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Initial Concepts

The document provides an introduction to digital systems and compares digital and analog representations. It discusses how quantities can be represented digitally using discrete values rather than continuous proportional values. It also outlines some common digital numeric systems like binary and decimal, and describes advantages of digital systems like easy design, storage, and integration into circuits.

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5 views

Initial Concepts

The document provides an introduction to digital systems and compares digital and analog representations. It discusses how quantities can be represented digitally using discrete values rather than continuous proportional values. It also outlines some common digital numeric systems like binary and decimal, and describes advantages of digital systems like easy design, storage, and integration into circuits.

Uploaded by

A D
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Digital Systems

Digital???
Representation of quantities

• Analog representation

• Digital Representation
m

A quantity is denoted by means of another proportional to the first one.


Analog representation

Analog quantities
may vary gradually
over a
continuous/in nite
range of possible
values.
fi
Digital representation
• Not denoted by
proportional values, but by
symbols called “Digits”

The representation
varies in “discrete”
stages
Difference
Analog~ Digital representation

• Analog= Continuous

• Digital = Discrete
Examples
Number of soldiers in a parade

DIGITAL
Common ruler

Analog
Grains of sand in a portion of the beach

DIGITAL
Digital and Analog Systems
Digital system: It’s a combination of devices
designed to manipulate quantities or
information in a digital way; that is to say:
they only take discrete values
• Analog system: Designed to manipulate physical quantities represented in
analog way
Advantages of digital systems
• Easy to design
• Easy to store information
• Better accuracy and precision
• Programming of operations
• Less suceptibility to noise
• A great amount of digital circuitry can be included in an integrated circuit.
Advantages of digital systems

The future is digital…


Information must be processed
• Convert the analog inputs of real world to digital form.
• Process (make operations with) digital data.
• Convert the resultant outcomes back to analog world.

?
Hybrid system
Something is lost
A big disadvantage

The world is
fundamentally
analog
really?
Digital Numeric Systems
• Decimal
• Binary
• Octal
• Hexadecimal
Decimal system
• 10 digits, numerals or symbols (system base 10)
• It’s a system with positional value

453
4 cents, 5 tenths, 3 units

4 is the digit with greatest value (MSB, Most Significant Digit)


3 is the digit with lowest value (LSB, Least Significant Digit)
Example
Decimal system
2745.214

10^3 10^2 10^1 10^0 10^ -1 10^ -2 10^ -3


2 7 4 5 2 1 4

Decimal Point!
M (2 ×10 ) + (7 ×10 ) + (4 ×10 ) + (5 ×100 )
3 2 1
L
S S
+ (2 ×10 −1 ) + (1×10 − 2 ) + (4 ×10 −3 )
D D
Decimal counting
0, 1, 2… 10, 11, 12, 13… 19, 20.. .., 99, 100

• 10 numbers can be represented with only one digit


• 100 numbers can be represented with two digits
Binary system
• It’s possible to represent any numerical quantity with two digits
(a bigger quantity will need a greater amount of digits)
Digital Circuits
5V

1010
Alto lógico
5v 1 1

2V 0 0
0v
Invalido
0.8V

Bajo lógico
Digital Circuits
5V
Logic High 1010

5v 1 1

0 0
0v
2V
NOT VALID!!!

0.8V
Low Logic
90%
Digital circuits
• A digital circuit responds to an input logic level ‘0’ or ‘1’, not necessarily to
its real voltage.

• Each digital circuit responds to logic rules (digital circuits ara also known as
digital circuits)
Digital waveforms

Periodic

Non periodic
1 Frequency (Hz)
f=
T

1 Period (s)
T=
f

⎛ tw ⎞ Duty cycle
DC = ⎜ ⎟100%
⎝T ⎠
Example: For the digital waveform shown in the figure determine: a) period b)
frequency c) duty cycle
Serial Transmission

Transmitter Receiver

Channel
Parallel transmission
‘0’
‘1’

‘0’
‘0’
‘0’
Transmitter Receiver
‘1’
‘0’
‘1’
For the serial frame of the figure:
a) calculate the total time to transfer the data.
b) b) calculate the time to transmit the data if the transference is done in parallel
Question!
• What do you think?
• What is best in terms of data transmission? serial or parallel???

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