LESSON 6.

IMAGING AND DESIGN FOR ONLINE ENVIRONMENT

Basic Principles of Graphics and Layout
The term "infographic" is a short term for information graphic, which refers to an image that
combines information, storytelling, and perceptions that help the cause of an individual or an
institution to communicate a message to viewers. Images are very things we see may affect our
effective in communicating messages because they are easily understood.
Using infographics brings about numerous advantages. People rely mostly on their sense of
sight. By creating a catchy and attractive infographic, one can effectively communicate a message to
viewers. Here are the basic elements of layout and design to guide you in creating an effective
infographic.
 Lines – lines are the most basic of all elements. Lines can define the characteristics of an
infographic. Lines can form shapes that can catch the attention of a viewer. They can be
sharp, be made up of broken lines and fine or thick lines, and can create different impressions
to viewers.
 Color – color is one of the powerful and influential elements in an infographic. Using the
right combination of colors can catch the attention of a passerby or even glancing viewers.
For example, red, orange, and yellow are strong or warm colors that can easily attract
attention. On the other end, blue, green, violet, and indigo are cool or soft colors.
 Shapes – these are defined by the enclosure created by a combination of multiple lines.
Shapes express different psychological influences on the audience especially when combined
with different colors.

PHOTO EDITING
Photo editing encompasses the processes of altering images, whether they are digital
photographs, traditional photo, chemical photographs, or illustrations.
 Digital photography is a process that uses an electronic device called a digital camera to capture
an image.
 Traditional photography can be considered as a formal color photo where people get instructed
to pose perfectly to get the best shots. Here the photographer instructs the people to set the pose in
the picture which results in a beautiful shot.
 Chemical Photography – Photochemical processes can be very different from the reactions that
occur by simply heating a reaction mixture and are dependent on the wavelength of light
employed.
Cyanotype
Cyanotype is a photographic printing process that produces a cyan-blue print. It was
invented by Sir John Herschel in 1842 and was originally used for scientific purposes.
Cyanotype photography is created by mixing two easily found chemicals. These are
ammonium iron (III) citrate and potassium ferricyanide.
 Illustration is a visualization made by an artist. It is a drawing (or painting, collage, engraving,
photo, etc.) that explains something. The illustration doesn't have to be drawn—a photo in an
encyclopedia is also an illustration, because it explains what is written.
Traditional analogue image editing is known as photo retouching, using tools such as an
airbrush to modify photographs, or editing illustrations with any traditional art medium.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RASTER AND VECTOR IMAGES

RASTER IMAGES - use many colored pixels or individual building blocks to form a complete
image JPEGs, GIFs and PNGs are common raster image types. Almost all of the photos found on the
web and in print catalogues are raster images.
VECTOR IMAGES alternatively, allow for more flexibility. Constructed using mathematical
formulas rather than individual-colored blocks, vector file types such as EPS, AI and PDF are
excellent for creating graphics that frequently require resizing.
 3D MODELING (OR MODELLING) is the process of developing a mathematical
representation of any three-dimensional surface of an object via specialized software. The product
is called a 3D model. It can be displayed as a two-dimensional image through a process called 3D
rendering or used in a computer simulation or physical phenomena.
 SELECTION One of the prerequisites for many of the app mentioned below is a method of
selecting part(s) of an image, thus applying a change selectively without affecting the entire
picture
MARQUEE TOOL for selecting rectangular or other regular polygon-shaped regions
LASSO TOOL for freehand selection of a region
MAGIC WAND TOOL selects objects or regions in the image defined by proximity of color
or luminance.
 LAYERS which are analogous to sheets of transparent acetate, stacked on top of each other, each
capable of being individually positioned, altered and blended with the layers below, w/o affecting
any of the elements on the other layers.
IMAGE SIZE - resize images in a process often called image scaling, making them larger, or smaller.
High image resolution cameras can produce large images which are often reduced in size for Internet
use.
CROPPING creates a new image by selecting a desired rectangular portion from the image being
cropped. The unwanted part of the image is discarded. Image cropping does not reduce the resolution
of the area cropped.
CLONING uses the current brush to copy from an image or pattern. It has many uses: one of the
most important is to repair problem areas in digital photos.
IMAGE ORIENTATION – Image editors are capable of altering an image to be rotated in any
direction and to any degree. Mirror images can be created and images can be horizontally flipped or
vertically flopped. Rotated image usually requires cropping afterwards, in order to remove the
resulting gaps at the image edges.
PERSPECTIVE – is the art of drawing solid objects on a two- dimensional surface so as to give the
right impression of their height, width, depth and position in relation to each other when viewed from
a particular point.
SHARPENING AND SOFTENING– Sharpening makes images clearer. Too much sharpening
causes grains on the surface of the image. Softening makes images softer that removes some of the
highly visible flaws. Too much causes the image to blur.
SATURATION- is an expression for the relative bandwidth of the visible output from a light source.
As saturation increase, colors appear more “pure.’’ As saturation decreases, colors appear more ‘’
washed-out.’’
CONTRAST AND BRIGHTENING
Contrast of images and brighten or darken the image. Underexposed images can be often be improved
by using this feature. Brightening lightens the image so the photo brightens up. Brightness is a relative

expression of the intensity of the energy output of a visible light source. Adjusting contrast means

adjusting brightness because they work together to make a better image.

PHOTO MANIPULATION
Photo manipulation involves transforming or altering a photograph using various methods and
techniques to achieve desired results. Some photo manipulations are considered skillful artwork while
others are frowned upon as unethical practices, especially when used to deceive the public, such as hat
used for political propaganda, or to make a product or person look better.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PHOTO EDITOR AND PHOTO MANIPULATION

PHOTO EDITING – signifies the regular process used to enhance photos and to create them
‘’Actual editing simple process’’. Also includes some of the regular programs used for editing and
expose how to use them.
PHOTO MANIPULATION – includes all simple editing techniques and have some manipulation
techniques like erasing, adding objects, adding some graphical effects, background correction,
creating incredible effect, change elements in an image, adding styles, eliminating blemishes from a
person’s face and changing the features of a person’s body.