Structure 1.

1
Exercises
1. C
Consider each of the options in turn:
A Water and oil are immiscible liquids– heterogeneous.
B Sand is insoluble in water – heterogeneous.
C Salt dissolves in water to give a clear solution – homogeneous.
D Sand and salt can mix but the mixture has a non-uniform composition – heterogeneous.
2. B
Consider each of the options in turn:
I. The components of a mixture can be elements or compounds.
II. All components do not need to be in the same state.
III. The components do retain their individual properties in a mixture.
3. C
Bronze and steel are both alloys.
4. (a) Fertilizers are soluble.
(b) Large energy requirement and so is expensive.
5. The solvent evaporates. The oil has changed chemically by reacting with oxygen in the air.
6. Calculate the total mass of each coin and then calculate the percentage composition.

Mass / g

Total
Coin Copper Aluminium Zinc Tin
mass

20 cent 5.11 0.287 0.287 0.057 5.741

% composition 89.0 5.00 5.00 0.99

50 cent 6.94 0.39 0.39 0.08 7.80

% composition 89.0 5.00 5.00 1.03

Both coins are made from a homogeneous mixture with the same composition:
Cu 89%,Al 5%, Zn 5%, Sn 1%.

Chemistry for the IB Diploma Programme | Worked Solutions | Higher Level 1

© Pearson Education Ltd 2023. Copying permitted for purchasing institutions only. This material is not copyright free.
7. X has moved more quickly; therefore, the particles of X have smaller mass.
8. The average kinetic energy increases with temperature. The particles will move faster and
the rate of diffusion increases.
9. D
Solid: the particles can vibrate (in three dimensions).
Liquid: the particles can move freely but in a limited volume
Gaseous: particles can move freely with no interaction
10. (a) Bubbles will be present throughout the volume of the liquid. A brown gas will be visible
above the brown liquid.
(b) As the two states are at the same temperature, the particles have the same average
kinetic energy and are moving at the same average speeds. The inter-particle
distances in the gas are significantly larger than those in the liquid.
11. D
Solid → gas: sublimation.
12. C
Freezing, melting and boiling occur at a fixed temperatures at a given pressure.
Evaporation occurs over a range of temperatures.
13. B
Evaporation occurs when particles have sufficient energy to escape from the surface. The
rate of evaporation increases if the temperature or the surface area is increased.
At certain conditions of low temperature and low humidity, snow changes directly to water
vapour by sublimation, without going through the liquid state.
14. (a) Ice, as it has a melting point of 0 °C.
(b) They are vibrating with increasing frequency.
(c) They are moving freely in a fixed volume as it is the liquid state.
(d) The heat energy is used to separate the particles and not increase their movement.
(e) 52.5 °C
(f) Temperature predicted = 127.5 °C. Water boils at 100 °C, which would be reached
after around 980 s, and so the temperature does not follow the predicted pattern. The
temperature is likely to be 100 °C.
15. D
0 °C = 273 K
50 °C = 273 + 50 K = 323 K

Chemistry for the IB Diploma Programme | Worked Solutions | Higher Level 2

© Pearson Education Ltd 2023. Copying permitted for purchasing institutions only. This material is not copyright free.
16. B
The kinetic energy of the particles does not change as the temperature remains constant.
The separation between the particles decreases as the solid is more closely packed.
17. C
As they have the same temperature, the average kinetic energy of the atoms is the same.
The object with a larger mass contains more atoms and so has the greater total energy.
18. D
There are only two states present. I could be a liquid and II could be a gas.
19. Steam will condense on the skin, releasing energy as it forms liquid at the same
temperature (portion e–d on S1.1 Figure 5). This is additional to the energy released when
both the boiling water and the condensed steam cool on the surface of the skin.

Challenge yourself
1. The molecules of ethanol can partly fit between the spaces between the water molecules,
and vice versa.
2. A mixture may appear to be homogenous with the naked eye but on closer inspection with
a microscope may be heterogenous. The classification depends on the scale on which the
components are analysed.
3. In 1827 Robert Brown dropped pollen grains into water and examined them under a
microscope. The pollen grains moved around erratically in the water. This so-called
‘Brownian motion’ was explained in 1905 by Albert Einstein. He realized that the pollen was
being jostled by something even smaller than the pollen grains: water molecules. Einstein
didn’t just base this theory on his observations – he used complex mathematics to show
that a particle model could explain Brownian motion.
4. In cold climates, temperature may approach or go below the boiling point of butane so it
stays liquid even when released from the pressure it is under when stored in its canister.
This makes it ineffective as a fuel.
5. ΔE = mcΔT
T 1
gradient of graph = =
E mc
The gradient is determined by the mass and the specific heat capacity of the substance as
solid, liquid and gas.

Chemistry for the IB Diploma Programme | Worked Solutions | Higher Level 3

© Pearson Education Ltd 2023. Copying permitted for purchasing institutions only. This material is not copyright free.
Practice questions
1. D
These statements are all correct.
2. A
When the temperature of gas is reduced, the average kinetic energy of the molecules
decreases. They collide with the walls of the container less frequently.
3. B
When a solid is converted to a liquid at the melting point, the average kinetic energy of the
particles remain constant as the temperature is constant but the separation between the
particles increases.
4. B
When a liquid is converted to a gas at its boiling point, the kinetic energy of the particles
remains constant but the separation between the particles increases.
5. D
As the substance is heated at a contant rate the energy increases most during the largest
time inteval.
6. A
The remaining ice is still at 0 °C.
7. C
Consider each of the options in turn:
A Olive oil and vinegar are immiscible liquids– heterogeneous.
B Sand is insoluble in water – heterogeneous.
C Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to give a clear solution, carbonated water –
homogeneous.
D Salt and pepper can mix but the mixture has a non-uniform composition, –
heterogeneous.
8. B
Sublimation is the change from solid to gas: I2(s) → I2(g)

Chemistry for the IB Diploma Programme | Worked Solutions | Higher Level 4

© Pearson Education Ltd 2023. Copying permitted for purchasing institutions only. This material is not copyright free.
9. B
Consider each diagram in turn.

Diagram Description

I Each molecule is composed of atoms from different elements. A

compound in the gaseous elements.

II The particles have an ordered arrangement in a defined volume: it is in the

solid state.

III It is a mixture. The particles have an irregular arrangement in a defined

volume: A heterogeneous mixture in the solid state.

10 B
Fractional distillation can separate liquids with different boiling points.
11 A
Consider each mixture in turn.

Addition of water Addition of ethanol

P is insoluble and so can be P is insoluble and so can be

P and S separated by filtration separated by filtration

Q is insoluble and so can be Both are soluble. Filtration cannot

Q and S separated by filtration be used.

Both are soluble. Filtration cannot R is insoluble and so can be

R and S be used. separated by filtration

Both are insoluble. Filtration cannot P is insoluble and so can be

Q and P be used. separated by filtration

12 (a) Smoke: heterogeneous – the solid particles are suspended in the air. (1)
(b) Sugar and water: homogeneous – the sugar dissolves in the water. (If it is a saturated
solution with excess sugar that cannot dissolve, the overall mixture is then
heterogeneous.) (1)
(c) Steel: homogeneous – it is an alloy of iron and carbon (+ other components) with the
same properties throughout. (1)
13. (At certain conditions of low temperature and low humidity), snow changes directly to water
vapour by sublimation, without going through the liquid phase.

Chemistry for the IB Diploma Programme | Worked Solutions | Higher Level 5

© Pearson Education Ltd 2023. Copying permitted for purchasing institutions only. This material is not copyright free.
14 (a) Any two from:
forces between gas particles are smaller than between liquid particles
speed of gas particles greater than speed of liquid particles
movement of gas particles is less restricted than that for liquid particles
separation of particles (generally) much greater in a gas than in a liquid (2)
(b) the gas particles do not have the same speed (1)
the speed of individual particles changes with each collision (1)
(c) (i) increased kinetic energy of the particles (1)
(ii) heat energy used to separate the particles (1)
no increase in kinetic energy (as indicated by temperature) (1)
15 (a) Any value between –15 °C and +10 °C. (The experimental value = –7.2 °C.) (1)
(b) Boiling points increase (1)
(c) gas (1)
(d) (i) liquid (1)
the molecules are close together but have an irregular arrangement (1)
(ii) increased movement of molecules (1)
with increased separation between particles (1)
(Note the molecules do not break into individual atoms.)
(iii) The bromine molecule break into atoms or ions, which then combine with atoms
or ions of other elements. (1)
(iv) Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy: increase in temperature
results in increase in movement / rate of diffusion. (1)

Chemistry for the IB Diploma Programme | Worked Solutions | Higher Level 6

© Pearson Education Ltd 2023. Copying permitted for purchasing institutions only. This material is not copyright free.