• A hypothesis is an assumption that is made based on some evidence.

This is the initial

point of any investigation that translates the research questions into predictions.
• It is a premise or claim that we want to test.
Some examples of statements or claim that we can test are:
- All mammals are warm-blooded
- There is no relationship between height and shoe size.

Now that we have talked about the null and alternative hypothesis, try to answer the alternative
hypothesis of the following null hypothesis:
1. The mean temperature in a city during the summer months is less than 30˚C
- The mean temperature in a city during the summer months is more than 30 ˚C
2. The proportion of customers satisfied with the product is greater than 0.80.
- The proportion of customers satisfied with the product is less than 0.80
3. The average life span of a certain species of bird in a particular habitat is 5 years.
-The average life span of a certain species of bird in a particular habitat is not 5 years.
4. The average score of the students in grade 11 for their math test is less than the expected average to
get.
-The average score of the students in grade 11 for their math test is greater than the expected
average to get.
5. Ibuprofen have a greater side effect than the paracetamol.
-Ibuprofen have a less side effect than the paracetamol.

The alternative hypothesis is our

statement that will reject or fail to
reject the null hypothesis. It will the
statement that can prove that the first
statement is not true or we fail to say
that it is not true.
 1. Ho: p>0.10
Ha: p<0.10

2. Ho: p<0.65
Ha: p>0.65

3. Ho: μ=500
Ha: μ ≠500

4. Ho: μ=50
Ha: : μ ≠50

5. Ho: μ>110
Ha: μ<110

 When our given statements is in the percentage, we use the proportion or (p)
 When the given statements is average, we use the mean or ( μ)

State the null and alternative hypothesis of the following statements. Use the mathematical
statements/equation in writing the null and alternative hypothesis. (some of the statements are in their
alternative statements)

1. Company XYZ manufacturers of cellphone with an average mass of 450g. An engineer believes
that the average weight to be different and decides to calculate the average mass of the
cellphone of 50 cellphones.
Ho:
Ha:
2. The teachers in a school believes that 80% of students will complete high school. A student
disagrees with this value and decides to conduct a test.
Ho:
Ha:
3. A teacher wishes to test if the average GPA of students in the high school is different from 2.7.
Ho:
Ha:
4. The percentage of residents who own a vehicle in town of Alfonso is no more than 75%. A
researcher disagrees with the value with the value and decides to survey 100 residents asking
them if they own a vehicle.
Ho:
Ha:
5. The fast-food company believes that they will get at least 100 new customers if they change
their packaging to their food. The marketing team wants to test if the 100 customers are new
customer or just a repeat customer.
Ho:
Ha:
6. The doctors believes that regular exercise reduces the risk of heart disease by 15%.
Ho:
Ha:
7. Children who eat healthy are more likely to have better heights by 2% than those who do not eat
healthy.
Ho:
Ha:
8. The nurse on the school wants to test whether the mean height of grade 8 students is 58 inches.
Ho:
Ha:
9. The calculus teacher wants to test if the students take less than 60 minutes to answer quarterly
exam.
Ho:
Ha:
10. The school librarian wants to find out if there was an increase by 5% in the students accessing
the school library.
Ho:
Ha:

Level of significance
• The level of significance denoted by alpha or α refers to the degree of significance in which we
accept or reject the null hypothesis.
• 100% accuracy is not possible in accepting or rejecting a hypothesis.
• The significance level α is also the probability of making the wrong decision when the null
hypothesis is true.
• Rejection regions represent the set of values for a test statistic that would lead to the rejection
of the null hypothesis.
• Critical values delineate the boundaries of the rejection region. They are determined based on
the chosen significance level (α) and the distribution of the test statistic under the null
hypothesis.
• Rejection regions vary depending on whether the hypothesis test is one-tailed or two-tailed.
• For one-tailed tests, the rejection region is located entirely on one side of the
distribution curve.
• For two-tailed tests, the rejection region is divided into two equal parts, with each tail
representing rejection regions.
 To get the level of confidence you will have to set a level of significance with the formula 1 - α .
 For example: you set the level of significance to 0.5 then you have you convert it to its decimal value
then subtract the decimal value to 1.
 The set z values that separate our 2 regions will be our critical value and the shaded part will be the
reject region while the part that is not shaded is the fail to reject region.
 To know whether to reject the null hypothesis you need to compute the z value and compare it to
the critical value
o Note that if the computed z value landed on the reject region or the shaded region you should
reject the null hypothesis
o If the computed z value landed on the part that is not shaded then you fail to reject the null
hypothesis and just let it the same.