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Introduction To Globalization 1

The document discusses globalization and its various definitions, history, and types including economic, financial, political, military, cultural, social, and technological globalization. Globalization is defined as the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of peoples and countries through flows of goods, services, finance, people and ideas across international borders. Key factors driving globalization are discussed.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
69 views6 pages

Introduction To Globalization 1

The document discusses globalization and its various definitions, history, and types including economic, financial, political, military, cultural, social, and technological globalization. Globalization is defined as the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of peoples and countries through flows of goods, services, finance, people and ideas across international borders. Key factors driving globalization are discussed.

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lkyn272
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GE3 THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION

In today's ever-changing world, societies are becoming more interdependent with more
social, economic, political, and cultural ties. Similarly, the problems and issues that define the
modern world are interconnected and multifaceted. As a result, various actors—states,
organizations, and citizens—are being urged to collaborate in order to find global solutions.
Why do you need to study the world?
1. Cure Parochialism. From close-mindedness to stretched imagination, outlook, and
concern. One' concern is not only for their immediate context or environment.
2. It can teach you more about yourself. With knowledge about other countries, one can
compare their society's condition with that of other societies/countries. This comparison may
point out uniqueness and even similarities.
3. You are interacting with the world. As global citizens, being aware of what is happening
with the world is a given. With all the interconnectedness and interdependence, the events
happening outside us might bring a positive or negative impact.

GLOBALIZATION: ITS DEFINITION


Different scholars have different viewpoints of what globalization is. Some would view
globalization as a positive phenomenon, some would see its detrimental effects on society
which cannot be separated from issues of global economic and cultural imperialism.

 Globalization is derived from the word “globalize” which refers to the emergence of an
international network of economic systems.
 Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies,
and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and
investments and aided by information technology. (Levin Institute, 2016).
 Globalization is defined as a process that, based on international strategies, aims to
expand business operations on a worldwide level, and was precipitated by the facilitation
of global communications due to technological advancements, and socioeconomic,
political, and environmental developments. (Pologeorgis, 2017)
 Globalization represents the global integration of international trade, investment,
information technology and cultures. Government policies designed to open economies
domestically and internationally to boost development in poorer countries and raise
standards of living for their people are what drive globalization.
 Globalization is “the increased interconnectedness and interdependence of
peoples and countries, is generally understood to include two inter-related elements:
the opening of international borders to increasing fast flows of goods, services, finance,
people, and ideas; and the changes in institutions and policies at national and
international levels that facilitate or promote such flows. Globalization has the potential
for both positive and negative effects on development and health. (World Health
Organization)
 Globalization is the inexorable integration of markets, transportation systems, and
communication systems to a degree never witnessed before- in a way that enabling
corporations, countries, and individuals to reach around the world farther, faster, deeper,
and cheaper than ever before. (Thomas Friedman)
HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION

 Trading of rare commodities like salt, spices, and gold.


 In other words, there is exchange of goods among traders of different countries mainly
because some of these commodities and goods are not found in their own country.

Example: Silk Road (silk is a highly prized commodity) is an Asian ancient trade route that
linked China and wool, gold, silver, jade, tea, spices, etc.
 Advancement in transportation and communication resulted to an easier
and increased exchange of information and goods easily.

In order to be globalized, there are many factors to consider such as economics, financial,
military, cultural, social, ecology, politics, technology, and geography.

TYPES OF GLOBALIZATION

1. Economic Globalization
ECONOMIC globalization refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as a
result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services, flow of
international capital and wide and rapid spread of technologies. (Shangquan, 2000). It is the
ways corporations do business as multinational organizations nowadays.

 Through globalization, the available resources of each country will not just be limited on
what their country can produce, but it will be also dependent on other countries. Meaning
through globalization, the products that are only available on a certain country will be
also available to other countries which do not have the materials to produce it through an
international trade.

2. Financial Globalization
Financial globalization refers to the ease at which money can be spread around the
world.

 The growth of stock exchanges like the NYSE (New York Stock Exchange) and FTSE
(Financial Time Stock Exchange) as well as internationalization of financial markets has
made it easier for people to transfer money internationally.
 The benefit of this is that it’s easy and cheap to get investments for new business
ventures. You can find a Chinese, French or Canadian investor to wire you some money
to start your business instead of just relying on local investors
3. Political Globalization
Political globalization refers to the diplomatic negotiations between nation-states. It
includes the standardization of global rules around trade, criminality, and the rule of law. It is the
intensification and expansion of political interrelations across the globe. ‘The political dimension
of globalization’ raises political issues relating to state sovereignty and the question of whether
the nation-state will survive globalization.

 Under globalization, politics can take place above the state through political integration
schemes such as the European Union and through intergovernmental organizations
such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the World Trade
Organization.
4. Military Globalization
Military globalization is the process which embodies the growing extensity and intensity
of military relations among the political units of the world system. Understood as such, it reflects
both the expanding network of worldwide military ties and relations, as well as the impact of key
military technological innovations (from steamships to satellites), which over time, have
reconstituted the world into a single geostrategic space. (David Held)

 Military globalization is characterized by extensive as well as intensive networks of military


force. This includes both the actual use of force and threats to use violence. The most
obvious example of military globalization is the nuclear age and the proliferation of
weapons of mass destruction”.

5. CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
Cultural globalization refers to the spread and mixing of cultures around the world. It is
the transmission of ideas, meanings, and values, around the world in such a way as to extend
and intensify social relations. This process is marked by the common consumption of cultures
that have been diffused by the Internet, popular culture media, and international travel.
Explanation:
 Arjun Appadurai talks about the possible effect of homogenization of culture, where
dominant nations like the United States spread their cultures through television and
movies, which leads to the dilution and loss of local and indigenous cultures and the rise
of a global culture.
 Through globalization, cultures of a specific country can be shared or spread with other
countries. The downside of this is some cultures that are exclusive on a certain country
are slowly vanishing.
 One example is the spread of punk music from the UK and USA around the world in the
1970s. Other examples include the spread of Disney music, secularism, and consumer
culture.
 Concepts related to cultural globalization include cultural adaptation, cultural diffusion,
and hierarchical diffusion. We can also see that, as migrants move around the world,
people are increasingly developing transnational identities.
6. SOCIAL GLOBALIZATION
Also known as sociological globalization, social globalization refers to the integration of
our societies.

 Not to be confused with cultural globalization, sociological globalization refers to the idea
that we now live in a shared society. (There are many different cultures within a society.
But a society is a group of people who all live together).
 And now more than ever, it feels as if we all live in one society instead of a group of
different societies.
For example:
o What happens in Afghanistan can affect what happens in the United States.
o A contagion in China spreads to all corners of the world.
o A nuclear weapon in North Korea can threaten lives in New Zealand.
So, it appears, we are now all a common society who need to learn to get along despite our
different cultures and beliefs because what we do affects people all around the world.
 Another aspect of social globalization is the movement of people. People can go from
one country to another easily, and those who are most highly educated can get jobs in
different nations with more ease than ever.

7. TECHNOLOGICAL GLOBALIZATION
Technological globalization refers to the spread of technology around the world.
Technology really plays a huge part in the life of every individual. Also, through the
advancement of technology we can now already communicate with others despite the distance
that separate us.

 Examples of this include the spread of the internet, solar panel technology and medical
technologies – which can all help improve the lives of people around the world.
 The spread of technologies can be interpreted as the ‘rising tide lifts all boats’ argument.
Globalization means we can make the most of the best technologies from all around the
world to make everyone’s lives better and improve everyone’s economies.
 Technological globalization is closely connected to the anthropological “scapes of
globalization” theory by Arjun Appadurai. He came up with the term “technoscapes” to
explain how technology spreads around the world.Through our technology today, the
process of globalization is now taking place much faster.
For example: the social media, (Friendster, Facebook, Instagram, WeChat, Line, Kakao
talk, WhatsApp, Viber, Messenger, Skype, Email, Google meet, Zoom, Google, Youtube,
Netflix, Iqiyi, WeTV, Primevideo, Bilibili, are the tools of globalization. Because of these
media tools, we can communicate to the people of other countries and give feedbacks
on many issues all around the world. We can learn and easily know them through
watching videos.
8. ECOLOGICAL GLOBALIZATION
Ecological globalization refers to the idea that the world needs to be considered one
interconnected ecosystem.

 This means that the world needs to work together to address ecological issues that
cross the borders of nation-states.
 Examples include:
o The hole in the Ozone layer, which required the world to ban CFCs.
o Climate Change, which will affect the poorest nations (particularly low-lying
nations in the Pacific and South-East Asia) even though much of the damage is
caused by developed nations like the United States.
 To address these issues, climate accords like the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Climate
Agreement have been put into place, where each nation agrees to invest in lowering its
carbon emissions.
9. GEOGRAPHICAL GLOBALIZATION
Geographical globalization refers to the idea that the world is no longer seen as groups
of distinct nations as much as it once was. Globalization is moving towards the trend of a
borderless world. We live in an age where tourism has become one of the world’s largest
industries. The growth in long-haul travel means that considerable numbers of relatively affluent
tourists are able to connect with other people and places across the globe. The complex nature
of global connectivity has been discussed by Arjun Appadurai who, in 1996, identified five types
of global flows that serve to connect places around the globe. His work has profoundly
influenced the way geographers have come to understand the processes associated with
globalization.

