Roll No.: R023 Name: S.

SHWETHA IYER
Program : MBA TECH AI Division: B
Batch:B Date of Experiment: 03-01-2024
Date of Submission: 2rd January 2024 Grade :

Blockchain Technology Lab: Understanding Types of Blockchains

Objective:
The objective of this lab is to provide participants with hands-on experience and a deeper
understanding of different types of blockchains, including public permissionless, private
permissionless, public permissioned, and private permissioned blockchains.
Materials:
● Computers or laptops with internet access
● Ethereum Remix (for public permissionless blockchain)
● Hyperledger Fabric (for private permissioned blockchain)
● Ganache (for private permissionless blockchain)
● Access to public blockchain explorers (e.g., Etherscan for Ethereum)
Duration: 2 hours
Lab Outline:
● Divide yourself into groups of 3 and set up blockchain environment
(Ethereum Remix for public permissionless, Hyperledger Fabric for
private permissioned, Ganache for private permissionless).
Public Permissionless Blockchain :
● Activity 1: Creating a Smart Contract
● Use Ethereum Remix to create a simple smart contract (e.g., a basic
token contract).
● Activity 2: Interacting with Smart Contract
● Use tools like Ganache to interact with the deployed smart contract. ●
Explore transactions on a public blockchain explorer (e.g., Etherscan). Private
Permissionless Blockchain:
● Activity 1: Setting Up Ganache

● Install Ganache and set up a private Ethereum blockchain.

 ● Create a few accounts with test Ether.

● Activity 2: Deploying and Interacting with Smart Contract

● Use Remix or Truffle to deploy a smart contract on the private blockchain.
● Interact with the smart contract
Public Permissioned Blockchain:
● Activity 1: Understanding Permissioned Chains
● Discuss the concept of public permissioned blockchains.
● Explore examples like Hyperledger
Besu. Private Permissioned Blockchain:

● Activity 1: Setting Up Hyperledger Fabric

● Install Hyperledger Fabric and set up a basic network.
 ● Create a simple smart contract (chaincode) and deploy it on the private network.
●
Q&A:
● Discuss the advantages, disadvantages, and use cases for each type of blockchain.

Type Advantages Disadvantages Use cases

Public (i) Decentralized: Anyone can join (i) Scalability: As (i)Cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin,
and participate, enhancing user base grows, Ethereum)
Permissionless
transparency and censorship transaction speed
Blockchain resistance. and confirmation
times can (ii) Supply Chain
(ii) High Security: Cryptography decrease. Management
and distributed ledger technology Energy
make it resilient to attacks. (iii) Decentralized Finance
(ii) Consumption: (DeFi)
(iii) Immutable: Data cannot be Proof-of-Work
altered once recorded, ensuring consensus (iv) Voting Systems
data integrity mechanisms
 typically require
and high energy.

(iii) Anonymity:
While transactions
are
pseudonymous,
identifying
individuals from
wallet addresses is
possible.

Public (i) Faster Transactions: Controlled (i) Decentralized: (i) Identity Management
Permissioned user base allows for optimised Limited
Blockchain consensus mechanisms (e.g., participation (ii) Healthcare Data Sharing
Proof-of-Authority). introduces
centralization (iii) Government Services
(ii) Enhanced Privacy: points.
Permissions can restrict access to (iv) Enterprise Applications
sensitive data within the network. (ii) Potentially
Less Secure: A
(iii) Scalability: Can handle more smaller set of
transactions without sacrificing nodes can be more
speed. vulnerable to
coordinated
attacks.

(iii) Less
Transparent:
Closed nature
reduces public
visibility of
transactions.

Private (i) High Scalability: Optimized for (i) Centralized (i) Consortium Blockchains
Permissionless fast transaction processing within Control: Single for banks or trade finance
Blockchain a closed network. entity or
consortium sets (ii) Supply Chain
(ii) Improved Efficiency: No rules and manages Management within specific
public network maintenance costs. the network. industries

(iii) Customizable Permissions: (ii) Reduced (iii) Internal Business

Fine-grained control over data Transparency: Processes in large
access and user roles. Lack of public organizations
visibility raises
concerns about
trust and
accountability.

(iii) Potential Bias:

Rules set by the
 governing body
can favor specific
participants.

