1.

Introduction to Chemistry: NOTE: “A substance is a matter which has a specific composition

and specific properties.” Every pure element or pure compound is
Chemistry is the branch of science that explores the a substance. A substance cannot be separated by any physical
properties, composition, structure, and changes of matter. It is often method.
referred to as the "central science" because it connects and integrates
principles from physics, biology, and environmental science. The study
of chemistry is essential for understanding the world around us and
plays a crucial role in various scientific and industrial applications.
Chemistry can be broadly categorized into two main branches:
organic chemistry, which focuses on the study of carbon-containing
compounds, and inorganic chemistry, which deals with all other
elements and their compounds. Additionally, physical chemistry
combines principles of physics and chemistry to understand the
physical properties and behavior of chemical systems.

2. Matter: Classifications, States, Physical and Chemical

Properties: A colloid is a type of mixture where tiny particles are dispersed
evenly throughout a medium, without settling or separating over
a. Classification of Matter:
time. The particles in a colloid are intermediate in size between those
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. It can be in a solution (where particles are extremely small and uniformly
classified into two main types: pure substances and mixtures. distributed) and those in a suspension (where particles are larger and
tend to settle). The particles in a colloid can be solid, liquid, or gas.
 Pure substances consist of only one type of substance and can
further be classified into elements and compounds. A pure b. States of Matter:
substance is a single kind of matter that cannot be separated
Matter exists in three primary states: solid, liquid, and gas.
into other kinds of matter by any physical means.
Changes between these states involve either absorbing or releasing
- Elements are made up of one type of atom, while
energy.
compounds are made up of different types of atoms
chemically bonded together. Solid:
 A mixture is a physical combination of two or more pure
Description: In a solid, particles are closely packed together in a fixed,
substances in which each substance retains its own chemical
orderly arrangement.
identity. It can be further categorized into homogeneous
(uniform composition or uniformly mixed) and heterogeneous Characteristics: Definite shape and volume, particles vibrate but don't
(non-uniform composition or uneven mixture) mixtures move past each other.
Liquid: Examples include color, density, melting point, boiling point, and
conductivity.
Description: In a liquid, particles are still closely packed, but they can
move past each other, allowing the substance to flow. A physical change refers to a transformation that alters the
appearance or state of a substance without changing its fundamental
Characteristics: Definite volume but no definite shape, takes the
chemical composition. Common examples of physical changes include
shape of its container.
changes in state (solid to liquid to gas or vice versa), changes in shape,
Gas: size, or phase. Physical changes are typically reversible, and no new
substance is formed during the process. Melting ice, dissolving sugar
Description: In a gas, particles are far apart and move freely. They fill
in water, or tearing a sheet of paper are all examples of physical
the entire space available to them.
changes.
Characteristics: No definite shape or volume, takes both the shape
d. Chemical Properties:
and volume of its container.
Chemical properties describe how a substance interacts with
Plasma:
other substances, leading to the formation of new substances.
Description: Plasma is a high-energy state of matter where electrons Examples include reactivity, combustibility, and ability to undergo
are stripped from atoms, creating a mixture of ions and free electrons. chemical reactions.
Characteristics: Plasmas are often found at high temperatures, like A chemical change involves the formation of a new substance
those in stars. They can conduct electricity and respond strongly to with different chemical properties. It results from the rearrangement
electromagnetic forces. of atoms in molecules, leading to the creation of entirely new
substances. Chemical changes are often irreversible. Examples of
Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC):
chemical changes include combustion (burning), rusting of iron,
Description: This is a state of matter formed at temperatures close to cooking an egg, or digesting food. In these processes, the original
absolute zero, where a group of atoms behaves as a single quantum substances are transformed into different substances with distinct
entity. chemical compositions. The evidence of a chemical change may
include the release of gas, a change in color, the formation of a
Characteristics: At these extremely low temperatures, the atoms lose
precipitate, or the absorption or release of energy.
their individual identity and act as a collective quantum state.c.
Physical Properties: 3. Measurement and Handling of Numbers:
c. Physical properties a. Units of Measurement:
Physical properties are characteristics of matter that can be Measurements in chemistry involve quantities such as length, mass,
observed or measured without changing the substance's composition. volume, and temperature.
The International System of Units (SI) is commonly used in scientific Definition:
measurements, providing standardized units.
Mass is a fundamental property of matter that measures the amount
b. Precision and Accuracy: of substance in an object. It is the measure of the quantity of matter
within an object, and it is usually expressed in units such as grams (g)
or kilograms (kg). Mass is distinct from weight, which is the force
Precision refers to the degree of agreement between repeated exerted on an object due to gravity.
measurements, while accuracy reflects how close a measurement is
to the true value.
2. Substance:
c. Scientific Notation:
Definition:
A substance is a form of matter that has a specific composition and
Scientific notation is a way to express very large or very small numbers
distinct properties. Substances can exist in different phases, such as
using powers of 10, facilitating easier calculations and comparisons.
solid, liquid, or gas. Each substance is characterized by its unique set
d. Handling of Numbers: of physical and chemical properties. Elements and compounds are
examples of pure substances.

Significant figures are digits in a measured value that contribute to its

precision. Rules for determining significant figures help maintain 3. Mixture:
accuracy in calculations.
Definition:
In chemistry, accurate measurements and a solid understanding of the
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are
properties of matter lay the foundation for more advanced studies,
physically combined and can be separated by physical means.
including chemical reactions, thermodynamics, and the behavior of
Mixtures can be homogeneous or heterogeneous, depending on the
molecules.
uniformity of their composition.

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4. Compound:
what is 1. Mass 2. Substance 3. Mixture 4. Compound. 5.
Definition:
Homogenous and heterogenous in chemistry
A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements
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chemically combined in fixed proportions. Compounds have unique
1. Mass: properties that are different from the elements making them up. The
elements in a compound are present in specific ratios, and the
compound can only be separated into its constituent elements
1. Mass:
through chemical reactions.
Simple Terms: Mass is how much stuff is in something. It's like
measuring how heavy an object is.
5. Homogeneous and Heterogeneous:
2. Substance:
a. Homogeneous Mixture:
Simple Terms: A substance is a kind of stuff that has its own special
A homogeneous mixture has a uniform composition throughout, characteristics. It can be a single thing or a mix of things.
meaning its components are evenly distributed. It is often difficult to
3. Mixture:
visually distinguish the individual substances in a homogeneous
mixture. Examples include salt dissolved in water or air. Simple Terms: A mixture is when you put different stuff together, but
you can still see and separate each part easily.
4. Compound:
b. Heterogeneous Mixture:
Simple Terms: A compound is when different kinds of stuff join
A heterogeneous mixture has a non-uniform composition, and its
together in a way that you can't easily separate them. They become a
components are not evenly distributed. The different substances in a
new thing with its own properties.
heterogeneous mixture are typically visible and can be physically
separated. Examples include a salad with various ingredients or a 5. Homogeneous and Heterogeneous:
mixture of sand and water.
Simple Terms:
Homogeneous Mixture: Imagine mixing something so well that you
Understanding these concepts is fundamental in chemistry, as they can't tell the different parts apart. It looks the same everywhere.
form the basis for further exploration into the properties, changes,
Heterogeneous Mixture: Imagine a mix where you can still see and
and interactions of matter.
pick out the different parts. It doesn't look the same throughout.

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in simple terms
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Certainly! Let's simplify these concepts: