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ORGANIC REACTIONS GRADE 12 Summary 2018

The document summarizes organic reactions at grade 12 level, including substitution, elimination, oxidation, addition reactions of alkanes, alkenes, haloalkanes and alcohols. Detailed conditions and products of reactions are provided.

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Wanga Mdall
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254 views2 pages

ORGANIC REACTIONS GRADE 12 Summary 2018

The document summarizes organic reactions at grade 12 level, including substitution, elimination, oxidation, addition reactions of alkanes, alkenes, haloalkanes and alcohols. Detailed conditions and products of reactions are provided.

Uploaded by

Wanga Mdall
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ORGANIC REACTIONS GRADE 12

SUBSTITUTION
Alkane → haloalkane

Conditions: heat OR sunlight Reactants: alkane + X2 (F, Cl, Br, I)


Type of substitution: halogenation Products: haloalkane + HX

REACTIONS OF OXIDATION 2C6H14 + 19O2 → 12CO2 + 14H2O


ALKANES (COMBUSTION) Alkane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

ELIMINATION
Alkane → alkene(s) +
alkane with shorter chain Type of elimination: (thermal) cracking
Conditions: heat + high pressure
Reactant: alkane
Products: alkene(s) + alkane / alkene + H2

Conditions: no water; Unreactive solvent


ADDITION

ADDITION

Conditions: unreactive solvent Type of addition: hydrohalogenation


Type of addition: halogenation Reactants: alkene + HX (X = I, Br, Cl)
Reactants: alkene + X2 (X = Cl, Br) Product(s): haloalkane(s)
Product: haloalkane Major product: H atom attaches to the C atom
already having the greater number of H atoms

REACTIONS OF
ALKENES
ADDITION

ADDITION

/
Pt

Conditions: excess H2O; small amount of acid


Conditions: Pt, Pd or Ni as catalyst (H2SO4/H3PO4) as catalyst
Type of addition: hydrogenation Type of addition: hydration
Reactants: alkene + H2 Reactants: alkene + H2O
Product: alkane Product: alcohol(s)
Major product: H atom attaches to the C atom
already having the greater number of H atoms
/

Conditions: concentrated strong base (NaOH, KOH, LiOH) in ethanol + heat


Type of elimination: dehydrohalogenation
Reactants: haloalkane + concentrated strong base Products: alkene + NaBr + H2O
Major product: The one where the H atom is removed from the C atom with the least number of H
atoms (most substituted double bond forms i.e. double bond with most alkyl groups)

ELIMINATION
Haloalkane → alkene

REACTIONS OF HALOALKANES

SUBSTITUTION
Haloalkane → alcohol

Conditions: excess H2O + mild heat


Conditions: dilute strong base (NaOH/KOH/LiOH) + mild heat Type of substitution: hydrolysis
Type of substitution: hydrolysis Reactants: haloalkane + H2O
Reactants: haloalkane + dilute strong base Products: alcohol + HBr
Products: alcohol + NaBr/KBr/LiBr

H2SO4
/

Conditions: dehydrating agent (H2SO4/H3PO4) + heat Conditions: heat


Reactants needed: alcohol + HX
Type of elimination: dehydration
Primary & secondary alcohols:
Reactants: alcohol + H2SO4
NaBr + H2SO4 used to make HBr in reaction flask
Products: alkene(s) + H2O
Tertiary alcohols: HBr (or HCl) directly
Major product: The one where the H atom is removed
from the C atom with the least number of H atoms Products: haloalkane + H2O

ELIMINATION SUBSTITUTION
Alcohol → alkene Alcohol → haloalkane

REACTIONS OF ALCOHOLS

ESTERIFICATION
Acid catalysed condensation

H2SO4

Conditions: acid as catalyst + heat Type: esterification


Reactants: alcohol + carboxylic acid + H2SO4 Products: ester + water

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