CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr./Miss …………………………………………… ………………………………….

of …………. ………..Year student of ………………………….. Department from ………….. ………...

……………… Division Batch ………… having Roll No. …………… has satisfactorily

completed his/her submission in the course………………………………. During the

academic year ………………..

Date:

Faculty H.O.D. Principal

Courset: ………………..
INDEX Class:…………………

Roll No.:……………….. Exam No.……………..

Sr. No. Name of Experiment Page Date of Date of Sign.

No. Completion Submission

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr./Miss …………………………………………… ………………………………….
of …………. ………..Year student of ………………………….. Department from ………….. ………...
……………… Division Batch ………… having Roll No. …………… has satisfactorily
completed all the experiments in the course …………….. during the academic year
……………….. in the laboratories of D.Y. Patil College of Engineering & Tech., Kolhapur.
Date: ………….

Faculty H.O.D.
 Department of First Year Engineering
CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT SHEET

Name: A.Y.:2023-24 Sem: Roll No:

Class: F. Y. B. Tech. Branch: Course: Batch:
Exp Title of Experiment/Tutorial Cognitive Psychomotor Affective Total Date Sign of
/Tut (10) Skill Domain (25) Faculty
No. (10) (05) Performed Submitted
-- Introduction of lab, CO, Rubric etc -- -- -- -- --
01
02
03
04
05
-- Revision of Exp. no 01 to 05
06
07
08
09
10
-- Revision of Exp. no 06 to 10
-- Final Submission
A=Total Marks Out of 25
B=A/No of Experiment
Cognitive: Contains knowledge, Participation &Understanding etc. 2-3 related questions to be asked
Psychomotor Skill: To Perform, to draw etc. Observe hands on skills performance and ask questions
Affective Domain: Timely submission, neatness of report, punctuality etc

Sign : Student Faculty

 Department of First Year Engineering
Course Title : Applied Chemistry Laboratory

Course Code : 231FYP116 Semester: I / II

Teaching Scheme : L-T-P :0-0-2 Credits: 1

Evaluation Scheme ISE: 25 ESE:--

 Course Objective:
1 To test water quality parameters using various titration analysis methods
2 To synthesize simple advanced materials and estimate concentration of
elements in material’s.
3 To know handling of glassware’s and simple equipment’s for chemical
Analysis

 Course Outcomes (COs):

After successful completion of the course, students will be able to:
CO Statements
116.1 Analyze hardness, acidity, alkalinity and chloride content of water and
percentage of elements in some alloys.
116.2 Produce various advanced materials and analyze aqueous solutions using
instruments.
116.3 Perform various experiments by following written instructions.
116.4 Express involvement by understanding concepts in applied chemistry.
 D. Y. Patil College of Engineering & Technology
Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ and Accredited by NBA
(An Autonomous Institute)

 Program Outcomes (POs):

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze
complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles
of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data,
and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with
the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend
and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and
give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of
the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.
 D. Y. Patil College of Engineering & Technology
Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ and Accredited by NBA
(An Autonomous Institute)

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

Exp. Duration
Title of Experiment
No.
Determination of total hardness and of water sample by EDTA
1 02 Hrs.
method. (Complexometric Titration).

2 Determination of acidity of water samples. 02 Hrs.

3 Determination of alkalinity of given water samples. 02 Hrs.

4 Determination of chloride content of given water samples. 02 Hrs.

5 Determination of pH of given sample using pH Meter. 02 Hrs.

6 Estimation of iron by colorimetric method. 02 Hrs.

7 Preparation of urea-formaldehyde resin. 02 Hrs.
8 Preparation of Phenol-formaldehyde resin. 02 Hrs.
9 To determine the approximate analysis of coal sample. 02 Hrs.
10 To determine the Ultimate analysis of coal sample. 02 Hrs.
Synthesis and characterization of nano-sized ZnO by
11 02 Hrs.
precipitation method
12 Construction of a galvanic cell 02 Hrs.
Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

Experiment No. 1
Title: Hardness of Water
Date:

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

EXPERIMENT No. 1
HARDNESS OF WATER
AIM: To determine the hardness of given samples of water by standard EDTA
method.

APPARATUS: Burette, Pipette, Conical flask, Measuring cylinder.

