208 uwrence and Ihe Arab R.e~t\
217 Ndp"sSeaSoldLer, 181 Br~,sh Battle In!><gn,i\.
88 Na,,"ltahan Troops (I) 191418
176 Auw.an Arm~ ((llnf."lry 187 (2) 1939-~S
18 tAUStr,an Army (2). Ca~.'''''' H TheSpiln'''' C'v,1 War
123 AuSt/'lOln c;pe.:.... ,.u TroD!>' 117 ThePohsh Army 1939-4~
152 P",sl<an l,,,., tnla"try 112 Bnt,~h ll.anle<lre" 1937-61
149 PruSl<a" light InfinIty 110 AlIIe<lCommandersofWW1
192 Pru5$li11l Re$(!~ & Irregulars 125 TIleRoyil Air for~e
161 Pn",.. anCl~a'ryj192-1801 70 USArmyl9'lI-45
H2 Pru,,,,an Cavalry 1807·IS 216 TheRedArmy 19'114~
185 RUlwn Army(1 ~ "'Iantr)' 146 TheRom.Ifl'anArmy
189 R...,,,,,,, Afmy(2): Ca.... lry 220 TheSA 1921~5
84 Wel!'ngton·sGen<e....ls 1~ ThePan~erl)",~ons
114 Well,ngto<1slnf.",ry(l) 266 TIleAllgem",neS5
119 W.-!I,"gt""', Inf;lnlry(2} 14 The Waffen SS
IS} Welhngton", H'8hl.~,\ 119 luftwaffe F"'kll)v,\.OOfl~
116 Wel',ngton", L'ghtc..""lry 124 GermanComm.lnder\ofWW2
110 Well'ngton', Ho.avyCavairy 21) German MP UnilS
204 WelhngtO<l' $pe(o;>i'll T'OOP' 119 German Aut',,..,,,, T.OQPl.
167 BrumwK;k Troops 1~-1S UI Ge'many's E. Fronl A11ft1,
98 Outch~lg,.n Troops 10) Ge,many\ Span,sh VoI~nl~"
1G6 HarlOVena" Army 1792·1816 147 Wehrmachl fore'gn VoI~ntee'~
216 The Amentan W¥ 1812·14 IS4 Well,mil<"hl Au)<"I'ary Forres
96 Art,,~ EQU.ptTleflu H8 AlI.<"<l fore,gn VoIunleoef'l
17 Flag.of the N.lp Wan (l) I'll Part....nWarta'" 19~1-~~
18 Flags 0/ the Nap Waf'! (2) 169 ReSIstance W......a'e 194().~5
115 Fl.>gioftheN.Jl)Waf'!(J) 282 Al<,sFOIU'S",Yu~lavra1941 ~5
19TH CENTURY 170 FI;ii~ of lhe Th"d ReK.II
In Bolivar and Soan Marttn ( I) Weh'ma.:ht
181 USn.agootlsI8J3·3~ '" 12) W,flen_SS
In Alamo& Tex.ln War 183S-6 178 J) Party& PoI"e UMS
56 Me>:lC.Jn·Amenao War 18%-8 MODERN WARFARE
112 Tl\eMe>:lQnA(lve!ltuOl' 1861·67 131 Malayanumpa,gn 194860
63 Amerou.rt.I<>d;"n W,,~ 186(}.90 174 The Korean War 1'50-53
170 AmenCAn C,v.IWar Arm,es. The ~,.JJ Ait ServICe
r
(I Confederate
177 (lrUnoon
116
156 The Royal Mannes 1956 84
13) Bailie f", lhe Fal1<land5
'" 13) Staff. SpeoaIiSli, Man~me (I): Land Force'!
, . . 'I_Stale Troops IH (2l Naval Forces
107 (S Vojunteer Md'l,a 115 m,AlrForces
17 Arm~ of Northern V''lt",.a ISO Argenl,ne Forces,n the Falklands
)8 Army olIN: Potomac: 127 Israeh Army 1948·7)
252 F"'gsoft.heAmencanC.volWar 128 Ar;illArm,es[I): 19~8_73
( I); Confederate 194 A'3bArm,es(2) 1'173-88
258 (l),UnlOfl 165 Arm.", In Leb.lnoo 1982-8'1
265 (3~Sla!e&VoIunl""r 11)'1 Vtetnam War Arm"" 1%2-75
16) Amencan Pla,ns 1<>dl.1n~ 14l V'e1Nm War Armies (2)
rheApaches 109 Wa"nCamtxxh.l1970-7S
usCavalry 18SO-90 117 Wa.r'nl~I<J60.7S
r .... Ta,pong RebeIlIOfl I8S 1-66 183 ModemAfncanW.lrs
Rusl.>iln Armyoflhe Cnmeln War (l):Rh0de\4a I%S.oo
g,-,mh Armyon Co1mp;l,gn 101 (2); Angola & MozambIQue:
(I): 1816-18S3 141 (1): SoUtn-We\1 Afnu
(2); TheCnm"" 18S~·S6 159 GJ'l!nadOi. 198J
(3~ 1851·81 178 R"ss,"-\ War.n Argllln,\tan
(~) 1882·1902 221 Central Amer>Ufl Wm
"'1(I",oa-s Enem'el
(I) SOUt ......nAlnc.I GENERAL
"I_
Northem Afr""
(3 'India
65 The Royal Na")"
107 B<1t,sh Infantry, EQu,pts (I )
i4jAw 108 BnlJSh Infanlry_ EQUlpts(2)
=art""han Campa,gn~ 1860-70 t J8 8nl'\hC.lv.llry Equ,pl\
The Ind,an Mut'ny 71 The Northwest FrOt1I""
B<1lJsh Troop$ ,n lhe 214 USlnfanlryEqu'PI\
Inchan Mutmy 18S7·S'1 lOS USArmyComwtEQU'pts
Ber1gal Ca"alry R"lI'mentS 2H Germ.ln Cornb.ll Equ,pts
Ind,an Infantry ReR,ments 157 FIa~jac~eu
Frend1Army 1870-71 (I) IH AUSlral..mArmy 1899 1975
FrencllArmy 1870-71 (2) 164 Co1nad,an A,my al War
277 The Ru-.w-Turl<.Yl War 18n 161 Spiln,m Fore<gn leg"",
57 The Zulu War 197 Royal Cal\ild'.ln Moonted PoI"e
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279 The BorderReven

