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Rahul sir (Srcc Graduate ,Dse Alumni)

Chapter-1

SAMPLING

SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLING MEAN, SAMPLE VARIANCE ,SAMPLE

PROPORTION

1. Consider population consisting of 4 children: A,B,C and D. Their ages are as follows:

A: 2 years B: 4 years C: 6 years and D: 8 years

(a) Calculate the population mean age of μ, and population standard deviation,𝜎.[Ans
5,√𝟓]
(b) List all the possible samples of size n = 2 drawn with replacement from this
population of size N = 4.
(c) Compute the mean of each of the samples.
(d) Compute μ𝑥̅ , the mean of the sample means found in part (c). Verify that μ𝑥̅ = μ.
(e) Compute 𝜎𝑥̅ , the standard deviation of all sample means found in part (c). Verify
𝜎
that 𝜎𝑥̅ = 𝑛.
√
(f) Find out the Sampling a sampling Distribution of 𝑆 2 .Show that E(𝑆 2 )=𝜎 2

2. A population consists of three Chartered Accountants (Sanchit, Sahil and Saurabh)

working for KPMG. The time each has worked for the company is as as follows:

Sanchit: 1 years Sahil: 3 years and Saurabh: 5 years

(a) Determine μ, the mean number of years at the company for this population.[Ans.3]
√2
(b) Determine the standard deviation for this population.[Ans :2 ]
√3
(c) List all the possible sample of size n=2 drawn without replacement from this
population of size N=3, and the corresponding values for the number of years
employed.
(d) Compute the mean of each of the samples.
(e) Compute μ𝑥̅ , the mean of the sample means found in Part (d). Verify that the
relation μ𝑥̅ = μ holds.
(f) Compute 𝜎X, the standard deviation of all samples means found in part (d). Verify
𝜎 𝑁−𝑛
that 𝜎𝑥̅ = √ .
√ 𝑛 𝑁−1

(g) Find out the Sampling a sampling Distribution of 𝑆 2 .Check E(𝑆 2 )=𝜎 2 ? [Ans:No]
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3. The following information gives the number of days absent from work for a population
of 5 workers in a small factory.

Workers : A B C D E

No. Of days absent : 5 7 1 4 8

(a) Compute the population mean and population standard deviation.[Ans :5 ,2.449]
(b) List all the possible sample of size 2 that can be extracted from this population.
Choose the sample without replacement.
(c) Compute μ𝑥̅ , the mean of the sample means . Verify that the relation μ𝑥̅ = μ holds.
(d) Compute 𝜎𝑥̅ , the standard deviation of all samples means. Verify that 𝜎𝑥̅ =
𝜎 𝑁−𝑛
√ 𝑁−1 .
√𝑛

4. A particular brand of dishwasher soap is sold in three sizes: 25 oz, 40 oz and 65 oz.
20% of all purchasers select a 25–oz box, 50% select a 40–oz box, and the remaining
30% choose a 65–oz box. Let X1 and X2 denote the package sizes selected by two
independently selected purchasers.

a) Determine the sampling distribution of 𝑋̅, calculate E(𝑋̅) and compare to 𝜇.

𝑋̅ P(𝑋̅)

25 0.04

32.5 0.20

40 0.25

45 0.12

52.5 0.30

65 0.09

b) Determine the sampling distribution of the sample variances 𝑆 2 , calculate E(𝑆 2 ),

and compare to 𝜎 2
𝑆2 P(𝑆 2 )

0 0.38

112.5 0.20

312.5 0.30
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800 0.12

5. The probability distribution of the number of boxes of chocolates sold(X) on a given

day by a seller is given as follows:

X: 0 1

P(X): 0.2. 0.8

Let (𝑋1 , 𝑋2 ) be a random sample of the number of boxes sold on any two randomly
chosen days. Write the sampling distribution of 𝑆 2 (sample variance). what is the
relationship between E(𝑆 2 ) and 𝜎 2 ?[ Ans: E(𝑺𝟐 )≠ 𝝈𝟐 ]

𝑆2 P(𝑆 2 )

0 0.68

0.5 0.32

6. The number of courses taken up by a student at a university has the following

probability distribution:

Number of courses Probability

(X)
1 0.2
2 0.6
3 0.2
Let 𝑋1 and 𝑋2 be the number of courses opted by two students and each have the
same distribution as the population:
i) Determine the sampling distribution of 𝑋̅
ii) Determine the expected value and variance of 𝑋̅. [Ans: 2 ,.2]

𝑋̅ P(𝑋̅)

1 0.04

1.5 0.24

2 0.44

2.5 0.24

3 0.04
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7. Let X denotes the storage capacity of a new pen-drive that is launched in three models
that differ in storage space. Market survey shows that 20% customers buy the drive
with 20GB storage space , while 30% buy the drive with 40GB space. The
rest prefer the model with 30GB space. Drive the sampling distribution of average
storage space in a pen drive using a sample size of 2 , with random sampling.

𝑋̅ P(𝑋̅)

20 0.04

25 0.20

30 0.37

35 0.30

40 0.09

8. A company manufacture six bulbs numbers A , B , C ,D ,E , F where B, C, E, F are

defective .
i) Find the proportion of defective bulbs . [Ans :2/3 ]
ii) How many sample of size 5 can be drawn using without replacement. List
them [ Ans :6 ]
iii) Find the probability distribution of sample proportion(p)
𝑃(1−𝑃) 𝑁−𝑛
iv) Show that E (p)= P , 𝜎𝑝 =√ √ 𝑁−1
𝑛

FINITE POPOULATION CORRECTION FACTOR

1. Find the value of the finite population correction factor when
a) n = 2 and N = 5;[Ans : .866]
(b) n = 10 and N = 1000;[Ans : .995]
(c) n = 40 and N = 10,000;[Ans : .998]

MEAN AND STANDARD ERROR OF SAMPLE MEAN & SAMPLE

PROPRTION
1. If a random sample of size 400 is selected from an infinite population having a
standard deviation of 100, find 𝜎𝑥̅ . [Ans : 5]

2. If a random sample of size n = 100 is selected from a population of size N = 5000

having a mean of 75 and a variance of 900, find the expected value of the sample mean
and the variance of the sample mean. [Ans: 75 ,9]
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3. The weight of metal carried by rail board freight cars varies about a mean of 45 tons
with a standard deviation of 3 tons. What is the mean, variance, and standard error of
the distribution of the sample weight mean based upon a sample size of 10 freight
cars? [Ans :45, .9, .95]

4. A certain type of threads is manufactured with a mean tensile strength of 78.3 kg and
a standard deviation of 5.6 kg. Assuming that the population is infinite, how is the
standard error of the mean changed when the sample size is
(a) Increased from 64 to 196? (b) Decreased from 784 to 49?

[Ans : a)reduced from .7 to .4 b) Increased from 0.2 to 0.8]

5. A random sample of 800 units from a large consignment showed that 200 were
damaged. Find the standard error of proportion. [Ans : .015]

6. A factory is producing 50000 pairs of shoes daily . From a sample of 500 pairs , 2%
were found to be defective . Estimate the standard error of defective pairs.
[Ans: .00626]

PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE MEAN

1. A random sample of size 9 is drawn from a normal population with mean equal to 20
and standard deviation equal to 15. Find the probability that the sample mean lies
between10 and 25. [Ans : .8185]

2. From a lot of 800 units of an item, random sample 100 units is selected. The 800 units
are known to have a mean weight equal to 1.030 kg and a standard deviation equal to
150 gm. Find the probability that the sample will have a mean value not less than 1
kg. [Ans : .9834]

3. Birth rate in a country is believed to be 1.57 per woman. Assume the population
standard deviation is 0.4. if a random sample of 200 women is selected, what is the
probability that the sample mean will fall between 1.52 and 1.62?[Ans; .9266]

4. Assume that for a population of 500 wage earners, the mean annual salary is ₹ 13,200
and the standard deviation is ₹2,000. If a random sample of 100 wage earners is
drawn from this population, determine:
(a) The probability that the sample mean is less than ₹ 13,000.
(b) The probability that the sample mean is within ₹ 150 of the population mean.
(c) The probability that the sample mean deviates from the population mean by more
than ₹ 200.[Ans: .1314 , .599 , .2670]
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5. The standard deviation of the amount of time a college student takes to complete a
project is 40 minutes. A random sample of 64 students is taken. Find the probability
that the sample mean differs from the population mean by more than 8 minutes.
[Ans : .1096]

6. How large a sample should be taken from a normally distributed population with a
mean of 78 and standard deviation of 30 in order to have a probability of 0.0072 that the
sample mean will be greater than 90? [Ans: 38]

7. A continuous manufacturing process produces items whose weight are normally

distributed with a mean weight of 8 kg and a standard deviation of 3 kg. A random
sample of 16 items is selected from the process. Find the probability that the mean of
the sample exceeds 9 kg.[Ans :0.918]

8. An electrical firm manufactures light bulbs that have a length of life that is normally
distributed, with mean equal to 800 hours and a standard deviation of 40 hours. Find
the probability that a random sample of 16 bulbs will have an average life of less than
775 hours.[Ans:.0062]

9. In a certain construction job, wages are assumed to follow a normal distribution, with
mean ₹ 45 per hour and standard deviation ₹ 5. What is the probability that a random
sample of 4 workers will have the average wage greater than ₹ 50?
[Ans ; .0228]

10. In a large retirement community, the age of residents is normally distributed with
mean 73 years and standard deviation 13 years. A random sample of 75 residents is
selected.
(a) What is the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample mean?
(b) What is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample mean?
(c) What is the probability that the sample mean fails between 70 and 76 years?
[Ans :73, 1.5, .9544]

11. Diameters of a component produced on a semi-automatic machine are known to be

distributed normally with a mean of 10 mm and a standard deviation of 0.1 mm. If a
random sample of 5 is picked up, what is the probability that the sample mean will be
between 9.95 mm and 10.05 mm ? [Ans :.7330]

12. The life of a certain electronic component is normally distributed with the mean to
220 hours and a standard deviation of 25 hours. Do you agree that the probability that
the mean life of a random sample of 20 components will be greater than 225 hours
shall be higher than the probability that the mean life of a sample of 40 components
will be greater than 225 hours? Show by calculation.[ Ans : yes .1867 ,.1038]
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13. The time taken by a randomly selected applicant for a mortgage to fill out certain
form has a normal distribution with mean value 10 min and standard deviation 2 min.
If 5 individuals fill out a form on one day and six on another, what is the probability
that the sample average amount of time taken on each day is at most 11 min?
[Ans 0.7720]

14. Rockwell hardness of pins of a certain type is known to have a mean value of 50 and
a standard deviation of 1.2.
a) If the distribution is normal, what is the probability that the sample mean
hardness for a random sample of 9 pins is at least 51? [Ans:0.0062]
b) Without assuming population normality, what is the probability that the sample
mean hardness for a random sample of 40 pins is at least 51? [Ans:0]

15. The annual wages (or salaries) of all employees of the Sphoorti Automobile Company,
a large small-car manufacturer, have a mean of ₹ 20,400 per year with a standard
deviation of ₹ 3200. The personal manager is going to take a random sample of 36
employees and calculate the sample mean wages. What is the probability that the
sample mean will exceed ₹ 21,000? [Ans :.1314]

16. The distribution of annual earnings of all banks teller with two year’s experience is
skewed negatively. This distribution has a mean of ₹ 20,000 and a standard deviation
of ₹ 2000. If we draw a random sample of 40 tellers, what is the probability that
earnings will average more than ₹ 20, 500 annually?[Ans :.0571]

17. The life expectancy in the United States is 75 with a standard deviation of 7 years. A
random sample of 49 individuals is selected.
(a) What is the probability that the sample mean will be greater than 77 years?
(b) What is the probability that the sample mean will be less than 72.7 years?
(c) What is the probability that the sample mean will lie between 73.5 and 76 years?
(d) What is the probability that the sample mean will lie between 72 and 74 years?
(e) What is the probability that the sample mean will be greater than 73.46 years?

[Ans:.0228 , .0107 ,.7745, .1574 , .9382]

PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE PROPRTION

1. A departmental store has determined that 25% of their sales are credit sales. A
random sample of 75 sales is selected.
(b) What is the probability that the samples proportion will be greater than 0.34?
(c) What is the probability that the sample proportion will lie between 0.196 and
0.354?
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(d) What is the probability that the sample proportion will be less than 0.25?
(e) What is the probability that the sample proportion will be less than 0.10?
[Ans : .0359 ,.08411, .5 , .0013]

2. There are 12 members of a board of trustees. We wish to estimate the true

percentage of board members who will vote ‘yes’ on the proposed budget, and a
sample of 5 members is polled. If we assume that the true population percentage
is 60 percent.
(a) What is the mean of the sampling distribution of proportions?
(b) Is the finite population correction factor needed to calculate 𝜎p. If so, what is the
value of the finite correction factors?
(c) What is the value of 𝜎p? [Ans ; .6 , .798 ,.175]

3. A manufacturer of watches has determined from experienced that 3 percent of the

watches he produces are defective. If a random sample of 300 watches is examined,
what is the probability that the proportion of defective is between 0.02 and 0.035?
[Ans ; .5411]
4. Sixty percentage of the adult population of a large city is registered republican. A
candidate for mayor hires a consulting firm to survey the adult population to
determine the voters’ views. The firm selects a random sample of 300 adults. What
is the probability that the sample proportion of registered republicans is at least
0.65? [Ans :0.0384]
5. There are 20 high school students in a special program that offers after-school
tutoring. A guidance counselor takes a random sample of 5 of them to estimate the
percent who intend to enter college. Suppose the true percentage for this
population is 60 percent.
(a) What is the mean of the sampling distribution of proportions?
(b) Is the finite population correction factor needed to calculate 𝜎p? If so, what’s the
value of the finite population correction factor?
(c) Calculate 𝜎p. [Ans : .60 , Yes , .888 , 0.194]

6. The proportion of female students in a large co-educational institution is 0.38. If a

random sample of 30 students is selected from this institution, what is the
probability that the sample proportion will be less than 0.36? [Ans: .4129]

7. A large multinational company employs 4800 people of which 1920 are females.
(a) Specify the sampling distribution of proportion of female employees for samples
of size 50 drawn without replacement.
(b) Obtain the probability of selecting a sample that contains no more than 35
percentage of female employees.
(c) Obtain the probability of selecting a sample containing at least 0.50 proportion of
female employees. [Ans : a) .4 , .0693 b).2358 c) .194]
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LINEAR COMBINATION
1. Suppose the mean value and the standard deviations of R.V 𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , 𝑋3 are as follows.

μ1 = 200 μ2 = 250 μ3 = 100

𝜎1 =10 𝜎2 =12 𝜎3 =8

a) Assuming 𝑋1 𝑋2 𝑋3 are independent events , calculate the expected value and variance
of 27𝑋1 +125𝑋2 +512𝑋3 [Ans:87850, 19100116]

b) Would your calculation necessarily be correct if the X’s are not independent? [Variance
should be incorrect]

2. Suppose the mean value and the standard deviations of R.V 𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , 𝑋3 are as follows
and 𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , 𝑋3 follows normal distribution

a) μ1 = μ2 = μ3 = 60 and 𝜎1 = = 𝜎2 = 𝜎3 =√15 . Calculate P(𝑇0 < 200), P(150 < 𝑇0 <

200).[Ans: 0.9986]

b) If μ1 = 40 μ2 = 50 μ3 = 60 , 𝜎1 =√10, 𝜎2 =√12 , 𝜎3 =√14. Calculate P(𝑋1 +𝑋2 +𝑋3 <

160) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 P(𝑋1 +𝑋2 > 2𝑋3 ) [Ans .9925 , .0003]

3. Five automobiles of the same type are to be driven on a 300 miles trip. The first two
will use an economy brand of gasoline ,and other three will use a name brand. Let X1, X2
, X3, X4and X5 be the observed fuel efficiencies (mpg) for the five cars. Suppose these
variables are independent and normally distributed with μ1 =μ2 =20, μ3 = μ4= μ5 =21,
and σ2 = 4 for the economy brand and 3.5 for the name brand. Define an rv Y by
𝑋1 +𝑋2 𝑋3 +𝑋4 +𝑋5
Y= −
2 3
so that Y is a measure of the difference in efficiency between economy gas and name –
brand gas. Compute P(0 ≤ Y) and P(−1 ≤ Y ≤ 1).[Ans 0.2877 ,0.3686]

