Introduction to

Statistics
La Salle College Antipolo
Learning Targets
■ Define statistics ■ Continuous and Discrete
■ Differentiate types of Variables
statistics. ■ Identify four levels of
■ Define the basic terms in measurement
statistics ■ Give examples for each level
■ Population and Sample of measurement
■ Parameters and Statistic ■ Differentiate four levels of
■ Data and Variable measurement
■ Qualitative and Quantitative
Variables
Statistics
■ Is the science of planning studies and
experiments, obtaining data, and then
organizing, summarizing, presenting,
analyzing, interpreting, and drawing
conclusions based on the data.
✓ Descriptive Statistics

✓ Inferential Statistics
Population
■ A complete collection, or set, of
individuals or objects or events whose
properties are to be analyzed.
■ Consist of all subject that are being
studied.
Sample
■ A sub collection of members selected from
a population
■ is a group of subject selected from a
population
Population VS. Sample
Population VS. Sample
■ Give examples of population and sample
Let’s Try 1:
Identify the population and sample
■ A survey of 1353 Filipino households found
that 18% of the households own a
computer.
■ A recent survey by the alumni of a major
university indicated that the average salary
of 10,000 of its 300,000 graduates was
125,000.
Parameter
▸ A numerical value summarizing all the
data of an entire population.
Statistic
▸ A numerical value summarizing the
sample data
Parameter VS. Statistic
Parameters Statistics
Population Sample Mean
Mean (µ) (x bar)
Population Sample
Variance (𝝈𝟐 ) Variance (𝒔𝟐 )
Population Sample
Standard Standard
Deviation (𝝈) Deviation (𝒔)
Statistics
■ Is the science of planning studies and
experiments, obtaining data, and then
organizing, summarizing, presenting,
analyzing, interpreting, and drawing
conclusions based on the data.
✓ Descriptive Statistics

✓ Inferential Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
■ Descriptive statistics are brief
informational coefficients that
summarize a given data set, which can
be either a representation of the
entire population or a sample of a
population.
Descriptive Statistics
■ Descriptive statistics are broken down
into measures of central tendency and
measures of variability (spread).
Inferential Statistics
■ Inferential statistics are tools that
statisticians use to draw conclusions about
the characteristics of a population, drawn
from the characteristics of a sample, and
to determine how certain they can be of
the reliability of those conclusions.
Inferential Statistics
■ Inferential statistics are used to make
generalizations about large groups, such as
estimating average demand for a product
by surveying a sample of consumers'
buying habits or attempting to predict
future events.
Descriptive vs. Inferential
Descriptive
■ A bowler wants to find his bowling average for
the past 12 months
Inferential
■ A bowler wants to estimate his chance of
winning a game based on his current season
averages and the average of his opponents
Descriptive vs. Inferential
Descriptive
■ A housewife wants to determine the average
weekly amount she spent on groceries in the past
3 months
Inferential
■ A housewife would like to predict based on last
year’s grocery bills, the average weekly amount
she will spend on groceries for this year.
Descriptive vs. Inferential
Descriptive
■ A politician wants to know the exact number of
votes he receives in the last election.
Inferential
■ A politician would like to estimate based on
opinion polls, his chance for winning in the
upcoming election.
Let’s Try 2: Descriptive or Inferential
A recent study examined the math and verbal SAT scores of
high school seniors across the country. Which of the following
statements are descriptive in nature and which are inferential.
1. The mean math SAT score was 492.
2. 80% of all students taking the exam will continue for
college.
3. 32% of the students scored above 610 on the verbal SAT.
4. The mean verbal SAT score was 475.
5. The math SAT scores are higher than they were 10 years
ago.
Data
■ The value of the variable (such as
measurements, genders, survey responses)
associated with one element of a
population or sample. This value may be a
number or a word.
Variable
■ Is any characteristics, number, or quantity
that can be measured or counted about
each individual element of a population or
sample
Variable
■ Is a characteristic or attribute that can assume different
values
✓ Age

