Application of Residue Theorem to Evaluate Real

Integrals
Unit II Part VIII (Function of a Complex Variable)

Dr.Rachana Pathak
Assistant Professor
Department of Applied Science and Humanities,
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Lucknow

September 2020

Dr.Rachana Pathak Assistant Professor Department of Applied Science

Application
and Humanities,
of Residue Faculty
Theoremofto
Engineering
Evaluate Real
and Integrals
Technology,
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Dr.Rachana Pathak Assistant Professor Department of Applied Science

Application
and Humanities,
of Residue Faculty
Theoremofto
Engineering
Evaluate Real
and Integrals
Technology,
 R2π
Type I:Integrals of the Type F (cosθ, sinθ) dθ, where F (cosθ, sinθ)
0
is a rational function ofcosθ and sinθ.
Such integrals can be reduced to complex line integrals by the substitution
z = e iθ ,so
dz = ie iθ dθ, i.e., dθ = dz iz
iθ −iθ
Also, cosθ = e +e 1
z + z1


2 = 2

iθ −iθ
sinθ = e −e 2i = 2i1 z − z1
As θ various from 0 to 2π, z moves once round the unit circle in the
anti-clockwise direction.
R2π H  −1 −1

F (cosθ, sinθ) dθ = c F z+z2 , z−z 2i
dz
iz
0
where C is the unit circle |z| = 1.
The integral on the right can be evaluated by using the residue theorem.

Dr.Rachana Pathak Assistant Professor Department of Applied Science

Application
and Humanities,
of Residue Faculty
Theoremofto
Engineering
Evaluate Real
and Integrals
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Example
R2π cos2θ
Using complex integration method,evaluate 5+4cosθ dθ.
0
R2π 2iθ
Solution. Let I =Real part of 5+2 eeiθ +e −iθ dθ
0
( )
z2 z2
=Real part of C 5+2 z+ 1 iz =Real part of 1i C 2z 2 +5z+2
dz
H
H
dz
( z)
Singularities are given by 2z 2 + 5z + 2 = 0, z = − 12 , −2 z = − 21 is the
only pole which lies inside the
1

unit circle C = |z| = 1
Residue of f (z) at z = − 2 is
z2
R = limitz→− 1 z + 12 . i(2z+1)(z+2) 1


= 12i
2
Hence
H by Cauchy’s Residue
Theorem,
I = c f (z) dz = 2πi 12i = π6 .
1

Dr.Rachana Pathak Assistant Professor Department of Applied Science

Application
and Humanities,
of Residue Faculty
Theoremofto
Engineering
Evaluate Real
and Integrals
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 R∞ f (x)
Type II:Integrals of the Type F (x) dx, where f (x) and F (x) are
−∞
xf (x)
Polynomials in x such that F (x) → 0 as x → ∞ and F (x) has no
zeros on the Real axis.
Procedure
1 Consider the contour consisting of a large semi-circle with centre at
the origin , in the upper half of the plane and its diameter on the real
axis.
2 See whether the degree polynomial in the numerator is greater than
the degree of denominator at least by two so that zf (z) → 0 as
|z| → 0.
3 Find the poles of f (z) lying in the upper half of the plane.
4 Find the residues at the poles.
R∞
5 Then f (x) dx = 2πi( sum of residues)
−∞

Dr.Rachana Pathak Assistant Professor Department of Applied Science

Application
and Humanities,
of Residue Faculty
Theoremofto
Engineering
Evaluate Real
and Integrals
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Example
R∞ x 2 +x+2
Evaluate x 4 +10x 2 +9
dx using contour integration.
−∞
Solution:
1 Consider the contour consisting of a large semi-circle with centre at
the origin, in the upper half of the plane and its diameter on the real
axis.
z 3 +z 2 +2z
2 Now,zf (z) = z 4 +10z 2 +9
→ 0 as |z| → ∞
Further z 4 + 10z 2 + 9 = 0 i.e. z 2 + 1 z 2



3 + 9 = 0 gives
z = +i, −i, +3i, −3i. The poles lying in the upper half are z = i, 3i
(z−i)(z 2 +z+2)
4 Residue (at z = i )= limz→i (z−i)(z+i)(z 2 +9) = 1+i
16i
(z−3i)(z 2 +z+2)
Residue (at z = 3i )= limz→3i (z 2 +1)(z−3i)(z+3i) = 7−3i
48i
R∞ x 2 +x+2
 1+i 7−3i
 5π
5
x 4 +10x 2 +9
dx = 2πi 16i + 48i = 12 .
−∞

Dr.Rachana Pathak Assistant Professor Department of Applied Science

Application
and Humanities,
of Residue Faculty
Theoremofto
Engineering
Evaluate Real
and Integrals
Technology,
 R∞ f (x)
Type III:Integrals of the Type F (x) dx, where F (x) has zeros on
−∞
the real axis.
R∞
Evaluate sinxx dx
0
e iz
R R
Solution: Consider c z dz = c f (z) dz where is the contour consisting of

1 the real axis from r to R where r is small and R is large.

2 the upper half of the large semi circle C1 , |z| = R
3 the real axis from -R to -r
4 the upper half of the small semi circle C2 , |z| = r

Dr.Rachana Pathak Assistant Professor Department of Applied Science

Application
and Humanities,
of Residue Faculty
Theoremofto
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Evaluate Real
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cont..
Since there is no singularity within the contour C,by Cauchy’s Theorem,we
have
R RR R −r
R R
c f (z) dz = f (x) dx + C1 f (z) dz + f (x) dx + C2 f (z) = 0.....(1)
r R −R
by Jordan’s lemma C1 f (z) dz = 0

Dr.Rachana Pathak Assistant Professor Department of Applied Science

Application
and Humanities,
of Residue Faculty
Theoremofto
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Evaluate Real
and Integrals
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cont..
Putting z = re iθ and dz = rie iθ dθ, we get c2 f (z) dz = −πi
R

Hence as r → 0 and R → ∞, we get from (1),

R∞ R0
f (x) dx + f (x) dx + (−πi) = 0
0 −∞
R∞
f (x) dx = πi
−∞
R∞ e ix
x dx = πi
−∞
Equating imaginary parts on both sides.
R∞ sinx
x dx = π
−∞
R∞ sinx
x dx = π2 .
0

Dr.Rachana Pathak Assistant Professor Department of Applied Science

Application
and Humanities,
of Residue Faculty
Theoremofto
Engineering
Evaluate Real
and Integrals
Technology,
 Reference

A text book of Engineering Mathematics, Vol-III, N.P.Bali, Manish

Goel University Science Press.
Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Fifth Edition, R.K.Jain, S.R.K.
Iyenga, Narosa Publication House.
Higher Engineering Mathematics,B.S.Grewal,Khanna Publishers.
Higher Engineering Mathematics,B.V.Ramana, McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company Limited.
Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Tenth Edition, Erwin Ereyrzig
Wily Publishing.
Engineering Mathematics, Vol.III and Vol. IV, C.B Gupta, S.R.Singh,
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited.

Dr.Rachana Pathak Assistant Professor Department of Applied Science

Application
and Humanities,
of Residue Faculty
Theoremofto
Engineering
Evaluate Real
and Integrals
Technology,
 Thank you

Dr.Rachana Pathak Assistant Professor Department of Applied Science

Application
and Humanities,
of Residue Faculty
Theoremofto
Engineering
Evaluate Real
and Integrals
Technology,