4. There are two traffic lights on a commuter’s route to and from work. Let X 1 be the
number of lights at which the commuter must stop on his way to work, and X 2 be the
number of lights at which he must stop when returning from work. Suppose these two
variables are independent, each with pmf given in the accompanying table: (𝜇 = 1.1,
𝜎 2 = 0.49)

xi P(xi)

0 0.2

1 0.5
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2 0.3

a) Determine the pmf of T0 = X1 + X2

T0 P(T0)

0 0.04

1 0.20

2 0.37

3 0.30

4 0.09

b) Calculate 𝜇 𝑇0 . How does it relate to 𝜇, the population mean? (2.2 = 2. 𝜇)

c) Calculate 𝜎𝑇20 . How does it relate to 𝜎 2 , the population variance?
(0.98 = 2. 𝜎 2 )

5. Suppose that when the pH of a certain chemical compound is 5.00, the pH

measured by a randomly selected beginning chemistry student is a random
variable with mean 5.00 and standard deviation 0.2. A large batch of the
compound is subdivided and a sample given to each student in a morning lab and
each student in a afternoon lab. Let 𝑋̅= the average pH as determined by the
morning students and𝑌̅= the average pH as determined by the afternoon
students.

a) If pH is a normal variable and there are 25 students in each lab, compute

P(−.1 ≤ 𝑋̅ − 𝑌̅ ≤ .1) [Ans:0.9232]
b) If there are 36 students in each lab, but pH determinations are not assumed
normal, calculate P(−.1 ≤ 𝑋̅ − 𝑌̅ ≤ .1). [Ans:0.9660]

6. To Check the effectiveness of two brands of refrigerator time taken for ice cubes
to be formed from water in the freezer was compared. Two independent
experiments based on 15 refrigerators of each brand were performed and time
taken information of ice cubes was recorded. suppose the population variance for
both the brands is 1.0 hour. Assume normal distribution and mean time for both
brands is equal to 20 hours. find the
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a. Probability that the average time taken by brand A (𝑋 ̅̅̅𝐴 ) is higher than average time
taken by brand B (𝑋 ̅̅̅̅
𝐵 ) is at least 1.0 hours .[Ans:1]
̅̅̅
b. Probability that (𝑋 ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴 ) will deviate from (𝑋𝐵 ) by at least 45 minutes.[Ans:.0038 ]

EXAM STYLE QUESTION

1. Consider the following population of 10 numbers:

20, 25, 13, 19, 9, 15, 11, 7, 17, 30

Rich selected one sample of 9 members from this population. The sample included
the numbers:

20, 25, 13, 9, 15, 11, 7, 17, 30

Calculate the sample mean and sampling error for this sample.[Ans:error 1.9]

2. A company maintains three offices in a certain region, each staffed by two employees.
Information concerning yearly salaries (1000s of dollars) is as follows:

Office. 1 1 2 2 3 3

Employee 1 2 3 4 5 6

Salary 22.7 26.6 23.2 26.6 18.8 22.7

a. Suppose two of these employees are randomly selected from among the six
(without replacement). Determine the sampling distribution of the sample mean
salary 𝑋̅.

b. Suppose one of the three offices is randomly selected. Let 𝑋1 and and 𝑋2 denote
the salaries of the two employees. Determine the sampling distribution of 𝑋̅.

c. How does E(𝑋̅) from parts (a) and (b) compare to the population mean
salary μ?

[Ans : a) ̅
𝒙 20.75 21 22.7 22.95 24.65 24.9 26.6
̅ )
P(𝒙 2/15 1/15 3/15 2/15 4/15 2/15 1/15

b) ̅
𝒙 24.65 24.9 20.75
̅)
P(𝒙 1/3 1/3 1/3

̅ ) =𝝁 = 23.433. ]
c) E(𝑿
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3. Let X be the number of packages being mailed by a randomly selected customer at a

certain shipping facility. Suppose the distribution of X is as follows:

x 1 2 3 4

p(x) .4 .3 .2 .1

a. Consider a random sample of size n = 2 (two customers), and let 𝑋̅ be the

sample mean number of packages shipped. Obtain the probability distribution
of 𝑋̅.
b. Refer to part (a) and calculate P(𝑋̅≤2.5)

[Ans : a) ̅
𝒙 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

P(𝒙̅ ) 0.16 0.24 0.25 0.2 0.1 0.04 0.01

b) 0.85. ]

4. ABC Packaging found that packing any gift involves three stages: I,II, III. The time
taken at each stage is normally distribution with mean equal to 15, 30 and 20 seconds
respectively and standard deviations 1, 2 and 1.5 seconds respectively. Assume time
taken by each stage is independent of time taken by other stages.

(i) What is the probability that it will take more than 1 minute to pack a randomly
chosen gift. [Ans: .9678 ]
(ii) For a randomly chosen gift what is the probability that taken in stage I exceeds
17 seconds? [Ans : .0228 ]

5. Three different roads feed into a particular freeway entrance. Suppose that during a
fixed time period, the number of cars coming from each road onto the freeway is a
random variable, with expected value and standard deviation as given in the table.

