Experiment-1

Vernier caliper and Micrometer

(MEL601-Metrology and Quality Engineering)

Linear Measurement using Vernier Calliper, Vernier height gauge, and

1.Aim: Performance on

Micrometer.

and
measurement of lengths, diameters, heights,
1.1 Introduction Linear measurement applies to
The line measuring instruments have series
thickness including external and internal measurements.

to be measured is aligned with

of accurately spaced lines marked on them, e.g. scale. The dimension
the
Linear measuring instruments are designed either for line instruments,
the graduations of the scale.
instruments
in micrometers, slip gauges etc. The
measurement is taken between two end surfaces
as

1. Direct measuring instruments 2. Indirect

used for linear measurements can be classified as:

instruments The direct measuring instruments are of two types: 1. Graduated 2. Non
measuring
vernier height gauges, vernier
Graduated The graduated instruments include rules, vernier calipers,
instruments include calipers,
gauges, micrometers,
dial indicators etc. The non-graduated
depth
wire gauges, screw pitch gauges,
surface gauges, straight gauges,
trammels, telescopic gauges,
can also be classified as:
1. Non-precision instruments such as
thickness gauges, slip gauges etc. They
micrometers,
instruments, such as vernier instruments,
steel calipers etc. 2. Precision measuring
rule,
dial gauges etc.,

of vernier is that when two scales or divisions slightly

1.2. Vernier Instrument The principle
be utilized to enhance the accuracy
of
different in size are used, the difference between them can

consists of two steel rules and these can slide along each
measurement. The vernier caliper essentially
solid L-shaped frame. On this scale cm

i.e., main scale is engraved

on a
other. One of the scales,
One end of the frame
divided into 20 parts so that one small division equals 0.05 cm.

graduations are
three elements of vernier
contains a fixed jaw which is shaped into a contact tip at its extremity. The
used
substantial improvements in the commonly
caliper, viz, beam, fixed jaw, and sliding jaw permit the
alignment of
measurement with line graduated rules. The
direct
measuring techniques over
the positive
rule is ensured by means of
distance boundaries with the corresponding graduations of the
can be made to
the measurement
contact members (the jaws of the caliper gauges). The datum of
measured. The movable jaw
with of the boundaries of the distance to be
coincide precisely one
be measured.
the boundary at the opposite end of the distance to
achieves positive contact with object

Page 1
Dr.M.D.Nadar Department of Mechanical Engineering, PHCET, Rasayan
 the slide with a particular scale
The closely observable correspondence of the reference marks on

value significantly reduces the extent of readout alignment errors.

A sliding jaw which moves along the guiding surface provided by the main scale is coupled to a

When two
vernier scale. The sliding jaw at its left extremity contains another measuring tip.

measuring tip surfaces are in contact with each other, scale shows reading. The finer adjustment
zero

whole movable jaw assembly

ofthe movable jaw can be done by the adjusting screw (Fig.). First the
to be measured. Then lock nut B
is
is adjusted so that the two measuring tips just touch the part
the sense of correct feel is made by the adjusting screw.
tightened. Final adjustment depending upon
makes the part containing locking nut A and sliding jaw to move,
The movement of adjusting screw
movable jaw. After final
screw rotates on a screw which is in a way fixed to the
as the adjusting
The
nut A is also tightened and the reading is noted down.
adjustment has been made, the locking
inside as well as outside dimensions. 1. Outside jaws:
designed as to measure
measuring tips are so
internal
2. Inside jaws: used to measure

measure external diameter or width of an object

used to
hole 4. Main scale:
used to measure depths of an object or a
diameter of an object 3. Depth probe: fraction
decimal place (in cm). 5. Main
scale: gives measurements in
measurements of up to one
gives Vernier gives
measurements up to two
decimal places (in cm) 7.
in inch) 6. Vernier gives to allow the easy
Retainer: used to block
movable part
measurements in fraction (in inch) 8.
transferring a measurement

Vernier Scale
1.3 Reading the

main
division of the
that each small
vernier scale let us assume

the working of with 24

For understanding coincide exactly
divisions and these
contains 25
the vernier scale 1/25 x
divisions, i.e.,
Scale is 0.025 units. Say, to 1/25 of
24 scale
vernier division is equal one vernier
So now one
of main scale. division and
divisions
one main scale small
difference between if the zero or
0.024 unit. Therefore, It means
0.025 i.e. 0.001 unit.
=
24 x
0.025- 0.024, tnan
units less
division (least count of the instrument) equals vernier division
will read
0.001

then the first Seic

main scale and zero of vernier coincide,
0.002 unit less than 2 SimallPage
division will read 2
Second vernier
division.
the small scale PHCET, Rasayan

Dr.M.D.Nadar Department
of Mechanical Engineering,
divisions and so on. Thus if zero vernier scale lies in between two small divisions on main scale its

exact value can be judged by secing as to which vernier division is coinciding with main scale

division Thus to read a measurement from a vernier caliper, note the units, tenths and fortieths which
the zero on the vernier has moved from the zero on the main scale. Note down the vernier division
which coincides with a scale division and add to previous reading the number of thousands of a unit
indicated by the vemierdivisions e.g., reading in the scale shown in Fig. is 3 units +0.1 unit +0.075
unit +0.008 unit= 3.183 units. When using the vernier caliper for internal measurements the width of
the measuring jaws must be taken into account. (Generally the width of measuring jaw is 10 mm for
Metric System).