Private (i) Highly Secure: Controlled user (i) Least (i) Private Supply Chain
base and restricted access Decentralized:
Permissioned
minimize attack surfaces. Centralized (ii)Management for sensitive
Blockchain control reduces the goods
(ii) Scalable and Efficient: benefits of
Optimized for specific use cases blockchain (iii) Internal Asset Tracking
within a closed network. technology. and Management

(iii) Enhanced Privacy: (ii) Limited (iv) Hyperledger Fabric for

Confidential data remains Transparency: private business networks
protected within the permitted Lack of public
group. visibility makes
auditing and
verification
challenging.

(iii) Potential Bias:

The governing
body's influence
creates the
possibility of
unfair advantages.

● Evaluate the following scenarios:

○ Supply Chain Transparency (e.g., VeChain):
■ Verifying the authenticity and traceability of products.

1. Type of Blockchain:
Public Permissionless Blockchain

2. Rationale:
The nature of supply chain transparency, where multiple stakeholders (manufacturers, distributors,
retailers, and consumers) need to verify the authenticity of products, benefits from a decentralized and
open network. A public permissionless blockchain allows for transparency, accountability, and a wide
range of participants without requiring explicit permission.
3. Network Participants:

❖ Manufacturers
❖ Distributors
❖ Retailers
❖ Consumers

4. Setting up the Blockchain:

❖ Nodes are set up for all participants, allowing them to join the network and participate in the
validation process.
❖ A consensus mechanism such as Proof of Work or Proof of Stake ensures decentralized
validation of transactions.
❖ The blockchain protocol chosen, such as Ethereum, provides the necessary infrastructure for
decentralized applications and smart contracts.

5. Data Encryption and Security:

❖ Cryptographic techniques are employed for securing product information, ensuring that the data
on the blockchain is tamper-proof.
❖ Public-private key encryption enhances data integrity and protects against unauthorized access.
❖ An immutable ledger guarantees the permanence of records, preventing fraudulent activities.

6. Key Features and Considerations:

❖ Public accessibility for anyone to validate and record transactions, fostering trust.
❖ Smart contracts for automating product verification processes and quality control checks.
❖ Transparency in the product lifecycle, allowing stakeholders to trace products from
manufacturing to delivery.

7. Additional Considerations:

❖ Integration with IoT devices for real-time tracking and monitoring of physical products.
❖ Regular audits and certifications to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the information stored
on the blockchain.
8. Potential Benefits:

❖ Enhanced trust and reduced counterfeiting in the supply chain.

❖ Improved visibility into the origin and journey of products.
 ❖ Streamlined and automated quality control processes.

○ Supply Chain Collaboration (e.g., IBM Food Trust):

■ Transparency and collaboration among supply chain partners.

1. Blockchain Type:
Private Permissioned Blockchain
2. Rationale:
A private permissioned blockchain is suitable as it offers controlled access, ensuring only authorized
participants can contribute and view the shared data.

3. Network Participants:

❖ Trusted supply chain partners

❖ Manufacturers
❖ Distributors
❖ Retailers

4. Setting up the Blockchain:

❖ An invitation and authorization process is implemented for participants to join the private
network.
❖ The consortium governance structure is established to define roles, responsibilities, and
decision-making processes.
❖ Role-based access controls are enforced to manage permissions within the network.

5. Data Encryption and Security:

❖ Private transactions and confidential data sharing mechanisms are implemented to protect
sensitive information.
❖ Encrypted channels ensure secure communication between the authorized participants.
❖ Robust key management practices are employed to safeguard access credentials.

6. Key Features and Considerations:

❖ Controlled access ensures that only trusted participants can view and contribute to the shared
 information.
❖ Smart contracts are utilized for automated agreements related to supply chain events, enhancing
efficiency and transparency.
❖ Compliance checks and certifications can be integrated into the blockchain to ensure adherence
to industry standards.

7. Additional Considerations:

❖ Regular audits and monitoring to ensure compliance with privacy and security standards.
❖ Integration with existing supply chain systems to streamline data flow and collaboration.

8. Potential Benefits:

❖ Improved trust and collaboration among supply chain partners.

❖ Increased efficiency in supply chain processes through automation and transparency.
❖ Enhanced security and confidentiality of sensitive supply chain information.

○ Public Health Records (e.g., MedBlock):

■ Securing and sharing public health records with authorized entities.