Road 1 Road 2 Road 3

Expected value 800 1000 600

Standard deviation 16 25 18

a. What is the expected total number of cars entering the freeway at this point
during the period? [Hint: Let 𝑋𝑖 =the number of cars coming from road i.]
[Ans:2400]
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b. What is the variance of the total number of entering cars? Have you made any
assumptions about the relationship between the numbers of cars on the
different roads? [Ans: 1205]
c. With 𝑋𝑖 denoting the number of cars entering from road i during the period,
suppose that Cov(𝑋1 , 𝑋2 )=80, Cov(𝑋1 , 𝑋3 )=90, and Cov (𝑋2 , 𝑋3 )=100 (so that
the three streams of traffic are not independent). Compute the expected total
number of entering cars and the standard deviation of the total.
[Ans: 2400,41.77]

6. Suppose that for a certain individual, calorie intake at breakfast is a random variable
with expected value 500 and standard deviation 50, calorie intake at lunch is
random with expected value 900 and standard deviation 100, and calorie intake at
dinner is a random variable with expected value 2000 and standard deviation 180.
Assuming that intakes at different meals are independent of one another and
normally distributed , what is the probability that average calorie intake per day
over the next (365-day) year is at most 3500? [Ans : 1]

7. There are 40 students in an elementary statistics class. On the basis of years of

experience, the instructor knows that the time needed to grade a randomly chosen
exam paper is a random variable with an expected value of 6 minutes and a standard
deviation of 6 minutes
a)If grading times are independent and the instructor begins grading at 06:50 p.m
and grades continously,what is the (approximate)probability that he is through grading
before the 11:00 p.m TV news begin? [Ans : .6039 ]
b)If the sports report begins at 11:10,what is the probability that he misses part of
the report if he waits until grading is done before turning on the TV? [Ans: 0.299 ]

8. The life of a certain type of battery is normally distributed with the mean value 10
hours and standard deviation 1 hour. There are four batteries in a package. What
lifetime value is such that the total lifetime of all batteries in a package exceeds that
value for only 5% of all pages. [Ans : 43.29 ]

9. Let X be a normally distributed random variable with mean 10 and variance 4. A

random sample of size n is chosen from this distribution. Let 𝑋̅ be the sample mean.
The standard deviation of 𝑋̅ is found to be 0.4. what is the sample size n? [Ans:25]

10. If E(XY) = 3, E(X)=E(Y)=2

(i) What is the Covariance between X and Y? [Ans : -1]

5
(ii)What is the covariance between U and V where U=3X+1 and V=3 - 3 Y? [Ans: 5 ]
(iii)How is Correlation between X and Y related to Correlation between U and V?
[Ans : They are opposite in sign ]
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11. The life of Type A bulbs is normally distributed with average 105 days and standard
deviation 8 days. The life of Type B bulbs is normally distributed with average 100
days and standard deviation of 6 days. A sample of size 40 is chosen from Type A bulbs
and 𝐴̅ is the sample mean. A sample of size 35 chosen from Type B bulbs and
𝐵̅ is the sample mean.
(i) Describe the distribution of (𝐴̅ − 𝐵̅). [Ans: (𝑨
̅− 𝑩
̅ ) ~ N ( 5, 𝟏. 𝟔𝟐𝟐 ) ]
(ii) Find P( -1 ≤ (𝐴̅ − 𝐵̅) ≤ 1). [Ans: 0.9932 ]

12. Suppose your waiting time for a bus in the morning is uniformly distributed on
[0 ,8] whereas waiting time in the evening is uniformly distributed on [0,10]
independent of morning waiting time.
a. If you take the bus each morning and evening for a week. What is your total
expected waiting time ? [Hint : Define a random variable 𝑋1 , 𝑋2 ………,𝑋10 and use
a rule of expected value. [Ans: 45]
b. What is the variance of your total waiting time ? [Ans : 68.83]
c. What are the expected value and variance of the difference between morning
and evening waiting time on a given day ? [Ans : -1, 164/12]
d. What are the expected value and variance of the difference between morning
waiting time and evening waiting time for a particular week ? [Ans: -5 , 68.33]

13. One piece of PVC pipe is to inserted inside another piece. The length of the first
piece is normally distributed with mean value of 20 and a standard deviation of 0.5.
The length of the second piece is a normal random variable with mean and standard
deviation of 15 and 0.4 respectively . The amount of overlap is normally distributed
with a mean value of 1 and standard deviation of 0.2 . Assuming that the lengths and
amount of overlap are independent of one another. What is the probability that the
total length after insertion is between 34.5 and 35. ? [Ans : .1588 ]

14. Two airplanes are flying in the same direction in adjacent parallel corridors. At
time t=0 , the first airplane is 10km ahead of the second one. Suppose the speed of
the first plane (km/hr) is normally distributed with mean 520 and standard
deviation 8, and the second plane speed is normally distributed with mean 500 and
standard deviation 10 , respectively.

a. What is the probability that after 2 hour of flying , the second plane has not
caught up to the first plane ? [Ans : 0.9616 ]
b. Determine the probability that the planes are separated by at most 10km after 2
hours . [Ans : 0.0623 ]

15. The mean weight of luggage checked by a randomly selected tourist-class passenger
flying between two cities on a certain airline is 40lb , and the standard deviation is
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10lb. the mean and standard deviation for a business class passenger are 30lb and
6lb respectively.
a) If there are 12 business class passenger and 50 tourist class passengers on a
particular flight , what are the expected value of total luggage weight and standard
deviation of total luggage weight ? [Ans : 2360 , 73.7021]
b) If individual luggage weights are independent , normally distributed rvs . what is
probability that total luggage weight is at most 2500 lbs? [Ans : 0.9713]
16. Suppose the proportion of rural voters in a certain state who favor a particular
gubernatorial candidate is 0.45 and the proportion of suburban and urban voters
favoring the candidate is 0.60. if a sample of 200 rural voters and 300 urban and
suburban voters is obtained . what is the approximately probability that atleast 250
of these voters favor this candidate ? [Ans : 0.9686 ]
17. If the amount of soft drink that I consume on any given day is independent of
consumption on any other day and is normally distributed with 𝜇 = 13 and 𝜎= 2 and
if I currently have two six packs of 16 bottles ,what is the probability that I still have
some soft drink left at the end of 2 week (14 days) ? [Ans : .9090]

