STATISTICS

2 MARKS QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS (SHORT ANSWERS)

Q1. State any four uses of statistics in health field

Ans : Statistics is defined as collection , presentation , analysis and Interpretation of

numerical data .

Uses : are

 Defining normal and not normal in context of various aspects related to health and
illness .
 Establishing the accuracy of the diagnostic procedures
 Planning of experiments and analysis of results
 Collection , analysis and dissemination of various population health statistics .

Q2. List the levels of measurement

Ans : Measurement is the assignment of numbers to objects according to specific rules , to

characterize quantities of an attribute .

Levels of Measurement : There are 4 levels of Measurement

a. Nominal Measurement Eg: Gender ( Male & Female )

b. Ordinal Measurement Eg: Health Status ( Poor , Fair , Good , Excellent )

c. Interval Measurement Eg: Temperature ( 10 – 80 degrees , 40 -50 degrees )

d. Ratio Measurement Eg: Biophysical Parameters ( Height , Weight )

Q3. Define Mean

Ans : Mean is computed by dividing the sum of all the values by the total number of values .

 Mean is represented by X

Formula

Q4. Define Mode

Ans : Mode is the value which has the highest frequency in the data.

 It is denoted by Z

Example

 The amount of sugar purchased by the people from shop : 3 , 1 , 7 , 4 , 1 , 2, 5, 3, 4, 6,

5, 5, 4,4,3,5,2,4 .
 In this series Mode ( Z) = 4

Q5. Define Standard Deviation

Ans : Standard Deviation is the positive square root of mean of the squared deviations of
values from the arithmetic mean .

Formula
Q6. Define Variance

Ans : Variance is a statistical measurement that is used to determine the spread of numbers in
a data set with respect to the average value or the mean .

Varience is denoted by

Types of Varience

a. Simple Varience
b. Population Varience

Q7. Define Positive Correlation

Ans : A positive correlation is a relationship between two variables such that their values
increase or decrease together .

Q8. Define negative relation

Ans : Negative correlation is a relationship between two variables in which one variable
increases as the other decreases and vice versa .
Q9. Write steps of preparing Pie diagram

Ans : Pie diagram is a pictorial device for presenting discrete data of qualitative
characteristics .

Steps of Preparing Pie Diagram : are

a. Step 1 : Convert the data to percentages

b. Step 2 : Calculate the angle for each pie segment .
c. Step 3 : Draw the pie chart
d. Step 4 : Add labels

Q10. Draw a neat line diagram

Ans : Line diagram is a graphical display of information that changes continuously over
time .

Q11. Define Karl Pearsons Correlation Co-efficient

Ans : Karl Pearson ‘s coefficient of correlation is defined as a linear correlation coefficient

that falls in the value range of -1 to +1 .

 Value of -1 signifies strong negative correlation

 Value of +1 indicates strong positive correlation .

Formula
Q12. Define Nominal Scale

Ans : A nominal scale is a scale of measurement used to assign events or objects in to

discrete categories .

Examples of Nominal Scale

GENDER HABITAT
MALE URBAN
FEMALE RURL

Q13. Define Ordinal Scale

Ans : Ordinal scale is defined as variable measurement scale used to simply depict the order
of variables and not the difference between each of the variables .

Examples of Ordinal Scale

HEALTH STATUS INCOME STATUS

POOR LOW INCOME
FAIR MIDDLE INCOME
GOOD UPPER INCOME
EXCELLENT

Q14. Write test of Significance

Ans : It is important to know if the result of an experiment is significant enough or not .

 In order to measure the significance, there are some predefined tests which could be
applied; these tests are called the tests of significance.
 Tests of significance are the method of reaching a conclusion to reject or support the
claims based on sample data .
Q15. Define Mode

Ans : Mode is the value which has the highest frequency in the data.

 It is denoted by Z

Example

 The amount of sugar purchased by the people from shop : 3 , 1 , 7 , 4 , 1 , 2, 5, 3, 4, 6,

5, 5, 4,4,3,5,2,4 .
 In this series Mode ( Z) = 4

Q16. What is type 2 error?

Ans : The type 2 error occurs in the tests of significance .

 Type 2 error is just opposite the type 1 error .

 It occurs when it is assumed that a relationship does not exist ,but in reality it does.
 In this type of error , the researcher is supposed to accept the research hypothesis and
reject the null hypothesis .

Q17. List any 2 measures of dispersion

Ans : Dispersion is the state of data getting dispersed , stretched or spread out in different
categories .

Measures of Dispersion : are

a. Range
b. Standard Deviation

Range : It is the difference between highest ( H) and lowest ( L ) value in the data .

Formula : Range ( R) = H – L
Standard Deviation : It is the positive square root of mean of the squared deviations of
values from the arithmetic mean .

Formula :

Q18. What is type 1 error ?

Ans : The type 1 error occurs when the researcher finds out that the relationship assumed
through research hypothesis does exist , but in reality there is evidence that it does not exist.

 In this type error , the researcher is supposed to reject the research hypothesis and
accept the null hypothesis , but its opposite happens .

Q19. What is a foot note ?

Ans : Foot notes are notes placed at the bottom of the page in a piece of academic writing
and indicated in the text with superscript numbers.

 Examples of Foot notes in different formatting styles such as APA , MLA and Chicago
manual styles .

Types of foot notes

There are 2 types of foot notes in Chicago style

a. Full notes
b. Short notes
Q20. Define Dispersion ?

Ans : Dispersion measures the variability of a set of observations among the themselves or
about some central values .

Examples of Dispersion: are

 Range
 Variation
 Standard deviation

Q21. Define presentation of data

Ans : Data presentation is defined as the process of using various graphical formats to
visually represent the relationship between two or more data sets so that an informed
decision can be mad based on them .

Types of Data Presentation : There are 3 forms of presentation of data

a. Textual or Descriptive presentation

b. Tabular presentation
c. Diagrammatic presentation

Q22. Define the central tendency

Ans : Central tendency is defined as the statistical measure that identifies a single value as
representative of an entire distribution .

 It aims to provide an accurate description of the entire data.

3 commonly used measures of central tendency: are

a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
Q23. Define Correlation

Ans : Correlation is a statistical measure that expresses the extent to which two variables are
linearly related .

 Its common tool for describing simple relationship without making a statement about
cause and effect .

Types of Correlation : are

a. Positive Correlation
b. Negative correlation
c. No correlation

Q24. Define Standard Deviation

Ans : Standard Deviation is the positive square root of mean of the squared deviations of
values from the arithmetic mean .

Formula

Q25. Define Range

Ans : Range : It is the difference between highest ( H) and lowest ( L ) value in the data .

Formula : Range ( R) = H – L

Example : In ( 4 , 6 , 9 , 3 , 7 )

The lowest value is 3 and highest value is 9 . So the Range is 9 – 3 = 6 .

Q26. Define Compilation of data

Ans : Data compilation is the collation of raw data and their transformation in to a format that
can be easily manipulated or combined with other data in preparation for further analysis .

 While compiling the data , care is to be taken to arrange all the data in an order so that
editing and coding process can be implemented with ease .

Q27. Define Statistics

Ans : Statistics is defined as collection , presentation , analysis and interpretation of

numerical data .

Uses : are

It presents facts in a definite form

It facilitates comparisons

It simplifies the masses of figures .

Q28. Define Median

Ans : Median of a set of values is the middle most value when the data is arranged in
ascending order of magnitude .

The median is denoted by M .

FORMULA