CHEMICALS: 0.01 M EDTA, ammonia buffer solution (pH = 10),
Eriochrome black T indicator.

THEORY:
Various salts present in water cause hardness to water. These salts are
carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides, sulphates of calcium & magnesium. When
water is allowed to react with soaps, the hardness causing salts react first with
soaps to form a substance called as scum. Scum has no commercial value. It is
light in weight & therefore always floats on water. After all the salts react with
water to form scum, soap reacts with water to give foam. Due to this behavior,
hardness causing salts are called as soap consuming substances. The hardness is
of two types.
i) Temporary or carbonate hardness & ii) Permanent or non-carbonate hardness.
Temporary hardness is due to presence of carbonates & bicarbonates of Ca &
Mg. It can be removed by boiling the water sample. Permanent hardness is due
to sulphates, chlorides & nitrates of Ca & Mg. It cannot be removed by boiling.
Total hardness is combination of temporary & permanent hardness. Total
hardness can be found out by calculating equivalent amounts of hardness
producing substances in terms of calcium carbonate. It is expressed as in parts
per million (ppm) of calcium carbonate equivalent hardness or mg/lit.

PROCEDURE
1. Wash and dry all the apparatus cleanly with water.
2. Fill the burette with 0.01 M EDTA, remove the air bubble & adjust
the zerolevel on the burette. Attach the burette on the stand.

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

3. Pipette out 50 ml of sample no. 1 in the conical flask & to it add half test tube
of ammonia buffer & 1-2 drops of Eriochrome black T indicator.
4. Titrate the resulting wine-red solution against 0.01M EDTA from the
burette till the color changes to blue.
5. Repeat the same procedure with same sample & note down the constant
reading in the observation table.
6. In the similar way repeat the procedure and take the readings for other
samples.
7. Calculate the total hardness of given samples of water.

Chemical Equation:

(Ca+2/Mg+2) + EBT [Ca/Mg-EBT]

Water sample indicator wine red colored
Unstable complex

[Ca/Mg-EBT] + EDTA [Ca/Mg-EDTA] + EBT

Wine red colored colorless sky blue
Unstable complex stable complex

OBSERVATIONS:
1. Solution in burette: 0.01M EDTA solution
2. Solution in conical flask: 50 ml of water sample + half test tube
ammonia buffer solution
3. Indicator: Eriochrome black T
4. End Point: Wine red to blue color.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sample no.1

Observations Burette reading in ml CBR/MBR

I II II ml
Final
Initial
Difference

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

Sample no.2
Observations Burette reading in ml CBR/MBR
I II II ml
Final
Initial
Difference

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

 Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

CALCULATIONS:

𝒎𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝑬𝑫𝑻𝑨 𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝑯𝒂𝒓𝒅𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 =
𝒎𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒏

1. Hardness of sample no. 1

2. Hardness of sample no. 2

RESULTS:
The hardness of given samples is:
Hardness of sample no. 1 = mg/l
Hardness of sample no. 2 = ... mg/l

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

Experiment No. 2
Title: Acidity content of
Water
Date:

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

 Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

EXPERIMENT No. 2
ACIDITY OF WATER

AIM: To determine the Acidity of given samples of water.

APPARATUS: Burette, Pipette, Conical flask, Measuring cylinder.

CHEMICALS: N / 50 (0.02 N) NaOH, Methyl orange indicator,
phenolphthalein indicator, N/10(0.1 N) Na2S2O3. solution.
THEORY:
A water sample may contain acidity due to the presence of mineral acids, organic
acids & free CO2. The acidity can be measured by titrating a water sample with
standard alkali solution using phenolphthalein as indicator. The acidity thus
determined is known as total acidity which is due to mineral acids, organic acids
& free CO2. The acidity due to presence of mineral acids be measured by titrating
a water sample with standard alkali solution using methyl orange indicator. The
results are expressed as equivalents of CaCO3, per million parts of water.

PROCEDURE:
PART-I: PHENOLPHTHALEIN ACIDITY:

1) Wash all the apparatus cleanly with tap water.