 We now work in multinational blocs to make decisions, and nations work together to
solve problems.
 It also refers to the fact that we’re now able to travel between nations with increasing
ease. You can go from the United States to Europe within a day, for example.
 Furthermore, people can identify as belonging to multiple geographic regions, especially
if they hold multiple passports. Heritage and familial ownership of territory is getting
weaker and weaker.

As an example, migration to major cities and first world countries has increased during
the period of Globalization.

In general, globalization is a concept, which promotes the idea of uniting all of the countries in
the whole world. However, globalization as process contains many issues to achieve its goal,
which is to unify every one of us. But, on the other hand, globalization can actually make
solutions on many problems arising in every country. And for me, globalization is really good
idea, if only we’re going to embrace the changes that it will bring on our lives.

IDEOLOGIES OF GLOBALIZATION
Manfred Steger

 "The term globalization should be used to refer to a set of social processes that are
thought to transform our present social condition into one globality.
 "The expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world-
time and across world-space."

GLOBALIZATION (process) vs. GLOBALISM (ideology)


If globalization represents the many processes that allow for the expansion and intensification
of global connection, globalism is a widespread belief among powerful people that the global
integration of economic market is beneficial for everyone, since it spreads freedom and
democracy across the world.

GLOBALISM GLOBALIZATION

Globalism is an ideology based on the belief that Globalization is the spread of technology, products,
people, information, and goods should be able to information, and jobs across nations.
cross national borders unrestricted.

The ideological component of globalization. Involves increasing interconnection between people and
regions throughout the world.
According to Manfred Steger, there are three main types of globalism (ideologies that endow
the concept of globalization with values and meanings): market globalism, justice globalism, and
religious globalism. Steger defines them as follows:
a) Market globalism - seeks to endow ‘globalization’ with free-market norms and
neoliberal meanings.
b) Justice globalism - constructs an alternative vision of globalization based on egalitarian
ideals of global solidarity and distributive justice

c) Religious globalism- struggle against both market globalism and justice globalism as
they seek to mobilize a religious values and beliefs that are thought to be under severe
attack by the forces of secularism and consumerism.
SIX CORE CLAIMS OF GLOBALISM (by: Manfred Steger)
1. Globalization is about the liberalization and global integration of market.
-Liberalization is a process that involves reducing governmental controls and regulations in an
economy in exchange for increasing participation from the private sector. Additionally, it refers
to reducing governmental restrictions and emphasizing the market's liberation from government
interference.
-Global integration is the process by which specific local markets permit the globe or the global
economy to have an impact on a specific local business environment.

2. Globalization is inevitable and Irreversible.


- Market will help us reach the end point.
- Due to the growing demand on all aspects of the globalized market of developed and
developing countries.
3. Nobody is in charge of globalization.
-If market forces determine the course of our history, then, no social class or group can -
monopolize agenda of globalization
Examples:
- Globalist are not dictating their on agenda to the people
- Reason why there’s nobody in charge: most countries are possessive of their
own economy
Examples:
- Globalist are not dictating their on agenda to the people
- Reason why there’s nobody in charge: most countries are possessive of their
own economy
Examples:
- Globalist are not dictating their on agenda to the people
- Reason why there’s nobody in charge: most countries are possessive of their
own economy
Examples:
- Globalist are not dictating their on agenda to the people
- Reason why there’s nobody in charge: most
4. Globalization benefits everyone.
-Globalization brings "Economic Growth", Many people are lifted out of poverty and the middle
class has been expanded
- Rapid dissemination of information, technological innovation, growth of skilled jobs. (Steger,
2005)
5. Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the world.
-Free market is linked with individual freedom.
Act of voting- We have the freedom to pick our leaders for our country.
· Human rights- A basic right that everyone needs to respect and
follow
Example:
-Act of voting: We have the freedom to pick our leaders for our country.
-Human rights: A basic right that everyone needs to respect and follow.
6. Globalization requires a global war on terror.
-Terrorism stalls global free trade and economic growth.

Arjun Appadurai
Anthropologist Arjun Appadurai (1996) identifies multiple and intersecting dimensions of global
cultural flows he calls 'landscapes' or 'scapes' (Steger, 2014: 13). These five conceptual
dimensions are:
1. Ethnoscape. Flows of people. The movement of people.
2. Technoscape. Flows of technology. Development and boom of technology that facilitates
cross-border connections and transactions. (E.g., the internet, information technology, and
engineering.)
3. Finanscape. Flows of money. The flow of global capital. International banking and cash
systems allow this to happen. (E.g., credit card systems)
4. Mediascape. Flows of information. The production and dissemination of information through
electronic means. The access of people to modern popular culture. (E.g., access to international
entertainment like Hollywood films, K-drama, and anime; media such as newspapers,
magazines, the social network.)
5. Ideoscape. Flows of ideas. Ideologies of state, and social movements. (E.g., posting of your
views on a certain event or human reality on Facebook; religious missionaries spreading their
doctrines to other regions or countries; environmentalism.)

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