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Applications of Complex Analysis in Various Fields

This document discusses the applications of complex analysis in various fields. It describes how complex analysis is used in signal processing, alternating current circuit analysis, quantum mechanics, contour integration, and generating functions. Complex analysis allows the study of complex systems and is essential in many areas of science and technology.

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Sowjanya
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281 views

Applications of Complex Analysis in Various Fields

This document discusses the applications of complex analysis in various fields. It describes how complex analysis is used in signal processing, alternating current circuit analysis, quantum mechanics, contour integration, and generating functions. Complex analysis allows the study of complex systems and is essential in many areas of science and technology.

Uploaded by

Sowjanya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

APPLICATIONS OF COMPLEX
ANALYSIS IN VARIOUS FIELDS

INTRODUCTION:
Complex analysis is a branch of mathematics which deals with complex numbers, their
functions, and their calculus. This branch of mathematics allows us to study complex
systems and understand their behavior, which is essential in many areas of science and
technology. In simple terms, complex analysis is an extension of the calculus of real
numbers to the complex domain. Complex analysis is a potent tool with an abruptly
immense number of practical applications to solve physical problems. A complex number
z has a real part and an imaginary part. That is , a complex number can be written as
z=a+ib , where a is real part and b is imaginary part. Complex analysis is applied in many
fields like aerospace engineering, biomedical sciences, brain mapping, in literature etc.
Some of the applications have been discussed below.
APPLICATIONS:
1. Signal Processing
In some of the signal processing it is convenient to represent a signal as a complex
valued function of an independent variable. complex representation of signals is very
useful as it provides a simple interpretation and realization of complicated processing
tasks, such as modulation, sampling or quantization. It should be remembered that a
complex number could be expressed in rectangular, polar and exponential forms:
𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = 𝐴(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛳 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛳 ) = 𝐴𝑒 𝑖𝜭
The third notation of the complex number in the above equation is referred to as complex
exponential and is obtained after Euler’s relation is applied. The exponential form of
complex numbers is at the core of complex DSP and enables magnitude A and phase θ
components to be easily derived. Complex numbers offer a compact representation of the
most often-used waveforms in signal processing – sine and cosine waves (Proakis &
Manolakis, 2006). The complex number representation of sinusoids is an elegant
technique in signal and circuit analysis and synthesis, applicable when the rules of
complex math techniques coincide with those of sine and cosine functions. Sinusoids are
represented by complex numbers; these are then processed mathematically and the
resulting complex numbers correspond to sinusoids, which match the way sine and cosine
waves would perform if they were manipulated individually. The complex representation
technique is possible only for sine and cosine waves of the same frequency, manipulated
mathematically by linear systems.

2. Alternating Current Circuit Analysis:


Complex numbers are also utilized in calculations of current, voltage or
resistance in AC circuits (AC stands for Alternating Current, which is a current that
changes magnitude and direction over time). A common application of complex numbers
(more specifically, Euler’s formula) is to compute the potential difference across two AC
power supplies with respect to time. Furthermore, complex numbers are also used to
express the magnitude and phase of impedance in an AC circuit. Impedance is very
similar to resistance - it slows down the electrons in the circuit. The distinction is that
impedance causes a phase shift on the electrical current, while resistance does not.
Impedance takes place in common electrical components such as inductors and
capacitors, and so having a complex number representation is crucial. In general,
complex numbers serve as a representation of phase, which is essential to analyzing AC
circuits.
3. Quantum Mechanics:
Quantum Mechanics is a field of Physics that deals with the motions and
interactions between subatomic particles - mainly Bosons (e.g. a photon) and Fermions
(e.g. a neutron). It provides a mathematical description of their behaviour in terms of
probabilities. In fact, complex numbers form the fundamental basis of Quantum
Mechanics. The importance of the Schrödinger Equation to Quantum Mechanics is
analogous to that of Newton’s Second Law to Classical Physics; they both provide a
sensible mathematical prediction of a particle’s position and momentum. The system of
complex numbers is essential to the field because it is a convenient language for
expressing wave functions without breaking the rules. A wave function, simply put, is a
complex probability distribution indicating the possible positions of the particle on a
specific time. A fundamental formula in Quantum Mechanics, in which the role of the
wave function is significant, is the Schrödinger Equation: using the Schrödinger Equation
mentioned above. By using the formula, they proved that the two atoms in a hydrogen
molecule are, in fact, ‘sharing’ electrons to form what we know as a covalent bond.
Immediately after this, several other chemists continued developing their theory of
bonding, such as Linus Pauling’s discovery of resonance and orbital hybridization. In
summary, without the development of Quantum Mechanics, scientists wouldn’t be able to
discover the electronic structure of atoms, nor be able to come up with the concept of
bonding between atoms.
4. Contour Integration
Contour integration is a method of evaluating certain integrals along paths in
the complex plane. Contour integration is closely related to the calculus of residues, a
method of analysis. Contour integration methods include:
• Direct integration of complex valued function along a curve in complex plane.
• Application of the Cauchy integral formula.
• Application of the residue theorem.
Any one of the method can be used, or a combination of these methods, or various
limiting processes can be used for the purpose of finding these integrals or sums.
5. Generating Function
Another example of where people simplify a problem by introducing
complex functions is generating functions. In calculus, a problem to find the power
series coefficients of a function is done by generating functions by taking a
sequence of numbers and making them the power series coefficients of a function.
Electrical engineers do the same thing in signal processing, but they talk about z-
transforms rather than generating functions, though they’re essentially the same
thing. Generating functions make discrete problems easier by turning them into
continuous problems. Complex analysis techniques applied to these generating
functions can squeeze out additional information, such as asymptotic bounds on the
coefficients of the series.
CONCLUSION
Complex analysis is a branch of mathematics that deals with the analysis of functions of a
complex variable. It has a wide range of applications in fields such as physics, engineering,
and computer science. Applications include the study of complex functions and their
singularities, complex integration, complex power series, and complex differential
equations. In physics, complex analysis is used to study waves, potential theory, and
quantum mechanics. In engineering, it is used in the design of electrical circuits and in
computer science, it is used in image processing and computer graphics. Overall, complex
analysis plays an important role in many areas of science and technology.

REFERENCES
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_analysis
[2] Johnson, Robert. “Using Complex Numbers In Circuit Analysis And Review Of The Algebra
Of Complex Numbers”. 2020,
[3] Karam, Ricardo, ed. by. Why Are Complex Numbers Needed In Quantum Mechanics?
Some Answers For The Introductory Level. University Of Copenhagen, 2020,
[4] Hans Niels Jahnke(1999) A History of Analysis
[5] James Brown (1995) Complex Variables and Applications

NAME: SOWJANYA ASHWATH


REG NO: 2040373

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