2) Fill the burette with N/50 NaOH, remove the air bubble & adjust the
zero level on the burette. Put it on the stand.
3) Pipette out 100 ml of given water sample in a conical flask & add a drop of
N/10 Na2S2O3 solution to destroy any residual chlorine. To this solution add 2 to
3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator.
4) Titrate the solution with N/50 "NaOH till pink color appears
permanently.
5) Note the reading & repeat the procedure to get at least three constant
readings. Let this, reading be X cm3.

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

PART - II: METHYL ORANGE ACIDITY:

1) Pipette out 100 ml of given water sample in a conical flask & add a drop of
N/10 Na2S2O3 solution to destroy any residual chlorine. To this solution add 2-
3 drops of methyl orange indicator & 2 drops of HCl.
2) Titrate the solution with N/50 NaOH till the solution becomes yellow
colored
3) Note the reading & repeat the procedure to get at least three constant
readings. Let this reading be Y cm3
Chemical Equation: -

H+ + NaOH → H2O + Na+

OBSERVATIONS:
PARTI: PHENOLPHTHALEIN ACIDITY
1. Solution in burette: N/50 NaOH solution
2. Solution in conical flask: 100 ml of water sample
3. Indicator: phenolphthalein
4. End Point: Colorless to pink
.
PARTI: METHYL ORANGE ACIDITY
1. Solution in burette: N/50 NaOH solution
2. Solution in conical flask: 100 ml of water sample
3. Indicator: Methyl Orange
4. End Point: orange to yellow

PARTI: PHENOLPHTHALEIN ACIDITY

(Volume of water taken =100 ml)
Observations Burette reading in ml CBR/MBR
I II II ml (X)
Final
Initial
Difference

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

 Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

PART II: Methyl Orange Acidity

(Volume of water taken =100 ml)

Observations Burette reading in ml CBR/MBR
I II II Ml (Y)
Final
Initial
Difference

CALCULATIONS:

PARTI: PHENOLPHTHALEIN ACIDITY:

NaOH Water sample

N1 V1 = N2 V2
1/50 x X = N2 x 100
N2 = X/5000

Phenolphthalein acidity in terms of CaCO3 equivalent

= N2 x Equi. weight of CaCO3

= (X/5000) x 50
= X/100 gms/litre
= X/100/1000 mgms/litre
= 10 x X mg/litre

PART II: Methyl Orange ACIDITY:

NaOH Water sample

N1 V1 = N2 V2
1/50 x X = N2 x 100
N2 = X/5000

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

METHYL ORANGE ACIDITY IN TERMS OF

CaCO3, EQUIVALENT

= N2 x Equi. weight of CaCO,

= (X/5000) x 50
= X/100 gms/litre
= X/100/1000 mgms/litre
= 10 x X mg/litre

RESULTS
The Acidity of given samples is:
Phenolphthalein Methyl orange
Acidity (mg/litre) Acidity (mg/litre)

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

Experiment No. 3
Title: Alkalinity of Water
Date:

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

EXPERIMENT No. 3
ALKALINITY OF WATER

AIM: To determine the alkalinity of given samples of water.

APPARATUS: Burette, Pipette, Conical flask, Measuring cylinder.

CHEMICALS: water samples 0.02 N HC1, phenolphthalein indicator,
methyl orange indicator, distilled water

THEORY:
Total alkalinity is the measure of capacity of water to neutralize the strong acid.
The alkalinity is generally due to salts of carbonates, bicarbonates, phosphates,
nitrates together with OH ions in free solids. Total alkalinity can be measured by
titrating a water sample with strong acid (HC1) to pH 8.3 using phenolphthalein
as indicator & further to pH 4.2 to 5.4 with methyl orange indicator. In the first
case, the value is called as phenolphthalein alkalinity (PA) & in the second case,
the value is called as total, alkalinity (TA).