✓ Gender

✓ Business income and expenses

✓ Capital expenditure

✓ Class grades

✓ Eye color

✓ Vehicle
Data and Variable
2 Types of Variables
Qualitative Variable
■ Are variables that have distinct categories according to
some characteristic or attribute.
■ If the subject of the research is classified according to
gender (male or female), then the variable is qualitative.
Other examples are religious preference and geographic
locations.
2 Types of Variables
Quantitative Variable
■ Also known as numerical variable
■ Are variables that can be counted or measured
■ If the subject of the research is classified according to age,
then the variable is numerical, and people can ranked in order
according to the value of their ages. Other example of
quantitative variables are heights, weights and body
temperature.
➢ Discrete variables
➢ Continuous variables
Qualitative VS Quantitative
Let’s Try 3:
Qualitative or Quantitative variables
1. The temperature in Antipolo, Rizal at 12:00 pm on any
given day.
2. The brand of automobile driven by each faculty member.
3. Whether or not a 6-volt lantern battery is defective.
4. The weight of a lead pencil.
5. The length of time billed for a long-distance telephone call.
6. The brand of cereal children eat for breakfast.
7. The type of book taken out of the library by a student.
2 Types of Variables
Quantitative Variable
■ Also known as numerical variable
■ Are variables that can be counted or measured
■ If the subject of the research is classified according to age,
then the variable is numerical, and people can ranked in order
according to the value of their ages. Other example of
quantitative variables are heights, weights and body
temperature.
➢ Discrete variables
➢ Continuous variables
2 Types of Quantitative Variables
Discrete variables
■ Assume values that can be counted
■ Exact numbers
➢ number of children in a family
➢ number of students in a classroom
➢ number of calls received by a call center each day of
the month
2 Types of Quantitative Variables
Continuous variables
■ can assume an infinite number of values between any two
specific values. They are obtained by measuring. They often
include fractions and decimals
➢ Temperature
➢ Height
➢ Weight
Discrete vs. Continuous
Discrete Variable
■ Exact
■ Countable
Continuous Variable
■ Numbers between numbers
■ Measurable
Let’s Try 4:
Discrete or Continuous
1. The number of defective computers produced by a
manufacturer.
2. The weight of newborns each year in the hospital.
3. The number of siblings in a family of a region.
4. The amount of paint utilized in a building project.
5. The speed of a car.
 Population
Descriptive - Parameter

Statistics Data
Sample
Inferential - Statistic

Data Discrete
Quantitative
Variables Continuous
Qualitative
4 Levels of Measurements
■ Nominal
■ Ordinal
■ Interval
■ Ratio
Nominal
■ Characterized by data that consist of names, labels, or
categories only
■ The data cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme
■ Calculations done on these variables will be futile as
there is no numerical value of the options
➢ A sample of teachers classified according to subject taught.
➢ Classifying residents according to zip code
➢ Political Party (Democratic, Republican, Independent, etc)
➢ Religion (Christianity, Judaism, Islam, etc)
➢ Martial Status (single, married, widowed, separated)
Ordinal
■ If they can be arranged in some order, but differences
(obtained by subtraction) between data values either
cannot be determined or are meaningless
■ Origin of this scale is absent due to which there is no
fixed start or “true zero”
■ Classifies data into categories that can be ranked
however, precise difference between the ranks do not
exist
Ordinal
➢ Guest speaker might be ranked as superior,
average or poor
➢ Floats in a parade might be ranked as First,
Second and Third Place
➢ Size of Shirt (S, M, L, XL)
Interval
■ Like the ordinal level, with the additional property that
the difference between any two data values is
meaningful
■ Interval’ indicates ‘distance between two entities’, which
is what Interval scale helps in achieving
■ The only drawback of this scale is that there is no pre-
decided starting point or a true zero value (arbitrary
zero).
■ Ranks data, and precise differences between units of
measure do exist however, there is no meaningful zero
Interval
➢ IQ Test do not measure people who have no
intelligence but there is a meaningful
difference between IQ scores
➢ Temperature 0°F does not mean no heat at
all
Ratio
■ Is the interval level with the additional property that there
is also a natural zero starting point (where zero indicates
that none of the quantity is present)
■ Differences and ratios are both meaningful
■ Because of the existence of true zero value, the ratio scale
doesn’t have negative values.
➢ Height
➢ Weight
➢ Time
➢ Salary
➢ Age
 4 Levels of Measurements
Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio
the data can only the data can be the data can be the data can be
be categorized categorized and categorized, categorized,
ranked ranked, and evenly ranked, evenly
spaced spaced, and has a
natural zero.
✓ City of birth
✓ Gender ✓ Top 5 Olympic ✓ Test scores (e.g., ✓ Height
✓ Ethnicity medallists IQ or exams) ✓ Age
✓ Car brands ✓ Language ability ✓ Personality ✓ Weight
✓ Marital status (e.g., beginner, inventories ✓ Temperature in
intermediate, ✓ Temperature in Kelvin
fluent) Fahrenheit or
✓ Likert-type Celsius
questions (e.g.,
very dissatisfied to
very satisfied)
4 Levels of Measurements
Let’s Try 5:
Identify the following as nominal level,
ordinal level, interval level or ratio
level data.
1. Flavors of frozen yogurt
2. Amount of money in savings account
3. Students classified by their reading ability: AA A
BA
4. Letter grades on Homeroom grades
Let’s Try 5:
Identify the following as nominal level,
ordinal level, interval level or ratio
level data.
5. Commuting time to work
6. Ice cream flavor preference
7. Years of important historical events
8. Instruction classified as: Easy, Difficult or
Impossible
Learning Targets
➢ Define statistics ➢ Continuous and Discrete
➢ Differentiate types of Variables
statistics. ➢ Identify four levels of
➢ Define the basic terms in measurement
statistics ➢ Give examples for each level
➢ Population and Sample of measurement
➢ Parameters and Statistic ➢ Differentiate four levels of
➢ Data and Variable measurement
➢ Qualitative and Quantitative
Variables