1.4 Types of Vernier Calipers According to IS 3651-1974 (Specification for vernier caliper),
three types of vernier calipers have been specified to meet the various needs of external and internal
measurements up to 2000 mm with vernier accuracy of 0.02, 0.05 and 0.1 mm. The three types are

called types A, B, C and have been shown in Figs. 2.75, 2.76 and 2.79 respectively. All the three types
are made with only one scale on the front of the beam for direct reading. Type A has jaws on both
sides for external and internal measurements, and also has a blade for depth measurements. Type B is
both sides
provided with jaws on one side for external and internal measurements. Type C has jaws on
for making the measurements and for marking operations. All parts of the vernier calipers are made of

good quality steel and the measuring faces hardened to 650 H.V. minimum. The recommended
0
measuring ranges (nominal sizes) of vernier calipers as per IS 3651-1974 are 0--125, 0-200,
250.0-300; 0-500, 0-750, 0-1000, 750-1500 and
750-2000 mm. On type A, scale serves for
of types B and C, the main scale serves for
both externmal and internal measurements, whereas in case

type C, but types B and C intermal

external measurements and for marking purposes also in on

width of the internal measuring jaws to the reading on the scale.

measurements are made by adding
For this reason, the combined width for internal jaws is marked on
the jaws in case of types B and C
to within 0.01 mm.
calipers. The combined width should be uniform throughout its length

SPEJAR

Page 3
Dr.M.D.Nadar Department of Mechanical Engineering, PHCET, Rasayan
The beam 1s perpendicular to the base in both dircctions and its ends squnare and flat. The end of the

sliding head can be set at any point with fine adjustment meclhanism locked and read from the vernier

provided on it, while using the instrument, the base is held firmly on the reference surface and lowers

the beam into the hole until it contacts the bottom surface of the hole. The final
adjustment depending
upon the sense of correct feel is made by the fine adjustment screw. The clamping screw is then
tightened and the instrument is removed from the hole and reading taken in the same way as the

vernier calliper. While using the instrument it should be ensured that the reference surface op which
the depth gauge base is rested is satisfactorily true, flat arid square
1.6. Micrometers The micrometer screw gauge essentially consists of an accurate screw having
about 10 or 20 threads per cm and revolves in a fixed nut. The end of the screw forms one measuring

tip and the other measuring tip is constituted by a stationary anvil in the base of the frame. The screw
is threaded for certain length and is plain afterwards. The plain portion is called sleeve and its end is
the measuring surface. The spindle is advanced or retracted by turning a thimble connected to the
spindle. The spindle is a slide fit over the barrel and barrel is the fixed part attached with the frame.
The barrel is graduated in unit of 0.05 cm. i.e. 20 divisions per cm, which is the lead of the screw for
one complete revolution. The thimble has got 25 divisions around its periphery on circular portion.
Thus it sub-divides each revolution of the screw in 25 equal parts, i.e. each division corresponds to
0.002 cm. A lock nut is provided for locking a dimension by preventing Ratchet stop is provided at

the end of the thimble cap to maintain sufficient and uniform measuring pressure so that standard
conditions of measurement are attained. Ratchet stop consists of an overriding clutch held by a weak

spring. When the spindle is brought into contact with the work at the correct measuring pressure, the
clutch starts slipping and no further movement of the spindle takes place by the rotation of ratchet. In

the backward movement it is positive due to shape of ratchet.

PDLE SPINDLE LOCK
NUT
SLEEVE THIMBLE RATCHET
FACE

-FRAME

0-25 x0.01mm

Micrometer: In order to make it possible to read up to 0.0001 inch in micrometer screw

Reading a
barrel. The vernier scale has 10 straight lines on barrel
gauge, a vernier scale is generally made on the
9 divisions the thimble. Thus small deviation on thimble is
and these coincide with exact on one

further subdivided into 10 parts and taking the reading one has to see which of the vernier scale

Page 6
Dr.M.D.Nadar Department of Mechanical Engineering, PHCET, Rasayani
1.9.0bservations:
Product Gear

Sr.No. Parameter Main Scale Vernier Scale Total Measuring

Reading Reading Reading Instrument

(MSR+
VSR LC)

Tooth Width

Vernier
Outer Diameter
Caliper

Inner Diameter

Tooth Width Micrometer

1.10. Calculation:

1.11. Conculation

collected by using Vermier Caliper and Micrometer

The following data of gear were
. Tooth width (Vernier Caliper)

2. Out side Diameter

3. Inner Diammeter

4. Tooth Width ( Micrometer)

Page 10
Dr.M.D.Nadar Department of Mechanical Engineering, PHCET, Rasayani