PROCEDURE:
1) Wash all the apparatus cleanly with water.
2) Fill the burette with 0.02 N HC1, remove the air bubble & adjust zero
level on the burette.
3) Take 100 ml of given water sample in the titration flask & add a drop of
NaOH solution to it.
4) Then add phenolphthalein indicator to this solution.
5) Titrtate the pink colored solution with 0.02 N HCl till the pink colour
disappears. Let this reading be A ml. (A1 for sample 1, A2 for sample 2 and A3
for sample 3.)
4) Now to the same solution which has become colorless, add 2 to 3 drops of
methyl orange indicator & continue the titration from same reading till the
yellow color changes to orange. This is total alkalinity (TA).
Let this reading be B ml. (B1 for sample 1 & B2, B3 for sample 2 and 3
respectively).
Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.
Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

5) Calculate the phenolphthalein & total alkalinity for both the samples

OBSERVATIONS:
1 Solution in burette: 0.02 N HC1solution
2 Solution in conical flask: 100 ml of water sample + phenolphthalein +
Methyl Orange indicator
3 Indicator: phenolphthalein +Methyl Orange indicator
4 End Point: pink to colorless and yellow to orange

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sample no.1

Sr. No. Volume of water (ml) Phenolphthalein Methyl orange

indicator (end (end point)
point)
1 100 ml A1= B1=
2 100 ml A2= B2=
3 100 ml A3= B3=

Sample no.2

Sr. No. Volume of water (ml) Phenolphthalein Methyl orange

indicator (end (end point)
point)
1 100 ml A1= B1=
2 100 ml A2= B2=
3 100 ml A3= B3=

Sample no.3

Sr. No. Volume of water (ml) Phenolphthalein Methyl orange

indicator (end (end point)
point)
1 100 ml A1= B1=
2 100 ml A2= B2=
3 100 ml A3= B3=

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

CALCULATIONS:

𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒍𝒑𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒊𝒏 𝑨𝒍𝒌𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒚 (PA)

𝑨 × 𝑵𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝑪𝑳 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟓𝟎

( 𝐏𝐀) =
𝒎𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒏

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒍𝒌𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒚 (TA)

𝑩 × 𝑵𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝑪𝑳 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟓𝟎
( 𝐓𝐀) =
𝒎𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒏

Where, A is mean of HCl used only with phenolphthalein indicator

Where, B is mean of HCl used only with phenolphthalein indicator

1. Alkalinity of sample no. 1

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

2. Alkalinity of sample no. 2

3. Alkalinity of sample no. 3

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

RESULTS:
The Alkalinity of given samples is:
Sample No. Phenolphthalein Methyl orange
Alkalinity (ppm) Alkalinity (ppm)
1
2
3

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

Experiment No. 4
Title: Chloride content of
Water

Date:

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

EXPERIMENT No. 4
CHLORIDE CONTENT OF THE WATER

AIM: To determine the chloride content of given sample of water

APPARATUS: Burette, Pipette, Conical flask, Measuring cylinder.
CHEMICALS: 0.01 N AgNO3, potassium chromate indicator, water
samples.
THEORY:
Chloride occurs in natural waters in varying conditions. Chlorides are the
compounds formed by combination of chlorine with other elements. The chloride
content in any water sample can be estimated by titrating any water sample with
AgNO3, using indicator. When AgNO3, is added to water sample containing
K2CrO4 Ag ions react with chlorides. After all the chloride have reacted with Ag
then excess Ag2+ ions react with chromate ions by Ag2CrO4, which has reddish
color. Therefore, appearance of reddish color indicates that all chlorides have
reacted with Ag2+ ions. Therefore, the amount of AgNO3, required to produce
reddish color indicates the amount of chlorides present in the water sample.

PROCEDURE
1) Wash all the apparatus cleanly with water.
2) Fill the burette with 0.01 N AgNO3, remove the air bubble & adjust
zerolevel on the burette.
3) Pipette out 10 ccs of given water sample in the conical flask & to this sample
add 2 to 3 drops of K2CrO4, indicator. Titrate this solution with AgNO3, from
the t burette until reddish colour is obtained.
4) Note down this reading & repeat the same procedure to obtain a
constant burette reading.
5) In the similar manner, determine the burette reading for other water
samples.