18. I have three errands to take care of in the Administration Building. Let Xi = the time
that it takes for the ith errand (i = 1, 2, 3), and let X4 = the total time in minutes that
I spend walking to and from the building and between each errand. Suppose the Xi's
are independent, and normally distributed, with the following means and standard
deviations: 𝑢1 = 13, 𝑢2 = 7 𝑢3 = 10 , 𝑢4 = 14 𝜎1 =4, 𝜎2 =1 , 𝜎3 =2 , 𝜎4 = 4 .I plan to
leave my office at precisely 10:00 A.M. and wish to post a note on my door that reads,
"I will return by t A.M." How long should I estimate my trip will take if I want the
probability of the trip taking longer than my estimate to be 0.01? [Ans : 58.17 ]

19. Let Y be the number of contracts received by a randomly selected infrastructure

company. Suppose the probability mass function of Y is as follows:

Y 1 2 3 4

P(y) 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.1

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a) Consider a random sample of two companies, obtain the probability distribution

of S2 (sample variance).
b) Calculate P (S2 > 2.7) and P (1.5 ≤ S2 ≤ 7.9), when a random sample of size two is
selected.
[Ans : a) S2 0 0.5 2 5
P(S )
2 .30 .46 .20 .04
b).04 , .24]

20. If Var(X1) is variance of X1 and Var(X2) is variance of X2 then Var (aX1 – bX2) =
a2 Var(X1) + b2 Var(X2), where a and b are constants. Is this statement true? Explain.
[Eco(h) 2023] [ yes if X1 and X2 are independent ]

21. The teacher of an economics class of size 35 knows that the time needed to evaluate
a randomly chosen first year paper is a random variable with mean value of 4 minutes
and a standard deviation of 3 minutes. If evaluation times are independent and the
teacher starts evaluation at 5:30 pm and evaluates continuously, what is the
probability that she completes evaluation before 8pm dinner starts? [Eco(h) 2023]
[Ans : 0.7123]

22. If 𝜇1 = 30, 𝜇2 = 40, 𝜇3 = 50, 𝜎12 = 15, 𝜎22 = 25, and 𝜎32 = 5 are mean values and
variance of three independently and normally distributed random variables X 1, X2 ,
and X3 , respectively.

(a) Calculate P(24 ≤ X ≤ 39), where X = 0.3X1 – X2 + 1.7 X3. [Ans 0.0094]

(b) Calculate P(X1 - 2X2 ≤ 3X3). Can you find this probability if population is not normal
and sample size is 3? Why/ Why not? [Eco(h) 2023] [Ans : 0.7190, if sample size 3 then
we will not be able to find the probability using normal ]

23. A rock specimen from a particular area is randomly selected and weighed two
different times. Let W denote the actual weight and X1 and X2 the two measured
weights. Then X1=W+ E1 and X2=W+ E2 , where E1and E2 are the two measurement
errors. Suppose that the Ei 's are independent of one another and of W and that

V(E1)=V(E2)=𝜎𝐸 2 .

a. Express ρ , the correlation coefficient between the two measured weights X1 and X2 ,
in terms of 𝜎𝑤 2 , the variance of actual weight, and 𝜎𝑥 2 , the variance of measured
𝝈𝒘 𝟐
weight. [Ans : ρ = 𝝈 𝟐 +𝝈 𝟐 ]
𝒘 𝑬

b. Compute ρ when 𝝈𝒘 =1kg and 𝝈𝑬 =.01kg. [Ans: .9999]

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CHAPTER-2

ESTIMATION

UNBIASEDNESS, EFFICIENCY, CONSISTENCY

1. Show that Sample Mean (𝑋)and Sample Variance(𝑆 2 ) is the unbiased estimator of
population mean(𝜇) and variance(𝜎 2 ).

2. Let X be distributed normally with mean 𝜇𝑥 and variance 𝜎 2 . Consider the following
estimator of the mean:
𝑋1 𝑋2 𝑋3
𝜇̂ = + +
6 3 2

i) Is 𝜇𝑥 unbiased? [Ans : yes ]

𝟕
ii) Compute Var (𝜇̂ ). [Ans : 𝟏𝟖 𝝈𝟐 ]

3. If X has the binomial distribution with the parameters n and P, show that the sample
𝑋
proportion P = is an unbiased estimator of P.
𝑛
4. Suppose 𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , … 𝑋𝑛 is a random sample of size 𝑛 drawn from a Poisson pdf where 𝜆
is an unknown parameter. Show that 𝜆̂ = 𝑋̅ is unbiased for 𝜆.

5. Let 𝑋₁, 𝑋₂ , 𝑋₃, ……., 𝑋𝑛 denote a random sample from a normal distribution with mean
𝑋𝑖 2
zero and variance 𝜃 , 0< 𝜃<∞ . Examine whether two estimators of 𝜃. i) ∑ and
𝑛
𝑋 2
𝑖
𝒊𝒊) ∑ 𝑛−1 is unbiased estimator of 𝜃 or not . [Ans : i) unbiased , ii) biased ]

