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LAB2 Ep

This document discusses a lab experiment on single-phase controlled rectifiers. It describes the purpose of the lab, provides circuit diagrams and oscilloscope waveforms, and calculates voltage and current values for half-wave and full-wave rectifiers with resistive and inductive loads. Formulas for average and RMS voltages and currents are presented along with experimental results.

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Bassmala Baraa
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12 views

LAB2 Ep

This document discusses a lab experiment on single-phase controlled rectifiers. It describes the purpose of the lab, provides circuit diagrams and oscilloscope waveforms, and calculates voltage and current values for half-wave and full-wave rectifiers with resistive and inductive loads. Formulas for average and RMS voltages and currents are presented along with experimental results.

Uploaded by

Bassmala Baraa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lab 02

Single-phase controlled rectifier

Fait par :
CHEBRI Basmala
CHIHEB Selsabile

Encadré par :
Mr. Khebbab.
 Introduction:
Phase-controlled rectifiers are circuits used in power electronics that enable
the conversion of AC voltage to DC voltage by regulating the firing angle of
thyristors. Thyristors are semiconductor devices that can regulate the flow
of current by using a gate signal. Phase-controlled rectifiers are employed in
a variety of applications, including motor drives, heating and lighting
control, battery chargers, and power supplies for electronic devices.
 Purpose of the Lab:
 Representation and description of voltage and current at the output of
the single controlled rectifier.
 Calculation of average and effective values of voltages and currents
1. Single-phase half-wave rectifier :
1.1. Resistive Load :
Vm = 67.2V ; R = 100Ω ; f = 50Hz
 Visualization in the oscilloscope :
 Uc:
α=0° α=30°
α=60° α=90°

 i c:
α=0°

α=30°
α=60° α=90°
 Uth:
α=0° α=30°
α=60° α=90°
 The operation mode of the circuit :
When the supply voltage is positive, the thyristor blocks forward current
until the gate pulse arrives, and up to this point the voltage across the
resistive load is zero. As soon as a firing pulse is delivered to the gate-
cathode circuit (not shown in Fig. 2.7) the device turns ON, the voltage
across it falls to near zero, and the load voltage becomes equal to the
supply voltage. When the supply voltage reaches zero, so does the current.
At this point the thyristor regains its blocking ability, and no current flows
during the negative half-cycle.

 The RMS and average values


- RMS value :

2 √
Ucrms= Vm 1− α + 1 sin ⁡( 2 α )
π 2π

- Average value:
Vm
Ucavg= 2 π (1+cos ⁡(α ))

Firing angle Ucavg(exp) Ucavg(théorique) Ucrms(exp) Ucrms(théorique)


0° 19.2 20.25 25.9 31.81
30° 20.4 18.19 29.1 31.36
60° 18 15.19 29.8 28.6
90° 11.2 10.12 26.4 22.51

The calculated values are close to the experimental ones

 The curve Ucavg=f(α):

We can observe from the curve that Ucavg decreases when α increases
Ucavg=f(α):
25

20

15

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

The average output voltage across the load can be varied by varying
the firing angle α. The maximum output voltage across the load is
obtained when firing angle α = 0.

1.2 Inductive load:


 Visualization in the oscilloscope:
 Uc:
α=0° α=30°
α=60° α=90°
 Ic:
α=0° α=30°
α=60° α=90°

T1=5.1ms
Beta= 3.2 rad
Firing angle Ucavg(exp) Ucavg(théorique) Ucrms(exp) Ucrms(théorique)
0° 20.8 20.23 46.3 31.96
30° 14 18.9 34.8 27.82
60° 18.6 15.17 29.7 23.34
90° 6.4 10.11 35 18.82

Vm 1 1
Uceff = 2 √ π ((β − α) − 2 (sin α − sin β))

Vm
Ucmoy = 2 π (cos α − cosβ)

 The curve Ucavg=f(α):

Ucavg=f(α):
25

20

15

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
1.2.1 Operation with freewheeling diode:
 Visualization in the oscilloscope:
α=0° α=30°
By using a free-wheeling diode only positive voltage reaches the load. If
the circuit is connected to the ac supply, the diode or power device is likely to
damage when the switch is closed and opened due to sparks established. To
overcome this situation a freewheel diode must be connected across the
load.