1. Type of Blockchain:
Public Permissioned Blockchain

2. Rationale:
Public health records involve sensitive information that requires secure management and sharing
with authorized entities. A public permissioned blockchain strikes a balance between openness and
controlled access. It allows the public to verify transactions for transparency, while permissioned
access ensures that only authorized healthcare providers and relevant entities can access patients'
health records.

3. Network Participants:

❖ Patients
❖ Healthcare Providers
❖ Regulatory Bodies

4. Data Encryption and Security:

❖ Patient data is encrypted using advanced cryptographic techniques to ensure confidentiality.
❖ Access controls are implemented to protect against unauthorized access, limiting data
visibility to authorized entities.
❖ Blockchain-based identity management enhances security in patient authentication.

5. Smart Contracts for Consent Management:

❖ Smart contracts are deployed to manage patient consent for data sharing.
❖ Patients can specify access permissions for healthcare providers and other authorized entities.
❖ Access to patient data is automatically granted or denied based on the terms defined in the smart
contracts.

6. Patient Data Management:

❖ Relevant data such as diagnoses, treatments, and prescriptions are recorded on the blockchain.
❖ The blockchain ensures a comprehensive and immutable medical history for each patient.

7. Interoperability and Data Exchange:

❖ The blockchain facilitates interoperability among different healthcare providers and organizations.
❖ It acts as a decentralized and standardized platform for exchanging patient information seamlessly,
reducing redundancy and improving collaboration.

8. Insurance Claims Processing:

❖ Insurance claims and billing information are recorded on the blockchain.

❖ Smart contracts automate claims processing, ensuring quicker and more accurate settlements
between healthcare providers and insurance companies.

9. Research and Development Collaboration:

❖ Collaboration on medical research is securely facilitated using the blockchain.

❖ Research findings, clinical trial data, and drug development progress are recorded and shared
transparently.

10. Auditing and Compliance:

❖ The blockchain's immutable nature ensures traceability and auditability of all transactions and
changes to patient data.
❖ Healthcare regulators can easily verify compliance with data protection laws and healthcare
standards.

11. Key Features and Considerations:

❖ Granular control over patient data access through smart contracts.

❖ Transparency in healthcare processes while ensuring privacy and security.
❖ Seamless interoperability for efficient data exchange among authorized entities.

12. Additional Considerations:

❖ Integration with existing healthcare systems to ensure a smooth transition to blockchain-based

records.
❖ Regular updates and compliance checks to adhere to evolving healthcare regulations.

13. Potential Benefits:

❖ Enhanced data security, transparency, and patient privacy.

❖ Efficient and standardized data exchange among healthcare stakeholders.
❖ Improved collaboration and research capabilities in the healthcare ecosystem.

○ Pharmaceutical Clinical Trials (e.g., Pfizer Blockchain):

■ Managing and securing clinical trial data within a pharmaceutical consortium

1. Type of Blockchain:
Private Permissioned Blockchain

2. Rationale:
Pharmaceutical clinical trials involve highly sensitive and proprietary data. A private permissioned
blockchain is appropriate to ensure that access is restricted to authorized participants within the
pharmaceutical consortium. This approach maintains confidentiality, control, and compliance with
industry regulations.

3. Network Participants:

❖ Pharmaceutical Companies
❖ Research Institutions
❖ Regulatory Authorities

4. Data Encryption and Security:

❖ Robust encryption protocols are implemented to secure clinical trial data.

❖ Access controls and restricted permissions ensure that only authorized consortium members can
view and contribute to the data.
❖ Compliance with data protection regulations is a priority in data security measures.

5. Smart Contracts for Consent Management:

❖ Smart contracts may be utilized to manage and enforce consent agreements related to data sharing
within the consortium.
❖ Patients' consent for participating in clinical trials can be recorded and managed through smart
contracts.

6. Patient Data Management:

❖ Patient data related to clinical trials is securely managed on the blockchain, ensuring immutability
and integrity.
❖ The blockchain serves as a comprehensive and auditable record of trial-related information.

7. Interoperability and Data Exchange:

❖ Interoperability may be limited to the consortium members to ensure secure and controlled data
exchange.
❖ The blockchain acts as a standardized platform for transparent data sharing within the
pharmaceutical consortium.

8. Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Transparency:

❖ Transparency may extend to tracking and recording the progress of drugs through the clinical trial
phases.

9. Research and Development Collaboration:

❖ Secure collaboration among pharmaceutical companies and research institutions is facilitated

through the blockchain.
❖ Research findings, clinical trial data, and drug development progress are recorded and shared
transparently.

