DENSITY

Solids, liquids and gases have different properties and

characteristics. One such characteristic is density.

Liquids are often less dense than solids, and

gases have very low densities.
 DENSITY
Density of the substance is its mass per unit volume

Unit : kg/m3, g/cm3

Quantity : scalar
 Practical : Investigate the density of solid
 Use a half-metre rule to measure o Use measuring cylinder to measure
the length, width and height of a the volume of liquid (mc is on level
regular solid for volume horizontal surface to avoid parallax
error)
 Measure the mass on balance o Measure the mass on balance

 Density can be derived by density = o Density can be derived by density =

mass/volume mass/volume
 Pressure

Pressure is defined as the force per unit are

reduce pressure

Increase pressure
 Calculating pressure

Pressure = Force
area
Force is measured in Newtons (N)
Area is measured in metres (m)

The unit of pressure is Newtons per

square metre (N/m2)

Another name for Newton per metre

squared is the Pascal (Pa)
 Examples of Pressure

1. Reduce the pressure by increasing the area.

Skis have a large area to Wall foundations have a

reduce the pressure on the large horizontal area. This
snow so they do not sink in reduces the pressure
too deep. beneath so that the wall
does not sink deeper into
the ground.
 Examples of Pressure

1. Increase the pressure by reducing the area.

The area under the edge of The studs on a football boot

the blade of the knife is have a small area of contact
very small. The pressure with the ground. This means
beneath it is very high, so that the pressure beneath
the blade can be pushed/cut the studs is sufficient for
easily through materials such them to sink into the ground
as fruit. and provide additional grip.
Air Pressure

Air pressure in the

atmosphere acts in all
directions.

Air pressure gets less

as you rise up through
the atmosphere. The
atmosphere is denser
at lower levels.

At sea level,
atmospheric pressure is
about 100,000 Pa
 Air Pressure
why don't we feel the atmospheric pressure on
us

The pressure inside and outside of our bodies is same so

we do not notice the pressure of the air.
 Air Pressure

Crushed can experiment

 Air Pressure

Crushed can experiment

Air removed
by vacuum
pump

Atmospheric
pressure
crushes the
can.
 Air Pressure

We can measure atmospheric pressure using a barometer.

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 Air Pressure

We can measure atmospheric pressure using a barometer.

The sealed tube

contains a vacuum. Air
pressure will push
mercury up the tube.
At sea level a column of
760 mm of mercury can
be supported.

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 Air Pressure

We can measure atmospheric pressure using a barometer.

The sealed tube

contains a vacuum. Air
pressure will push
mercury up the tube.
At sea level a column of
760 mm of mercury
can be supported.

As atmospheric
pressure changes, so
does the height of
mercury in the tube.
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Pressure in liquids

Pressure acts in all

directions
Pressure
increases
with
depth
 Pressure in liquids

The weight of the liquid causes

pressure in the container. It also
causes pressure on any object in
the liquid.

Properties:
 Pressure in liquids

The weight of the liquid causes

pressure in the container. It also
causes pressure on any object in
the liquid.

Properties:

Pressure acts in all directions.

The liquid pushes on all surfaces
it is in contact with. For a
submarine this means that
pressure is being exerted equally
on all parts of the hull.
 Pressure in liquids

The weight of the liquid causes

pressure in the container. It also
causes pressure on any object in
the liquid.

Properties:

Pressure increases with depth.

The deeper a liquid, the greater
the weight above and so the
higher the pressure. This is why
dams are built with a taper
towards a thicker base.
 Pressure in liquids

The weight of the liquid causes

pressure in the container. It also
causes pressure on any object in
the liquid.

Properties:

Pressure increases with depth.

The deeper a liquid, the greater
the weight above and so the
higher the pressure. This is why
dams are built with a taper
towards a thicker base.
Pressure depends upon the density
of the liquid. The more dense a
liquid, the higher the pressure at any
given depth.
 Pressure in liquids

The weight of the liquid causes

pressure in the container. It also
causes pressure on any object in
the liquid.

Properties:

Pressure doesn’t depend upon

the shape of the container.
The pressure at any particular
depth is the same whatever the
shape or width of the container.

