Image recognition using machine learning

ANKITA SINGH RATHORE

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

[email protected]

AURANGJEB ALAM
Department of Artificial Intelligence & Data Science

[email protected]

ARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, JAIPUR, RAJASTHAN, INDIA

Abstract
The essential facet of image processing for machine learning involves image recognition without
any human intervention throughout the process. This research delves into the methodology of image
classification employing an image-based backend. A substantial number of images portraying both
cats and dogs are collected and subsequently partitioned into distinct categories for the test and
training datasets essential for our learning model. The outcomes are derived through the utilization of
a bespoke neural network featuring Convolutional Neural Networks architecture, facilitated by the
Keras API.
Keyword:
Image analysis, automated image processing, machine-driven image recognition, autonomous
classification, dataset segmentation, neural network customization, CNN architecture, Keras
framework, computer vision, animal categorization, image dataset collection, model training,
experimental results.

1.Introduction
Image classification has emerged as a pivotal tool bridging the gap between computer
vision and human perception, achieved through the training of computers with vast datasets. Artificial
Intelligence (AI) has long been a focal point of scientific and engineering endeavors, aimed at
enabling machines to comprehend and navigate our world to serve humanity effectively. Central to
this pursuit is the field of computer vision, which focuses on enabling computers to interpret visual
information such as images and videos. In the early stages of AI research from the 1950s to the 1980s,
manual instructions were provided to computers for image recognition, employing traditional
algorithms known as Expert Systems. These systems necessitated human intervention in identifying
and representing features mathematically, resulting in a laborious process due to the multitude of
possible representations for objects and scenes. With the advent of Machine Learning in the 1990s, a
paradigm shift occurred, enabling computers to learn to recognize scenes and objects autonomously,
akin to how a child learns from its environment through exploration. This shift from
instructing to learning has paved the way for computers to discern a wide array of scenes and objects
independently.
Section II provides an overview of the basic artificial neural network, while Section III delves into
Convolutional Neural Networks. The implementation details and resultant findings are expounded
upon in Section IV, followed by conclusions drawn in Section V. Finally, the references are furnished
at the conclusion of the document.

2.Artificial neural network

An artificial neural network comprises interconnected hardware components, often augmented or
segregated by software systems, mirroring the functioning of neurons within the human brain.
Introducing a multi-layered neural network serves as a potential solution to enhance performance.
Effective training of such networks mandates a substantial number of image samples, at least nine
times greater than the parameters necessitated for refining classical classification, ensuring optimal
resolution. The architecture and operations of neural networks are crafted to mimic associative
memory, wherein learning occurs through the processing of example inputs and corresponding
outputs, establishing weighted connections stored within the network's data structure.

In training the model, inputs traverse through hidden layers, undergoing custom grid image processing
to extract pertinent data from distinct sections, subsequently informing the network of its output. The
complexity of neural networks is articulated in terms of the layers involved in input-output production
and the network's depth. Notably, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have garnered significant
attention for their adeptness in implementing genetic algorithms within hidden layers, incorporating
techniques such as pooling and padding to prepare data from test datasets for integration into the
training model.
3. Convolutional Neural Network
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs or ConvNets) represent a pivotal class of deep
learning architectures primarily utilized for analyzing visual data. Renowned for their shift-
invariant nature and shared-weights structure, they are adept at processing images and videos,
boasting applications across diverse domains such as image classification, medical imaging,
recommender systems, natural language processing, and financial analytics. CNNs operate by
overlaying a 3x3 cell matrix onto input images, transforming them into feature maps
consisting of binary values (1s and 0s). This process iterates across the entire image,
progressively refining feature detection in subsequent layers.

During training, the network discerns crucial features essential for effective image scanning
and categorization, refining its feature detectors accordingly. Often, these features may not be
discernible to human observers, underscoring the remarkable utility of convolutional neural
networks (CNNs). Through extensive training iterations, CNNs can vastly surpass human
capabilities in image processing, making significant strides in accuracy and efficiency.

4. Implementation, Results and Discussion

In our implementation, we curated a dataset comprising approximately 24,000 images of cats
and dogs, incorporating variations such as rotations and scaling to diversify the training set.
To ensure robust evaluation, we partitioned the dataset into a training set encompassing 90%
of the data and a separate testing set. Employing TensorFlow as our backend, leveraging the
computational prowess of a discrete GPU (specifically, the GTX 1050ti with 4GB of
memory), we embarked on training our model over 10 epochs. The initial layer produced an
output volume size of 55x55x96, with subsequent layers building upon the feature maps
generated by their predecessors. The model architecture entailed the application of dense
filters with a matrix size of 128x128, yielding an accuracy of 77.8%. However, recognizing
the potential for enhancement, we augmented the model complexity by increasing the number
of layers and neurons, extending the training cycles to 20 while concurrently reducing the
learning rate from 0.001 to 0.0001. This modification, coupled with a higher-level filter of
256, propelled the accuracy to 88%. Further refinements, including adjustments to filter size
and learning rate, led to a notable increase in accuracy to 93%. Despite achieving promising
results on the training set, the true test lay in evaluating the model's performance on the test
dataset. Extending the training cycles further, albeit at the cost of increased computational
resources and time, we observed a remarkable accuracy of 97.3%. These findings underscore
the efficacy of our approach in achieving high accuracy in image classification tasks, albeit
with significant computational demands.
Our observations revealed some variability in results; however, on average, the accuracy
consistently ranged between 90-95% when employing a layer filter size of 256. This suggests
that leveraging more potent hardware could potentially yield even greater results.
Additionally, expanding the dataset to encompass a wider array of categories beyond just two
classes could further enhance the model's performance. By embracing these strategies, we
anticipate achieving even higher accuracies and bolstering the model's capabilities in
handling more complex classification tasks.

5. Conclusion
In conclusion, our experimentation with random images yielded successful results. We
sourced the image dataset directly from the Google repository and employed a convolutional
neural network in conjunction with Keras for classification tasks. Through our experiments,
we noted that the model effectively classified images even when subjected to variations such
as scaling, trimming, or rotation, generating entirely new inputs. This underscores the
efficacy of deep learning algorithms in handling diverse and complex image classification
tasks with robustness and accuracy.

6. REFERENCES
1. Elsken, Metzen, and Hutter's studies provide insights into efficient architecture search
for convolutional neural networks (CNNs), supporting the methodology employed in
this research.
2. Springenberg et al.'s work on all convolutional net architecture contributes to
understanding the effectiveness of streamlined CNN designs.
3. Romanuke's research on the appropriate allocation of Rectified Linear Units (ReLUs)
in CNNs adds valuable insights into activation functions and network optimization.
4. Foundational work by Bengio et al. on greedy layer-wise training of deep networks
establishes fundamental principles underpinning deep learning methodologies.
5. Documentation from TensorFlow and Keras libraries serves as essential resources for
implementing and understanding CNN models, validating the methodology and
results presented in the research.
6. The introduction of TensorFlow.js expands the accessibility of machine learning,
highlighting the broader impact and applications of CNNs beyond traditional
frameworks.
7. These references collectively validate the conclusions drawn in the document,
providing a robust foundation of scholarly support for the research findings.