10. Auditing and Compliance:

❖ The blockchain's immutable nature ensures traceability and auditability of all transactions and
changes to clinical trial data.
❖ Regulatory compliance is easily verifiable through the transparent and auditable blockchain
records.

11. Key Features and Considerations:

❖ Restricted access and permissions for confidential clinical trial data.

❖ Use of smart contracts for managing consent and ensuring compliance.
❖ Comprehensive data management for maintaining the integrity of clinical trial records.

12. Additional Considerations:

❖ Integration with existing clinical trial management systems for a seamless transition.
❖ Regular audits to ensure compliance with industry regulations and standards.

13. Potential Benefits:

❖ Enhanced data security and confidentiality in managing clinical trial information.

❖ Streamlined collaboration and transparency among consortium members.
❖ Efficient and auditable processes for regulatory compliance in pharmaceutical clinical trials.
Conclusion:

(i) We delved into a thorough understanding of different types of blockchains, including public
permissionless, private permissionless, public permissioned, and private permissioned blockchains along
with their practical applications.
(ii) We also explored Ethereum Remix, Ganache, and Hyperledger Fabric.
(iii) Working with Ethereum Remix allowed us to experience the openness and decentralization of public
permissionless blockchains.
(iv) Platforms like Ganache demonstrated the controlled access characteristic of private permissionless
blockchains.
(v) The deployment of smart contracts on Hyperledger Fabric provided hands-on experience with private
permissioned blockchains, emphasizing their suitability for scenarios requiring heightened privacy and
confidentiality.
 Sample evaluation of scenario:
Scenario: Healthcare Data Management with Private Permissionless Blockchain
In this scenario, we'll explore how a private permissionless blockchain can be applied to
enhance healthcare data management, ensuring secure, transparent, and interoperable sharing
of patient information among various stakeholders.
Network Participants:
● Healthcare Providers (A): Hospitals, clinics, and healthcare professionals.
● Health Insurance Companies (B): Entities providing health insurance
coverage.
● Pharmaceutical Companies (C): Organizations involved in the production and
distribution of pharmaceuticals.
● Patients (D): Individuals seeking healthcare
services. Setting Up the Private Permissionless Blockchain:
● Each participant (Healthcare Providers, Insurance Companies, Pharmaceutical
Companies, and Patients) has a node in the network and is granted specific
permissions for data access.
Data Encryption and Security:
● Patient health records and sensitive data are encrypted before being stored on
the blockchain.
● Access controls and encryption mechanisms are implemented to ensure that
only authorized participants can view specific information.
Smart Contracts for Consent Management:
● Smart contracts are deployed to manage patient consent for data sharing.
Patients can specify which healthcare providers, insurance companies, or other
entities have permission to access their medical history.
● Access to patient data is automatically granted or denied based on the terms
defined in the smart contracts.
Patient Data Management:
● When a patient receives medical services, relevant data, such as diagnosis,
treatments, and prescriptions, are recorded on the blockchain. This creates a
comprehensive and immutable medical history for each patient.
Interoperability and Data Exchange:
 ● The blockchain facilitates interoperability among different healthcare
providers and organizations. It acts as a decentralized and standardized
platform for exchanging patient information seamlessly, reducing redundancy
and improving collaboration.
Insurance Claims Processing:
● Insurance claims and billing information are recorded on the blockchain when
healthcare services are provided. Smart contracts automate the claims
processing, ensuring quicker and more accurate settlements between
healthcare providers and insurance companies.
Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Transparency:
● Pharmaceutical companies (C) leverage the blockchain to enhance
transparency in the drug supply chain. Each step, from manufacturing to
distribution, is recorded, enabling quick identification of the origin and
journey of pharmaceutical products.
Research and Development Collaboration:
● Pharmaceutical companies and research institutions can securely collaborate
on medical research using the blockchain. Research findings, clinical trial
data, and drug development progress are recorded and shared transparently.
Auditing and Compliance:
● The blockchain's immutable nature ensures that all transactions and changes to
patient data are traceable and auditable.
● Healthcare regulators can easily verify compliance with data protection laws
and healthcare standards by examining the blockchain records.
By implementing a private permissionless blockchain in this healthcare data management
scenario, the participants can enhance data security, interoperability, and transparency while
empowering patients with control over their health information. The blockchain acts as a
secure and reliable foundation for a more efficient and collaborative healthcare ecosystem.