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Pressure in Fluids
Measuring atmospheric pressure
Transmitting pressures

The pressure in fluid acts

equally in all direction
 Hydraulics
Car is
Driver presses down on lifted by
jack handle here jack here

Force = 10N
 Hydraulics
Car is
Driver presses down on lifted by
jack handle here jack here

Force = 10N

Area = 10cm2
 Hydraulics
Car is
Driver presses down on lifted by
jack handle here jack here

Force = 10N

Area = 10cm2

Pressure = force
area
 Hydraulics
Car is
Driver presses down on lifted by
jack handle here jack here

Force = 10N

Area = 10cm2

Pressure = 10
10
The pressure, 1 N/cm2, will be the
= 1 N/cm2 same anywhere in the system.
 Hydraulics
Car is
Driver presses down on lifted by
jack handle here jack here

Force = 10N Force = Pressure x area

Force = 1 x 40 = 40N

Area = 10cm2 Area = 40cm2

Pressure = 10
10
The pressure, 1 N/cm2, will be the
= 1 N/cm2 same anywhere in the system.
 Hydraulics
Using a hydraulic jack, a small
Car is force can be multiplied to lift
Driver presses down on lifted by a heavy car.
jack handle here jack here

Force = 10N Force = Pressure x area

Force = 1 x 40 = 40N

Area = 10cm2 Area = 40cm2

Pressure = 10
10
The pressure, 1 N/cm2, will be the
= 1 N/cm2 same anywhere in the system.
 The manometer
A manometer is a device to measure the pressure of a gas
supply
gas supply pressure = atmospheric pressure +
pressure due to 27.2 cm of water.

P (gass) = Patm + r g
h
1 A Greek scientist called Archimedes was asked to check the purity of the gold in
a crown. He did this by comparing the density of the crown with the density of
pure gold.
a ) Describe how he could have measured the density of an irregular-shaped
object such as a crown.
b ) Pure gold has a density of 19 000 kg/m3. Suppose the crown had a volume of
0.0001 m3. What mass should the crown be if it is made of pure gold?
Submerged the crown in water and measured
the volume of water displaced by the crown.

density = mass/volume,
mass = density x volume
= 19000kg/m' x 0.0001 m' = 1.9kg
2. People working on the roofs of buildings often lay a ladder or plank of
wood on the roof. They walk on the ladder rather than the roof itself.
a) Explain why using a ladder or plank will help to prevent damage to the
roof.
b) A workman's weight is 850 N, and each of his boots has an area of 210
cm2. Calculate the maximum pressure under his feet when he is walking.
Give your answer in pascals.
c) The workman lays a plank on the roof. The plank has an area of 0.3 m2
and a weight of 70 N. What is the maximum pressure under the plank
when he is walking on it?
The person's weight will be spread out over
the area of the ladder, so the pressure on the
roof will be less.

b) Area of one foot = 0.021 m2

force= 850 N
Pressure= ?
= 40476N/m2

c )Force = 850N + 70N = 920N

Pressure = 3067 N/m2
A manometer can be used to find the pressure of a gas. The difference in the
level of the liquid in each side of the tube indicates the difference in pressure on
the water surface at A and the pressure of the gas on the water surface at B.
(Assume atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa.)

a What is the difference in pressure in Pa between A and B? Use g = 1 O N/kg.

b What is the pressure of the gas in tube C?
c Describe what will happen when the gas is turned off and the pipe is removed
from C.

a) r = 1000 kg/m3, g = 10, h= 10 cm = 0.1 m

p = r g h = 1000 x 10 x 0.1 = 1000 Pa

b) P (gass) = Patm + r g
h
P = 1.03 x 105 + 0.01 x 105 Pa
b) The gas pressure at B is supporting 10cm of
water, plus the pressure of the atmosphere on
the surface of the liquid at A.
c) water levels in both sides of manometer will be
equal
The pressure on the table will decrease because the area contact with table
increases and the weight /the force decreases.

The density remains constant/does not change because the material is

the same/the mass and volume of square are the same
W = mg

0.717 N

8.00 × 10-6
 Bar chart

The density of granite is less than that of steel and the steel is
approximately 3 times denser
Plastic cups increase surface area and force on floor (weight of chair )
remains the same and hence, pressure on floor is decreased;