Terminology:

- Module: Bunch of related code

- Library: Different packages and modules saved together
Math operators:

5%2=1
Basic python knowledge:
- len() → count the number of items in a data type
- Indexes start from 0 first
- range():
E.g. range(6) → produce numbers from 0 to 5
- ALWAYS TYPE print() WHEN YOU WANT TO DISPLAY AN ITEM

- list_name.index() → returns index of specific object in a list

- string_name.split() → split a string into a list

Item in () acts as a separator, if no item is provided the string will still be split up
E.g.
string_name = “Next Up Forever”
x = string_name.split()
print(x)
Splitted string into list → [‘Next’, ‘Up’, ‘Forever’]
- variable.isupper() → check if ALL characters in a string is uppercase
variable.islower() → check if ALL characters in a string is lowercase
- enumerate():
● Purpose: Adds index of an item to a sequence (e.g. list) in front of the item
● Different inputs:

Outputs:

● For loop with enumerate():

for count, item in enumerate(grocery, 100):
print(count, item)
Note: 100 → pre-sets the first index of the sequence (you don’t have to add a number at that
section if it is unnecessary)
Answer:
100 bread
101 milk
102 butter
- remove() → remove first occurrence of an element in a list
Element can be any type
E.g. list_name.remove(element_2)
- strip() → remove whitespace at the start and end of a sentence
- replace() → Replaces wordings in a substring
string_name.replace(“current wording”, “wording to replace current wording”)

- .isdecimal() → numbers you use daily (must be in string format)

- .isdigit() → numbers you use daily and numbers to the power of (must be in
string format)
- .isnumeric() → anything that represents whole numbers (CANNOT be decimals
or negative numbers) (must be in string format)
- .isalnum():
● alnum = alpha numeric
● Definition of function: a string has alphabets AND/OR numbers but the
string CANNOT have spaces
- .isalpha() → will be true if a string has alphabets and NO NUMBERS (cannot
have white spaces) (alpha = alphabets)
- .istitle() → true when first alphabet of each word in a string is in uppercase
- .islower() → true only when entire string is lowercase
- .isupper() → true when entire string is uppercase
- .insert() → adds an object to a list AT A SPECIFIC INDEX:
 - range(1,5,1) → range is: 1,2,3,4,5

Errors:
- TypeError: occurs when the data type of objects in an operation is inappropriate
(e.g. dividing an integer with a string)
- NameError: occurs when you try to use a variable, function, or module that
doesn't exist or wasn't used in a valid way
- ValueError: user gives an invalid value to a function but is of a valid argument
E.g.
 - AttributeError: an exception that occurs when an attribute reference or
assignment fails. This can occur when an attempt is made to reference an
attribute on a value that does not support the attribute.
Functions are attributes
E.g.

While loop:
General structure
n=0
while condition:
code

- Put print(n) in front of n += 1 in the while loop if you want to increase the current value of
n by 1 unit → by doing so, you are printing the current value of n first and then adding 1
to it
- Qn: Print out the time table for the number user entered. Eg. If user entered 5, your
program will output 1 x 5 = 5 … until 10 x 5 = 50.
Try Except:
- try → test a block of code for errors
- except → handle the error
- pass → nothing happens with this statement

Dictionary:
- New dictionary → name_of_dictionary = {}
- Adding a value to a key in a dictionary:
name_of_dictionary[“key”] = value
- Returning all keys of a dictionary: name_of_dictionary.keys()
- Returning all values of a dictionary: name_of_dictionary.values()

String formatting:
- {:.2f} → number produce will have 2 decimal places
f = float
- f-string:
f”${salary:,.2f}”
- Adding commas into the output → {:,}

Importing a library or module:

General structure
1st method of importing:
import (name of item)
- Import a library or module OUTSIDE of a function
Eg.

- 2nd method of importing:

from (module or library) import (function)

Reading and writing txt and csv file:

Reading txt file:
- file_name.readlines(): Reads all lines within the file and returns it as a list of strings
- file_name.read(): Reads all content within the file and returns it as ONE string
- file_name.readline(): Reads one line within a file and returns it as a string

Datetime module:
- datetime.now() → returns current date and time
- datetime.today() → returns current date, but time is at time zero (i.e. 12am)
- datetime() → gives the date and time of a single point of time (e.g. independence day)
(you have to key in the date, time etc. of that single point of time into the brackets of
datetime())

SQL basics:
 ● NOTE: SQL is case sensitive for PA 2!!
- * = everything
- NUMBER(7,2) or NUMERIC(7,2) → You want to round off a number that is 7 digits long
to 2 decimal places
- SMALLINT → integer numbers up to 6 digits
- CHAR(L) → can store up to 255 characters. If there are fewer characters, there will be
unused space
L = number of characters
- VARCHAR(L) → can store as many characters, but there will NOT be unused space
L = number of characters
- ; = denote that you’ve reached the end of your statement
- , = means that you’re moving on to the next command of the SQL code
- AND = add additional commands
- FROM = specify which table you are selecting
- SELECT DISTINCT = return only distinct (unique) values
- COUNT() (it is a function) = gives number of records
NULL records will not be counted using COUNT()
- DROP = Delete things in SQL such as database, table etc.

