Design of Steel Structures
Professor
Dr. Sherif Mohamed Ibrahim
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Lecture 8: Welded Connections
Welding Process and Types of Weld
Welding process is to produce:
1- High temperature through electrical arc.
2- A pool of molten steel is formed.
3- Protect the molten steel from air (shielding) using
inert gases or granular materials.
Main Types of Weld:
1- Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
2- Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
3- Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)
4- Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
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Welded Connection
• Weld must be properly made by a competent welders
otherwise design calculations are useless.
• Welding Methods:
– Manual welding, coated electrode
– Automatic welding, bare electrodes
• Welding Types:
– Groove welds with complete or partial penetration
– Fillet welds
Groove weld Fillet weld
Full penetration Partial penetration
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Welding Types
• Groove Weld • Fillet Weld
Lap joint
Full penetration
Partial penetration
T joint Corner joint
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Different Welding Processes:
1- Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
2-Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
3- Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
4- Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)
Welding Positions:
1-Flat Position
2-Over Head Position
3-Horizontal-Vertical Position
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Groove Weld
• Nomenclature
according to
ECP 205/2007
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Groove Weld Details
Square Single V Double V
Single bevel Double bevel Single U
Double U Single J Double J
Flare bevel Double bevel
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Factored Resistance of Welds
• Groove Weld
– For tension/compression, the welding electrode must
produce a weld with tensile strength Fu matches that
of the base metal. e.g. with ST37 (Fu =370 MPa),
welding rod with 415 MPa is used
– Full penetration groove weld does not require further
calculations, as long as:
– A- weld is with the full plate thickness
– B- plates are chamfered according to code requirements.
– C- welding electrode matches the base metal strength
– D- weld passes a non-destructive test such as X-ray or
ultrasonic
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Factored Resistance of Welds
• Fillet Weld Throat t=
0.707 D
Shear resistance must S
be calculated for both
the fusion face Size =S
• Resistance of the fusion face per unite length
Ruw = S (0.4 Fu )
= 0.7
Fu is the ultimate strength of the base metal
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Weld Dimensions
The thicker part of the joint “t2” Minimum size of fillet weld
Up to 6 mm 4 mm t1
Over 6 to 12 mm 5 mm t2 t1< t2
Over 12 mm to 18mm 6 mm
over 18 mm 8 mm
The maximum size of the fillet weld:
Smax ≤ t1 t1 ≤ 6 mm t1 is the thickness of the thinner
Smax ≤ t1 – 1.5 mm t1>6 mm part of the joint
• The min effective length of the fillet weld = 50 mm or 4 times
the weld size whichever is larger
• The max length of the fillet weld loaded parallel to its length =
70 times the weld size
• For economy, choose a longer weld with a small size “s”.
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Strength of Fillet Weld
The effective area = effective length x size
In case of connected plates are not perpendicular
Maximum obtuse angle = 120o
Minimum acute angle = 60o
t = s’ x sin [(180 –α)/2] = s’ x cos (α/2)
s = t / sin 45 = 1.4 t ≤ s’
Where t = throat of weld α
Effective length = actual length minus t
twice the size
Leff = (Lact – 2 s)
Lact = Leff + 2 x s
S’
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Design of Fillet Weld for Truss Connections
F1 = Vuw x (a-e) / a L2
F2 = Vuw x e / a F2
Vuw a
Assume “s” based on e
the thickness of member. F1
L1
F1 / (L1eff x ns) = 0.4 Fu
L1eff = F1 / (n s x 0.4 Fu )
L1act = L1eff + 2 x s
F2 / (L2eff x ns) = 0.4 Fu
L2eff = F2 / (n s x 0.4 Fu )
L2act = L2eff + 2 x s
n = 1 for single angle member
2 for double angle member
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Examples of Fillet Welds
8 150 10 200
10 300
Tension Member
Plate girder
10 200
Bracket
Beam-column
connection
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Beam splice
Welded Connection: Example 1
Design the welded connection shown in the figure for Tu
= 55 t. Use steel ST37 (Fu=3.7 t/cm2).
Gusset PL
53.5 10 275
80
26.5
80
2Ls
10 80x60x10
Tu
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Example 1 (cont)
l2 Gusset l2
PL 10 275
l1
53.5
80
26.5 2Ls
l1 80x60x10
Tu
14.7
Assume weld size S= 8 mm Vuw=Tu=55 t
F1 = Vuw x (a-e) / a = 55x(80-26.5)/80 = 36.78 t
F2 = Vuw x e / a = 55x26.5/80 = 18.22 t
L1act = F1/(n s x 0.4 Fu )+2 x s =36.78/(2x0.8x0.7x0.4x3.7)+2x0.8
=23.7 cm
L2act = F2/(n s x 0.4 Fu )+2 x s =18.22/(2x0.8x0.7x0.4x3.7)+2x0.88
=12.5 cm
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Sample Details
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