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Lecture Note On Edema

The document provides an overview of edema including its definition, causes, types, symptoms, management, and complications. Edema is swelling caused by fluid trapped in body tissue and can affect different parts of the body. The normal mechanisms that keep tissues dry include vascular hydrostatic pressure, plasma oncotic pressure, and the lymphatic drainage system. Common causes of edema include increased capillary pressure, reduced plasma protein levels, inflammation, and sodium/water retention.

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21 views

Lecture Note On Edema

The document provides an overview of edema including its definition, causes, types, symptoms, management, and complications. Edema is swelling caused by fluid trapped in body tissue and can affect different parts of the body. The normal mechanisms that keep tissues dry include vascular hydrostatic pressure, plasma oncotic pressure, and the lymphatic drainage system. Common causes of edema include increased capillary pressure, reduced plasma protein levels, inflammation, and sodium/water retention.

Uploaded by

Google Media
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture note on Edema

By

Auwalu Abdullahi ( Student teacher BNSc UDUS )

09094670673

introduction

Edema is a swelling that is cause by fluid trapped in body tissue. Edema happen most

often in feet, ankles and legs but can affect other part of the body such as the face,

hand and abdomen.

definition

Oedema is the accumulations of fluid within tissues interstitial spaces.

Mechanism that keep tissue dry

The normal tissues are kept “dry” by the following mechanisms

 Vascular hydrostatic pressure

 Plasma oncotic pressure

 The lymphatic system of drainage

1. Vascular hydrostatic pressure:

These usually push water and salts out of capillaries into the interstitial space

2. Plasma colloid osmotic pressure:

pull water and salts back into vessels

3. The lymphatic vessels:

Drains a small net accumulated interstitial fluid into the bloodstream via the thoracic

duct.

Causes of edema

1. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure:

 Local due to impaired venous outflow


 Deep venous thrombosis

 Generalized, mainly due to congestive (right sided) heart failure (cardiac

oedema)

 Congestive heart failure

 Ascites (liver cirrhosis)

 Arteriolar Dilation

2. Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure (hypoproteinemia):

 Excessive loss of albumin resulting mainly from

 Decreased synthesis of albumin resulting from

 malnutrition (nutritional oedema)

3. Inflammatory causes, mainly filariasis

 Infiltration and obstruction of lymphatics

 Surgical removal of lymph nodes

 Post-irradiation destruction of lymphatics

4. Increased capillary permeability due to inflammation (inflammatory edema)

 Acute inflammation

 Chronic inflammation

5. Sodium and water retention due to)

 Excessive salt intake with renal insufficiency

 Increased tubular reabsorption of sodium

 Renal hypoperfusion

Types of edema

1. Cardiac edema
2. Hypoprotenemic edema

3. Inflammatory edema

4. Sodium and water retention edema

5. Nephritic edema

6. Lymphatic edema

Others are

1. Pulmonary edema

2. cerebral

3. Peripheral edema and so on

symptoms of edema

 Swollen skin

 Stretched and Shiny skin

 Puffyness of the ankle, face or eyes

 Aching body part sand stiff joints

 Weight gain

 Decrease urine production

 Visual anomalies

Management

The main approach of management of edema is treatment of the underlined cause of

the edema depending on the types and cause.

Although there are some certain approach that are used in the management of edema

these are:

Non pharmacologic

 Reduce salt intake

 Getting regular exercise


 Raising the affected area to improve circulation/venous return.

 Not sitting or standing for too long

Pharmacologic

Diuretic use such as

 Frusemide

 torsemide

 Hydrochlorothiazide

Complication

 Painfull swelling

 Stiffness and difficulty walking

 Strethced itchy skin

 Infection in the affected area

 ulceration

 Ishemia

 Herniation

 Hypoventilation. E.t.c.

BEST OF LUCK

THE FASTER YOU LEARN YOUR ART, THE SOONER YOU APPRECIATE

THE SATISFACTION OF JOB WELL DONE.

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