6. Suppose a certain type of input has an expected output of 𝜇𝟏 with variance 𝜎 2 ,

whereas the expected output for a second type of input is 𝜇𝟐 with same variance 𝜎 2 .
Let 𝑆12 and 𝑆22 denote the sample variances of outputs based on sample sizes 𝑛1 and
𝑛2 respectively of two inputs . show that pooled(combined) estimator.
(𝑛1 −1)𝑆12 +(𝑛2 −1)𝑆22
𝜎̂ 𝟐 = is an unbiased estimator of 𝜎 2 .
𝑛1+𝑛2 −2
7. Let X a normally distributed variable with mean μ and variance α2. Consider the
problem of estimating μ from a random sample of size n of observation on X. The
proposed estimators are:
n n

 xi x1 
xi
ˆ1  i 1
ˆ 2   i 2

(i) n 1 (ii) 2 2n
Check if the above estimators are unbiased. How would your answers in parts (i)
and (ii) be affected if sample size, n was infinitely large?[Ans: both are biased]
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8. A random sample size 2, 𝑌1 and 𝑌2 is drawn from the pdf

1
𝑓𝑦 (𝑦; 𝜃) = 2𝑦𝜃 2 , 0 < 𝑦 <
𝜃
1
What must c equal if the statistic 𝑐(𝑌1 + 2𝑌2 ) is to be an unbiased estimator for 𝜃?

[Ans :c=1/2]

9. Consider a random sample X1, …., Xn from the pdf

ƒ(x; θ) = 0.5(1 + θx) −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 where −1 ≤ θ ≤ 1
Show that 𝜃̂ = 3𝑋 is an unbiased estimator of θ.

10. Let 𝑋~𝑁(𝜇𝑥 , 𝜎𝑥2 ). A random sample of three observations was obtained from this
population. Consider the following estimators of 𝜇𝑥 :
𝑋1 +𝑋2 +𝑋3 𝑋1 𝑋2 𝑋3
𝜇̂ 1 = and 𝜇̂ 2 = + +
3 6 3 2

i) Is 𝜇̂ 1 an unbiased estimate of 𝜇𝑥 ? What about 𝜇̂ 2 ? [Ans : both are unbiased]

ii) If both estimators are unbiased, which one you choose?
̂ 𝟏 because V(𝝁
[Ans: 𝝁 ̂ 𝟏 ) < 𝐕(𝝁
̂ 𝟐 )]

11. Let 𝑋11, 𝑋12, … 𝑋1𝑛1 , and 𝑋21 , 𝑋22 , … , 𝑋2𝑛2 , be the two random samples from the
population following a binomial distribution. The parameter to be estimated is 𝑝,
defined as the proportion of success in the two samples. Which of the following is a
better point estimate in terms of efficiency and lesser variance?
𝑥1 +𝑥2
i. 𝑛1 +𝑛2
𝑥 𝑥
( 1 )+( 2 )
𝑛1 𝑛2
ii. [Ans : i) is the more efficient than ii) ]
2

12. Let 𝑋~𝑁(𝜇𝑥 , 𝜎𝑥2 ). A random sample of three observations was obtained from this
population. Consider the following estimators of 𝜇𝑥 :
𝑋1 +𝑋2 +𝑋3 2𝑋1 +𝑋3
𝜇̂ 1 = and 𝜇̂ 2 =
3 3

i) Is 𝜇̂ 1 an unbiased estimate of 𝜇𝑥 ? What about 𝜇̂ 2 ? [Ans : Both are unbiased]

ii) If both estimators are unbiased, which one you choose?
̂ 𝟏 because V(𝝁
[Ans: 𝝁 ̂ 𝟏 ) < 𝐕(𝝁
̂ 𝟐 )]

13. If 𝑋₁, 𝑋₂ , 𝑋₃ and constitute a random sample of size 3 from normal population with
𝑋₁+2𝑋₂+𝑋₃
the mean μ and the variance 𝜎₂, find the efficiency of 𝑌₁= relative to
4
𝑋₁+2𝑋₂+𝑋₃ 𝟏𝟔
𝑌2 = . [Ans : 𝟗 ]
3
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14. Given a random sample of size 𝑛 from a poison distribution, 𝜆̂1 = 𝑋1 and 𝜆̂2 = 𝑋̅ are
two unbiased estimators for 𝜆. Calculate the relative efficiency of 𝜆̂1 to 𝜆̂2 .[Ans :1/n]

15. Suppose X₁ and X₂ is a random sample from a population with mean μ. Let the
estimator is a weighted average of X₁ and X₂ i.e. Y =λ₁X₁+ λ₂X₂ is the estimator of μ.
What values of λ₁ and λ₂ will give us efficiency of μ. [Ans : λ₁= λ₂=1/2 ]

16. Suppose true average runs scores by Team A and Team B are equal in a college equal
to 𝜇 . The variance in run scored team A is 𝜎 2 , whereas it is 4𝜎 2 for team B. let 𝐴̅
denotes the average runs from a sample of M games played by team A , while 𝐵̅ denote
average runs from a sample of N games played by B. Let the estimator for 𝜇 be
𝜇̂ =𝛼𝐴̅+𝛽𝐵̅.
i) Under what conditions 𝜇̂ is unbiased. [Ans: 𝜶+ 𝜷=1]
ii) For what value of 𝛼 and 𝛽 variance of is minimum.
𝟒𝑴 𝟒𝑵
[Ans : 𝜶=𝑵+𝟒𝑴 , 𝜷=𝑵+𝟒𝑴 ]

17. Given two estimators t₁ and t₂ of the population mean (μ=10) E(t₁) = 10, E(t₂) = 11,
V (t₁)= 4 and V(t₂) = 1, which estimator is better and why?
[ Ans: t₂ because MSE(t₂)< MSE(𝒕𝟏 ) , MSE(Mean Squared error]