- At ωt = α, the thyristor is triggered and the supply voltage appears across


the load from ωt = α to ωt = π. With a freewheeling diode, the thyristor will
not be able to conduct beyond π. At ωt = π the supply voltage, as well as
the load voltage, becomes zero, but the load current does not become
zero instantaneously because of the presence of an inductor.

- At ωt = π the thyristor becomes reverse biased, whereas the


freewheeling diode becomes forward biased. Hence after ωt = π, the load
current will be transferred from thyristor to the freewheeling diode. During
the negative half cycle of supply voltage, the freewheeling diode action
takes place and no power will be returned to the source.

In practice, half-wave controlled rectifiers are not generally used, since they
cannot produce continuous load current and a large ripple will be present in
the output voltage.

2. Single-phase full-wave rectifier-Bridge Rectifier:

 The RMS and average values:


- RMS value :
Ucrms=√ ¿ ¿ =Vmax/racine(2) for highly inductive load
- Average value:
2Vm
Ucavg= π cos ⁡(α )

Firing angle Ucavg(exp) Ucavg(théorique) Ucrms(exp) Ucrms(théorique)


30° 35.2 35.08 46.3 45
90° 21.8 0 34.14 45
We observe a big difference between the calculated and the measured values;
these errors due to the high inductive load approximation (that have been
approximated to find Urms and Uavg formulas ) which is not applicable in that
case where our lab inductance is week (only 50 H)
 Comparaison:
Assuming a hilly inductive load so that the load current is continuous (i.e.,
present at all times). SCR1 conducts for 180o from α to (π+α), and the load
voltage follows the input voltage. At (π+α); SCR2 is fired. SCR1 now turns
off, since the supply voltage immediately appears across it and applies a
reverse bias. SCR2 now conducts for 180o from (π+α) to (2π+α) and
supplies power to the load.
 Visualization in the oscilloscope :
 Uc:
α=0° α=30°

 Ic:
α=0° α=30°

 The operation mode of the circuit :


 Mode1 (α to π):
During positive half cycle of AC input voltage,leave point L is positive
with respect to cathode,therefore thyristors T1T2 are fired at wt= α,Thus,the
average output voltage is equal to the instantaneous supply voltage. In this
mode of operation,the shape of load voltage is identical to that of supply
voltage.The load load voltage is positive and constant.The load current i0 is
also positive as that of the supply current .Both load voltage and load current
are positive,the inductive load will store energy .
 Mode2(π to π+ α):
In this step of operation,at instant wt= π,the supply goes through zero after π
radians supply reverses its polarities and it become negative.Therefore,the
conducting thyristors T1 and T2 will try to turn-off due the natural reversal of
supply voltage.But due to stored energy in inductive load,it will oppose any
change in the current flow through load.So thyristors T1 and T2 will continue
to conduct in negative half for some period.In this mode of operation , the load
voltage becomes negative and load current it always positive,continuous and
constant.Both load voltage and load current are opposite in polarities.So the
stored energy in inductive load will return back to supply again
 Mode2( π+ α to 2 π):
At instant wt= π+ α ,the conducting thyristors T1 and T2 are turned off due
to natural or line commutation, at the same time other pair of SCRs T3 and
T4 are fired at wt= π+ α .Therefore,the average output voltage is equal to
the instantaneous supply voltage.The load current is instantaneously
transferred from one pair of SCRs(T1,T2)to other pair of SCR(T3,T4).In
this mode of operation ,both load voltage and load currents are positive ,the
inductive load will again store energy.
 Mode2(2 π to 2 π+ α):
At instant wt= 2 π radians,the input voltage goes through zero after 2 π it
becomes positive ,during positive half cycle of AC input,the conducting
thyristorsT3,T4 try to turn-off ,the inductive load will oppose any change in
current through it,in order to maintain the load current constant and in some
direction,a self-induced voltage appears across the load .This maintains
conducting thyristors T3 and T4 forward biased,in spite of the change in the
polarity of supply voltage.The load voltage becomes negative and equal to
the supply voltage whereas the load current continues positive.Therefre,load
acts as a source and the stored energy in inductive load will be returned
back to supply again.

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