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

Chemical Equation:
AgNO3 + Cl- AgCl + NO3-

K2CrO4 + 2 AgNO3 Ag2CrO4 + 2 KNO3

Brick Red ppt

OBSERVATIONS:
1) Solution in. burette: 0.01 N AgNO3,
2) Solution pipetted out: 10 cm3 water sample
3) Indicator used: K2CrO4
4) End point: Colorless to reddish color

Observation Table:
(Reading for distilled water Sample (A) =) 0.3 cm3)
Observations Burette reading in ml for CBR/MBR
Samples (B & C) ml (X)
(B) (C)
Final
Initial
Difference

CALCULATIONS:
[(𝑪 𝒐𝒓 𝑩) − 𝑨] 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝒙 𝟑𝟓. 𝟓 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎]
𝐂𝐡𝐥𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 =
𝟏𝟎

1. Chloride Content in Sample B:

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

2. Chloride Content in Sample C:

RESULTS

The Chloride Content of given samples is:

Sample B Sample C

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

Experiment No. 5
Title: PH Meter
(Demonstration Only)

Date:

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

EXPERIMENT No. - 5
DETERMINATION OF pH OF GIVEN SAMPLES USING pH METER
AIM: Determination of pH of Given water Samples using pH Meter

APPARATUS: Given pH Meter, Glass Electrode, Reference Electrode,

Beaker, Glass rod, filter paper, etc.
PRINCIPLE:
The working principle behind pH meters is potentiometry. This is the
measurement of a solution’s electric potential (voltage). Remember how acidic
solutions can efficiently conduct an electric current because of the positive
hydrogen ions. The ability of a solution to conduct a current is called electric
potential. Electric potential is key in understanding pH meter principles and
applications. A pH meter measures electric potential using 2 electrodes inserted
into the liquid to create an electrical circuit. One of these electrodes, called the
reference electrode, will contain a substance with a known electric potential. The
other electrode, known as the sensor electrode, will be inserted into the solution
being tested. The electric potential is the difference that results from comparing
the reference electrode to the sensor electrode.

DIAGRAM

pH METER

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

PROCEDURE OF MEASUREMENT BY A pH METER

1. Turn on ("ON") or turn off ("OFF") the ph meter by a switch (button) which
is on the red cover of the pH meter.
2. Turn on the pH meter and wait until the display shows the measurement
mode "pH".
3. Mix thoroughly the measured solution before the measurement.
4. Dip the electrode into the test solution (the electrode immersion depth
approximately 4 cm) and wait until the value on the display stabilizes.
5. Read the measured pH value on the display.
6. The electrode must be dipped in the solution only for necessary period of
time.
7. It is necessary to rinse the electrode with distilled water after each
measurement.
8. If pH measurements are not performed immediately after each other, it is
necessary to keep the electrode between measurements in a test tube with the
storage solution (electrode must not dry out).
9. After the measurement rinse carefully the electrode with distilled water and
dip it back into the storage solution.
10. Turn off the pH meter.

Results:
Sr. PH of Solution Nature
No.
1
2
3

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

Experiment No. 6
Title: Colorimetric Method
(Demonstration Only)

Date:

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

EXPERIMENT NO. 6
ESTIMATION OF IRON CONTENT BY COLORIMETRIC
METHOD
Aim: To determine iron in a water sample by colorimetry.
Apparatus: Colorimeter, Volumetric flask (100ml), beaker (100ml).
Chemicals: Stock solutions of ferrous sulphate, distilled water, HCl, HNO3
Procedure:
1. Prepare a stock solution of ferrous sulphate and pipette out 10 mL in 100 mL
of volumetric flask.
2. Add 1 mL of concentrated HNO3 to flask, also add 5 ml of 40% ammonium
thiocyanate from a burette.
3. Dilute the above solution quantitatively to obtain 5, 10, 15.20,25 ppm
concentrations. Clean the absorption cell or sample tube
4. Switch on the instrument photo-colorimeter and warm up for it for 10
minutes. Adjust the filter position at 1 and the wave length at 495nm.
5. Fill the cuvette with blank (1%HCl) solution. Keep it in cell holder. Set the
filter at position 3 and find that absorbance is 0.00 reading.
6. Replace the blank sample tube with one of the test solutions from 1 to 5
and unknown. Read the absorbance for each sample solution.
7. Plot the graph of absorbance against concentration. It will be straight line.
From it find the concentration of unknown solution.
8. The above procedure is used for photo-colorimeter.

OBSERVATIONS:

Sr.No. Concentration mg/litre Absorbance

1. 5
2. 10
3. 15
4. 20
5. 25
6. Unknown

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

CALCULATIONS:
Plot the graph of absorbance against the concentration. A linear
curve is obtained as shown. This shows that Beer-Lamberts law is
obeyed by the solution. Obtain the concentration of unknown
solution from the calibration curve.
Concentration of unknown solution = ------------ ppm.

