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The document discusses concepts related to reliability engineering including annuities, present and future values, probabilities of failure and success, constant and changing failure rates, series and parallel systems, k-out-of-n systems, Markov models, common cause failures, and modeling details.

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30 views

Formula Sheets

The document discusses concepts related to reliability engineering including annuities, present and future values, probabilities of failure and success, constant and changing failure rates, series and parallel systems, k-out-of-n systems, Markov models, common cause failures, and modeling details.

Uploaded by

UMER SHAFAAT
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Annuities:

M= Annual present value, FV=Future Annual Value

PV= Present Value Annual

SIF BENEFIT and COST:

PLL = Probable Loss of Life; fatalities / event

SIF Response = Half of process safety time; Rule of Thumb

Tolerable Frequency of a specific event:


Benefit to Cost Ratio:

Probability Rules:

Probability of Failure (Maximum)

Probability of Failure (Average)


Control Systems Book Readout

• Since the component will eventually fail, the probability of success for an infinite operating time interval is zero.

• Reliability is a function of failure probability and operating time interval.

• Reliability is a measure that is usually applied to situations such as aircraft flights and space missions where no repair is possible. In these
circumstances a system must operate continuously without any failure to achieve mission success.

• Reliability is a measure that requires success (that is, successful operation) for an entire time interval.

• Unreliability is opposite of reliability.

Repairable systems:
• Availability is a function of failure probabilities and repair probabilities.
Failure Rate:
• Decreasing Failure Rate - A decreasing failure rate is characteristic of a “fault removal process.”

• Constant Failure Rate - If failures in a large collection of components are due to uniform stresses from the environment and the strength is relatively
constant. Exponential decreasing probability of failure.

• Increasing Failure Rate – Wear-out: The process of wear can be thought of as a gradual reduction in strength.

The Constant Failure Rate

• A collection of components that have an exponentially decreasing probability of failure will have a constant failure rate.

Steady-State Availability – Constant Failure Rate Components


• Availability over a long period of time, steady-state availability, is usually the desired measurement.
• For long-term conditions it is assumed that the “restore rate” (1/MTTR) is constant.

Series Systems

US = UA + UB – (UA * UB )
PFHS = PFHA + PFHB – (PFHA * PFHB )

Parallel Systems

UP = UA * UB
k-out-of-n Systems

“four out of five” (4oo5)

Markov Models

Common-Cause Failures
• A common-cause failure is defined as the failure of more than one device due to the same stress (cause).
• A common-cause failure negates the benefits of a fault tolerant system.
Modeling Detail
Probability Approximation with Common Cause

FSE-101

Diagnostics must be 10 times than demand rate.

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