11TH CENTURY
261 I BtI1 Com!u')' HllhW1doerl
160 Peter the Great's Army (I): lnb,nny
1604 Peter tl1e Greitl's!vmy (2), CiVil')'

g!
III JKob!te ~lItQn~
n6 Freo:lefld<theGrUl
140 Fredend<lheGre.it 2
148 F ~ the GrNt
171 A~rn.nArmy 1740-80(1)
116 AunmnArmy 174().8()(21
180 AustNnArmy 1740-80(3
48 WoIle'~ Army
128 ~ Woodl.lnd Ind'oUl~
39 6ntJ1h Army ,n N. Amenu.
144 French ,n ~ Wv Ind.
113 GenenlWalh,nKton'sArmy(ljln5-lne
NAPOLEONIC PERIOD
157 NapoIeon'~Campa'inl"'twy
n Napoleon'~ElYptlanCa.mpiJln
87 Napoleon'~~rWl~
6<4 Nap'SCu,rmierI&Car;lbln~
SS Nap'sDragoon~&Unceri
68 Nap'SL)IIeChal~un
76 Nap's Hussar!
8J Nap·~GuardCJ.vilI')'
141 Nap'iU..... lnfarnry
146 Nap'iL'IMlnfan\l')'
153 NalliGuardlnfant')'(I)
nile list cOIllinued on wide bode C_

ISBN 0-8504~-\19-1
I'leose "'*' ItHtl to< JPOCe ~ ~td .............notatktns.n fnncah our I••

II ~IIIU 111111
tldfl: ' " r- IItlooe; when ll<demr. pIeOl<! planche. ... eouleur.
quole /he ride no.wnl>«, e.r WJ VikInc HmiIr'. ecc.
...........
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