RESULT:
Concentration of unknown solution = ------- ppm.

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

Experiment No. 7
Title: Preparation of Urea-
Formaldehyde polymer/resin

Date:

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

EXPERIMENT No. 7
PREPARATION OF UREA-FORMALDEHYDE POLYMER/RESIN
AIM: To prepare urea-formaldehyde polymer/resin

APPARATUS: Beaker, glass rod, Conical flask, Measuring cylinder.

CHEMICALS: Urea, Formaldehyde or Formalin solution, Conc. H2SO4

THEORY:
U-F resin are formed by condensation and polymerization of urea and
formaldehyde monomers; the mechanism is as follows

Mechanism of Urea-Formaldehyde polymer/resin formations

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

 Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

PROCEDURE:

Take a 5 mL of 40% aqueous formaldehyde solution in a 100 mL beaker. To this

add 2 gm urea powder. Stir with a glass rod to make a saturated solution. Add a
few drops of conc. H2S04 and stir vigorously till a white solid mass is formed.
Filter the residue and wash it several times with distilled water to remove any
acid. Dry the residue in folds of filter paper or in an oven and weigh. Report the
yield of urea formaldehyde polymer formed.

OBSERVATIONS:
1. Weight of empty watch glass = W1 = ............gm
2. Weight of empty watch glass + polymer formed = W2 = ........... gm
3. Weight of polymer prepared (W) = W2 - W1 = ........... gm

RESULT:

Weight of Urea- formaldehyde polymer prepared (W) = ……… gm

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

Experiment No. 8

Title: Preparation of
Phenol-Formaldehyde resin.
Date:

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

 Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

EXPERIMENT NO. 8

Preparation of phenol-formaldehyde resin.

Aim: To prepare phenol-formaldehyde resin.

Apparatus: Beakers, glass rod, funnel, filter paper etc.
Reagents: Glacial acetic acid, 40 % formaldehyde solution, phenol, conc. HCl,
Dist. water etc.
Theory:
Phenol-Formaldehyde resin is a highly cross-linked thermosetting material that
is produced by the condensation of phenol and formaldehyde in the presence of either
acidic or basic catalyst. An acid catalyst is usually used in preparing novolac type of
resin. A novolac resin is produced if the mole ratio of formaldehyde to phenol (F/P) is
greater than one .The two processes in general use are the one-step process producing
resole resins (which is the formation of a phenol resin) that are either liquid or brittle,
soluble, fusible solids, and the two – step process, using an excess of phenol to
produce novolac, resin that have no reactive methylol groups and must be mixed with
an aldehyde to undergo further reaction.

Chemical Equation:
Step I: - Formation of ortho and para hydroxy benzyl alcohols from phenol and
formaldehyde: -

Step II: - Formation of Novalac from ortho-hydroxy,benzyl alcohol

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

Step III: - Formation of Bakelite from Novalac

Procedure:
1) Place 5 ml of glacial acetic acid and 2.5 ml of formaldehyde solution in 500 ml
beaker.
2) Add 2 gm of phenol and 1 ml of conc. HCl solution in it.
3) Heat the solution slowly with constant stirring for 5 minutes.
4) A large mass of pink Plastic is formed.
5) The residue obtained is washed several times with distilled water.
6) Dry the product and calculate the yield accurately.

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

 Applied Chemistry lab. DYPSOEM

Observation:
1. Weight of empty watch glass = W1 = ................ gm
2. Weight of empty watch glass + polymer formed = W2 = ................. gm
3. Weight of polymer prepared (W) = W2 - W1 =................. gm

Results:

Weight of dry product of phenol-formaldehyde resin: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ gm

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

Experiment No. 9

Title: To determine the proximate

analysis of coal
Date:

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

 Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

EXPERIMENT NO: 9
AIM: To determine the proximate analysis of coal
APPARATUS:
1. Silica crucible with lid
2. weight balance
3. Muffle Furnace
4. Oven
SAMPLE REQUIRED: Powered coal sample (1gm)

THEORY: PROXIMATE ANALYSIS:

The proximate analysis of coal comprises of determination of the moisture, ash,
volatile matter and fixed carbon.
MOISTURE:
Free water may exist in the coal as adsorbed on the surface, condensed inside
Fine capillary network and as bound to the coal molecule by chemisorption and
hydrogen bonding.

