ELECTROMAGNETIC FILEDS SET TWO OF QUESTIONS
Question One:
a) write short notes on the following terms as applied in electromagnetic fields;
(i) Skin effect
(ii) Skin depth/depth of penetration. Hence show that the skin depth for a wave
𝟐
propagating in a good conductor is given by 𝜹𝒔 = √(𝝎𝝁𝝈)
(iii) Surface impedance.
b) Determine the propagation constant, 𝛾 for a material having 𝜎 = 0.25𝑝𝑆/𝑚, 𝜇𝑟 = 1,
𝜀𝑟 = 8. if the wave frequency is 1.6 𝑀𝐻𝑧
c) (i)List any four applications of skin effect.
ii) Estimate the skin depth and wave velocity in copper at a frequency of 1 𝐺𝐻𝑧. Assume
that copper is non-magnetic and that only the tightly bound electrons can contribute to the
polarization. (Conductivity of copper = 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝐦𝐡𝐨/𝐦)
𝒅𝟐 𝑬 𝒙
d) (i) List the steps taken to solve a uniform plane wave represented by + 𝒌𝟐 𝑬𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒛𝟐
hence show that the instantaneous field can be found as
𝝃𝒙 (𝒛, 𝒕) = 𝑪𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝝎𝒕 − 𝒌𝒛) + 𝑪𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝝎𝒕 + 𝒌𝒛)
(ii) Show that uniform plane waves are necessarily transverse to the direction of
propagation.
Question Two:
a) (i) State Poynting theorem.
(ii) Define poynting’s vector and give its significance.
b) Starting from Maxwell’s equations, derive an expression for the Poynting’s theorem
hence explain all the terms/integrals involved.
c) In a non-magnetic medium, 𝑬 = 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝒕 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝒙) 𝒂𝒛 𝑽/𝒎 Find;
(i) 𝜺𝒓 , 𝜼
(ii) The time varying power carried by the wave.
(iii) The total power crossing 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟐 of a plane 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟓
d) In free space, 𝑯 = 𝟎. 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝝎𝒕 − 𝜷𝒙) 𝒂𝒛 𝑨/𝒎. Find the total power passing through;
(i) A square plate of side 𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎 on a plane 𝒙 + 𝒛 = 𝟏
(ii) A circular disc of radius 𝟓 𝒄𝒎 on a plane 𝒙 = 𝟏
1
e) In free space, 𝑬(𝒛, 𝒕) = 𝟓𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒘𝒕 − 𝜷𝒛) 𝒂𝒙 (𝑽/𝒎) . Find the average power crossing a
circular area of radius 2.5 meters in the plane 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Question Three:
a) (i) Investigate the behavior of ground with a relative permittivity of 14 and conductivity
of 0.01 Siemens per meter at 100 Hz, 1kHz, 10 MHz and 100 GHz.
(ii) At what frequencies may the earth be considered a perfect dielectric, if
𝜎 = 5 × 10−3 𝑆/𝑚, 𝜇𝑟 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜀𝑟 = 8 ? Can 𝛼 be assumed zero at these frequencies?
b) (i) Show that when a given uniform plane wave is incident normally onto a good
conductor, the linear current density 𝑱𝒔 is essentially independent of the conductivity 𝝈
(ii)For a flat metal plate with thickness 𝜹𝒔 , the tangential component of the electric field
̅ 𝒕𝒂𝒏 and magnetic field 𝑯
𝑬 ̅ 𝒕𝒂𝒏 are related by 𝑬̅ 𝒕𝒂𝒏 = 𝒁𝒔 𝑯
̅ 𝒕𝒂𝒏 where 𝒁𝒔 is the surface
̅ ̅ 0
impedance. If 𝐸𝑡𝑎𝑛 leads 𝐻𝑡𝑎𝑛 by 45 . Show that then average power per unit area through
𝟏
the plate is given by 𝑷𝒂𝒗 = 𝟐√𝟐 𝒁𝒔 𝑱𝟐𝒔 where 𝑱𝒔 is the resulting linear surface current density.
c) Define polarization and give its significance.
d)(ii) Explain the different types of polarization.
(iii) When is horizontal polarization preferred over vertical polarization and vice versa?
Question Four:
a) For a perfect dielectric, part of energy is transmitted whereas part of it is reflected. With
zero conductivity being known as one of the characteristics of perfect dielectrics, there is
no loss or absorption of power in propagation through the dielectric. If a plane travelling in
the 𝑥 −direction incident on the boundary (i.e. 𝑥 = 0 plane) is considered, with 𝑬𝒊 and 𝑯𝒊
are the respective electric and magnetic field strengths of the incident wave striking the
boundary, 𝑬𝒓 and 𝑯𝒓 are the respective electric and magnetic field strengths of the
reflected wave leaving the boundary in the first medium with constants 𝝁𝟏 and 𝜺𝟏 , 𝑬𝒕 and
𝑯𝒕 are the respective electric and magnetic field strengths of the transmitted wave
propagated into the second medium with constants 𝝁𝟐 and 𝜺𝟐 , show that for continuity of
tangential components of 𝐸 and 𝐻 ;
𝐸𝑡 2𝜂2 2√𝜀1
(𝑖) = =
𝐸𝑖 𝜂2 + 𝜂1 √𝜀1 + √𝜀2
𝜇
where 𝜂 = √ 𝜀 is the intrinsic impedance of the medium.
𝐸𝑟 𝜂2 − 𝜂1 √𝜀1 − √𝜀2
(𝑖𝑖) = =
𝐸𝑖 𝜂2 + 𝜂1 √𝜀1 + √𝜀2
𝐻𝑡 𝜂1 𝐸𝑡
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) =
𝐻𝑖 𝜂2 𝐸𝑖
2
b) In free space, 𝑧 ≤ 0, a plane wave with 𝑯 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒕 − 𝜷𝒛) 𝒂𝒙 𝒎𝑨/𝒎 is incident
normally on a lossless medium ( 𝝁 = 𝟖𝝁𝒐 𝜺 = 𝟐𝜺𝒐 ) in a region 𝑧 ≥ 0. Determine the
reflected wave 𝑯𝒓 , 𝑬𝒓 and the transmitted wave 𝑯𝒕 , 𝑬𝒕
c) Given that a plane wave with 𝐸 = 1 𝑉/𝑚 and a frequency of 300 𝑀𝐻𝑧 moving in free
space impinges on a thick metal plate located perpendicularly to the direction of
propagation. Assuming that 𝜎 = 5.8 × 107 𝑚ℎ𝑜/𝑚 , 𝜀𝑟 = 𝜀𝑜 𝜇𝑟 = 𝜇𝑜 , Find;
(i) E at the plane surface and H at the same location given 𝜂2 = 6.39 × 10−3
(ii) Conduction current density at the surface and surface impedance.
(iii) Depth of penetration.
(iv) The conduction current density at a depth 10−2 𝑚𝑚.
d) A plane wave travelling in the positive +z-direction in free space (𝑧 < 0) is normally
incident at 𝑧 = 0 on a conductor (𝑧 > 0) for which 𝜎 = 61.7 𝑀𝑆/𝑚, 𝜇𝑟 = 1. The free space
𝑬 wave has a frequency 𝑓 = 1.5 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and an amplitude of 1.0 𝑉/𝑚. At the interface it is
given by 𝑬(𝟎, 𝒕) = 𝟏. 𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒕) 𝒂𝒚 (𝑽/𝒎). Find 𝑯(𝒛, 𝒕) for 𝑧 > 0.
COMPILED BY; DAVID
CC. “Team Tent” Discussion group