- DELETE = delete existing data in a table

DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;
- TRUNCATE:
Structure of SQL codes:
- FROM (table name)
- NOT → opposite of proposed condition
- NULL → data is empty
- Using functions:
● MIN(column name) → select the minimum number found in that specific column
name
● COUNT(*) → count all of the data (if a column is selected, COUNT(*) will only
count the number of data in that column)

Conditions
- WHERE (condition) = extract data that fulfil a specific condition
- WHERE NOT (condition) = extracts records when the condition is not fulfilled

ORDER BY usage:
● Ordering your data based on a specific column
 ● Sorting your data in descending order:

● Sorting using 2 columns

Insert:
Seeing if a value is null or not null:
● Use the IS or IS NOT operator
Checking for null:

Checking for not null:

Inner join:
● combines the results similar to AND operation look for values common to both tables
General structure:
SELECT column_names
FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;

Example 1:
SELECT * FROM MANAGER M INNER JOIN EXECUTIVE E
on M.MANAGER_CODE = E.MANAGER_CODE
M = Manager table
E = Executive table
MANAGER_CODE = Column that will contain values that are in both table M and table E
Text = table names

Example 2:
Jupyter Notebook:
Basic knowledge
- Each column in a dataframe is a series
Select a single column → df[“column_name”]
Selecting multiple columns → df[[“1st_column”, “2nd_column”]]

- df.shape → gives you the number of rows and columns in a dataframe in tuple format
(no. of rows, no. of columns)
To get no. of rows = df.shape[0]
Get no. of columns = df.shape[1]
- df.duplicated() → check if any of the records are duplicated
- df.duplicated().sum() → gives the sum of duplicated records
- Checking if there are any duplicated records within a COLUMN →
df.column_name.duplicated()
No. of duplicated records within a COLUMN → df.column_name.duplicated().sum()
- df.isna() → finding any null records within the entire dataframe
- astype() → converting value into another datatype
astype(str) = convert value into string data type
- inplace = True → Tell Jupyter Notebook that it can alter the original dataset
- drop_duplicates() → remove duplicated rows from a dataframe
 - Replacing values:
df.replace(oldValue, newValue)
- Finding the mean:
● Mean of dataframe → df.mean()
● Mean of column → df.column_name.mean()

loc and iloc:

df.loc[rows in index format, name of column(s)]

df.iloc[rows in index format, column(s) in number format]
Row → first row is index 0 and final index should be index of last row + 1
Column → first column is 1 and final column number should be the column number of the final
column

Practice questions:
Words in bold are the answers to the questions
1. Complete the code to write a python function called zooTicket() which will take in two input
arguments called adult and child, both in integer. The program will then calculate the total price
for zoo ticket. Adult ticket costs $25, child ticket costs $13. If an adult buys 3 or more child
tickets, he will get $20 discount. Error handling is not required, provide 2 spacing for each level
of indentation.
Example of calling the function with 2 adult tickets and 5 children ticket, the function will then
return the total cost:
amount = zooTicket(2, 5)
# define function with appropriate input argument
def zooTicket(adult, child):
total = adult * 25 + child * 13
# condition to get discount
if child >= 3 and adult >= 1:
# return discounted price
return total - 20
return total

2. The table, with table name "movie" contains movies related data. Complete the following SQL
command to view the average movie runtime for movies with runtime less than 120 mins. One
box for 1 word/syntax

Answers: SELECT avg(Movie_Runtime) AS Average FROM Movie WHERE Movie_Runtime < 120;

3. Given the following DataFrame stored in of variable:

Complete the following Python code to compute the highest sale from sales_ latte column

df.sales_latte.max()

4. Given the following DataFrame stored in df variable:

Complete the following Python code to compute the mean sales of muffin from the first 3 months
of sales, up to 2 decimal points.
Answer: round(df.loc[:2, "sales_muffin”].mean(),2])

5. Given the following DataFrame stored in df variable:

Complete the following Python code to find out the month with the highest muffin sales.
Answer: df[df.sales_muffin == df.sales_muffin.max()]["months”]