ASH:
Coals are associated with certain mineral or inorganic matter, which gets deposited
along with vegetable matter or gets into coal by subsequent infiltration. The ash
consists mainly of silica, alumina, iron oxide and lime. When heated, coal as does
not melt sharply at any temperature, but begins to soften at much lower temperature
than that required melting. The ash content in coke is much higher than in coal.

PROCEDURE:
MOISTURE DETERMINATION:
1. Dry the silica dish in an oven and weigh.
2. Spread out about 1 gm of 20 mesh coal sample on the dish.
3. Weigh the dish again to find the exact mass of the sample.
4. Heat the dish without any cover in the oven at about 105-110 ℃ for 1 hour.

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

 Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

5. Take out the dish from the oven, cover it with the lid and cool.
6. Weigh the dish to find the loss in weight of coal due to presence of moisture.

ASH DETERMINATION:
1. Follow the steps 1 to 3 of moisture determination.
2. Insert the open dish in the furnace at 750 ℃ for an hour.
3. Remove the dish; allow it to cool for 10 minutes on the slab and 15 minutes in the
desiccators.
4. Weigh the dish to find the mass left which is the ash content of the coal.
Observations
Moisture
1) Weight of empty crucible (W1) =
2) Weight of empty crucible+ Wt. Of coal sample (W2) =
3) Weight of coal sample(W2-W1) =
Ash
1) Weight of empty crucible (W1) =
2) Weight of empty crucible+ Wt. Of coal sample (W2) =
3) Weight of coal sample(W2-W1) =

CALCULATION:
% of moisture in coal = (Loss in wt. of coal /wt. of coal initially taken) *100 %

% Ash in coal = (wt. of residue ash formed / wt. of coal initially taken) *100 %

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

 Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

Conclusion and result:

From the above experiment we have to find out the % of moisture content and ash
content of a given supplied coal.
1. % of Moisture =
2. % of Ash =

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

Experiment No. 10

Title: To determine the Ultimate

analysis of coal

Date:

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

 Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

EXPERIMENT NO - 10
AIM: To determine the ultimate analysis of the coal sample.
SAMPLE REQUIRED: Powered coal sample (1gm).
THEORY:
1. Coal is composed primarily of carbon along with variable qualities of other
elements, like hydrogen, Sulphur, oxygen, nitrogen.
2. Ultimate analysis of coal, also known as elemental analysis, is the method of
determination of its total carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, Sulphur and ash content in the
given sample of coal.
3. Ultimate analysis is required as it is essential to understand the properties of bio
mass material to evaluate their utility.
4. As chemical food stock and also design suitable gasifier systems, the analysis is
carried out to fine oxygen required for combustion for efficient production of
energy.
5. It gives analysis in terms of elementary constituents and is helpful in combustion
calculation for design of furnaces and its auxiliaries.

PROCEDURE:
From the proximate analysis of coal, we have found that:
% of moisture = % (M)
% of ash content= % (A)
By using the above data of proximate analysis, the ultimate analysis of the supplied coal
sample i.e., the percentage of hydrogen, nitrogen, Sulphur, oxygen and carbon can be
calculated.
CALCULATION:
1. % of carbon content = 0.97(FC) +0.7(VM-0.1A)-M (0.6-0.01M)
2. % of hydrogen content = 0.036 (FC) + 0.086(VM-0.1A)-0.035M2
(1-0.02M)
3. % of Nitrogen content = 2.10-0.020(VM)
4. % of Sulphur content = 0.8%
5. % of oxygen content =100- (% C +% H+% N+% S)
Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.
Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

CONCLUSION:
From the above experiment we have to find out the % of carbon content, % of
Hydrogen content, % of nitrogen content, % of Sulphur content and the % of
oxygen content of a given coal sample.
1 % of N =
2 % of S =
3 % of O =
4 % of C =
Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.
Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

Experiment No. 11

Title: SYNTHESIS AND

CHARACTERIZATION OF NANO-SIZED ZnO

Date:

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

 Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

Experiment No. 11
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NANO-SIZED ZnO
AIM: Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-sized ZnO by precipitation method
Materials Required: Zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2.6H2O), 99 % , sodium
carbonate (Na2CO3), 99% and Ethanol (C2H5OH, 95%)
Procedure:
Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticle by Precipitation method Materials Zinc
nitrate as the precursor, KOH/NaOH as a precipitating agent to synthesize ZnO
nanoparticles Preparation ZnO nanoparticles can be synthesized by direct
precipitation method using zinc nitrate or zinc chloride and KOH or NaOH. The
aqueous solution (0.2 M) of zinc nitrate (Zn(NO3)2 6H2O) and the solution (0.4
M) of KOH to be prepared with deionized water, respectively. The KOH solution
should be added slowly into zinc nitrate solution (taken in a beaker) at room
temperature under vigorous stirring, which resulted in the formation of a white
suspension. The white product formed should be filtered and washed three times
with distilled water, and once with absolute alcohol. The obtained product to be
calcined at 180°C in hot air oven for 2 hr. The prepared ZnO nano particle to be
fine powder using mortar & pestle.

Characterization:
The optical properties of prepared ZnO NPs are analyzed by UV-visible
Spectrophotomet. A broad absorption peak is observed in each spectrum at 355-
380 nm which is a characteristic band for the pure ZnO. • The FT-IR shows a
broad absorption band related to Zn-O vibration band at 500 cm-1. • The SEM
results show the formation of spherical shaped nano particles.

Result and Conclusion

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

Experiment No. 12
Title: Construction of Galvanic Cell.

Date:

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.

 Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

EXPERIMENT NO. 12
Aim: Construction of a Galvanic cell
Required MATERIALS:
Chemicals
1. 0.5 M copper (II) sulfate
2. 0.5 M zinc sulfate
3. zinc, copper strips (approximately 1 cm x 10 cm)
Equipment
1. 100-mL beaker
2. Dialysis tubing
3. Hook-up wire or bell wire
4. 1.5-volt flashlight lamp with less than 100 milliamp rating
5. Alligator clamps
6. Crimping tool
7. Soldering iron and resin core solder
8. Clamps (for dialysis tubing)
9. Sandpaper or steel wool

PROCEDURE:
Prepare a test lamp by soldering wire test leads to a 1.5-volt flashlight lamp. Attach
alligator clips to the ends of the leads. Obtain strips of copper, each strip should be
2.5 cm longer than the height of the beaker being used. Sand the strips until they
are shiny. Tie a knot with string or use a non-reactive clamp in one end of dialysis
tubing that has been soaked in distilled water. The length of tubing should be long
enough so that it overlaps the edge of the beaker by 2.5 cm. Fill the dialysis tubing
with the prepared copper (II) sulfate solution. Place the copper strip in this piece
of dialysis tubing that is now filled with copper (II) sulfate solution and use string
or a rubber band to secure the top of the dialysis tubing around the copper. Leave
2.5 cm of copper sticking out of the tubing. Fill the beaker with the prepared zinc
sulfate solution; place both the dialysis tubing, containing the copper and copper
(II) sulfate solution, and the Zinc strip in the beaker. Secure both the zinc strip and
Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.
 Applied Chemistry Lab. DYPSOEM

the copper strip in the dialysis tubing in the beaker by bending them over the edge
of the beaker. Complete the circuit by attaching one alligator clip to the copper
strip and the other to the zinc strip. Observe and record any activity taking place at
the metal strips, the solution (especially color changes), and the test lamp. Connect
several cells in series and operate a small radio or some other direct current
device. Try making cells with magnesium or aluminum in place of the zinc.
DISCUSSION
1. The following discussion applies when copper and magnesium strips are used
as the metal strips. If other metals are used, similar explanations can be used.
2. Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s) + 1.1v
3. This reaction is an oxidation-reduction reaction in which the Zn is oxidized by
the copper to Zn2+ ions. The result of this reaction is a transfer of electrons which
provides the power required to light the flashlight lamp.
4. Students performing this experiment should be familiar with the following
terms: anode, cathode, oxidizing agent, reducing agent, and electromotive series.
Students should be presently studying a unit on electrochemistry and oxidation-
reduction reactions in order to fully understand the "chemistry" of this experiment.

Result and conclusion

Course Code: 231FYP116 FY. B.Tech.