18. Assume a random sample (𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , 𝑋3 … … 𝑋𝑛 ) from a population with mean 𝜇 and
variance 𝜎 2 .
(1∗𝑋1 +2∗𝑋2 +3∗𝑋3 +⋯………..+𝑛∗𝑋𝑛 )
(i) Show that 𝜇̂ = is unbiased
(0.5𝑛(𝑛+1)
2(2𝑛+1)𝜎 2
(ii) Show that variance of 𝜇̂ = 3𝑛(𝑛+1)
19. Let 𝜃̂ be an estimator for a population with mean 𝜃, and variance 𝜎 2 . if a random
3𝑋 −2𝑋 −𝑘𝑋
sample of size 3 is draw, and 𝜃̂ = 1 2 3 . What value of k will give bias (𝜃̂ )=2𝜃.
𝑘
[Ans : k=1/4]

20. If an estimator is unbiased its mean square error (MSE) is equal to its variance, is this
statement correct? Answer with the help of relevant derivation. [Eco(h) 2023]

21. Consider a sample of random variables X 1, X2, ……….., Xn where n > 10, E(Xi) = 𝜇.
1
Var(Xi) = 𝜎 2 > 0 and the estimator 𝑦̂ = 𝑛−10 ∑𝑛𝑖=11 𝑋𝑖 . Calculate
(i) Bias of 𝑦̂ [Ans : 0]
𝟏
(ii) Variance of 𝑦̂ [Ans : 𝒏−𝟏𝟎 𝝈𝟐 ]
̂ )]
(h) Mean Square Error of 𝑦̂. [Ans : V(𝒚
[Eco(h) 2023].
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22. Let 𝑋1 , … , 𝑋𝑛 be a random sample from a uniform distributions on [0, 𝜃]. Then the
estimator of 𝜃 is 𝜃̂ = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑋𝑖 ). Check whether 𝜃̂ is the unbiased estimator of 𝜃 or not
̂
(𝒏+𝟏)𝜽
, if not can we construct unbiased estimator of 𝜃 using 𝜃̂ . [Ans : Biased , is the
𝒏
unbiased estimator of 𝜽 ]

23. Let 𝑌𝑚𝑖𝑛 be the smallest order statistic in a random sample of size 𝑛 drawn from the
uniform pdf, 𝑓𝑦 (𝑦; 𝜃) = 1/𝜃, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝜃. Find an unbiased estimator for 𝜃 based on
𝑌𝑚𝑖𝑛 . [Ans : (n+1) 𝒀𝒎𝒊𝒏 ]

24. Let Y be the random variable where 𝑓𝑦 (𝑦; 𝜃) = 𝑒 −(𝑦−𝜃) , 𝑦 ≥ 𝜃 , 𝜃 > 0. Show that

1
𝑌𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝑛 is an unbiased estimator of 𝜃.

25. . A sample size 1 drawn from the uniform pdf defined over the interval [0, 𝜃]. Find an
unbiased estimator for 𝜃 2 . [Ans : 3𝑿𝟐 ]

1
26. Let 𝑌1 , 𝑌2 , … 𝑌𝑛 be a random sample size 𝑛 from the pdf 𝑓𝑦 (𝑦; 𝜃) = 𝜃 𝑒 −𝑦/𝜃 , 𝑦 > 0. Let
1
𝜃̂ = 𝑛. 𝑌𝑚𝑖𝑛 . Is 𝜃̂ unbiased for 𝜃? Is 𝜃̂ = 𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑌1 unbiased for 𝜃.

1
27. Let 𝑌1 , 𝑌2 , … 𝑌𝑛 be a random sample of size 𝑛 from the pdf 𝑓𝑦 (𝑦; 𝜃) = 𝜃 𝑒 −𝑦/𝜃 , 𝑦 > 0.
a. Show that 𝜃̂1 = 𝑦1 , 𝜃̂2 = 𝑌̅ , and 𝜃̂3 = 𝑛. 𝑌𝑚𝑖𝑛 are all unbiased estimator 𝜃
𝜽𝟐
b. Find the variance of 𝜃̂1 , 𝜃̂2 and 𝜃̂3 .[Ans :𝜽𝟐 , , 𝜽𝟐 ]
𝒏
c. Calculate the relative efficiencies of 𝜃̂1 to 𝜃̂3 and 𝜃̂2 to 𝜃̂3 .[Ans :1 , n]

METHOD OF MOMENTS

1. A random sample of size 8 from a Bin(n,p) distribution yields the following

values:4,2,7,4,1,4,5,4. Find method of moments estimators for n and p.
̂ =15, 𝐩
[Ans : 𝐧 ̂ =0.2621]
2. Using method of moments, estimate the mean and variance of the heights of 10 year
old children, assuming these conform to a normal distribution, based on a random
sample of 5 such children whose heights are: 124cm, 122cm, 130cm, 125cm and
132cm.

̂ =126.6 , 𝛔
[Ans 𝝁 ̂ =17.8 ]

3. Given random sample of size n from a uniform population with β = 1, use the method
of moments to obtain a formula for estimating the parameter α, where X~U(α,β).
̂ = 2𝑿 -1 ]
[Ans : 𝛂
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4. Calculate the method of moments estimate for the parameter 𝜃 for the following
2𝑥
discrete probability distribution function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝜃) = 𝜃(𝜃+1) , 𝑥 = 1,2, … 𝜃. for the sample
̂ =5.09]
[2,5,3,6,1,4,3,2,5,6]. [Ans : 𝜽

5. Use the method of moments to estimate 𝜃 in the 𝑝𝑑𝑓:

𝑓𝑦 (𝑦; 𝜃) = (𝜃 2 + 𝜃)𝑦 𝜃−1 (1 − 𝑦) 0≤𝑦≤1

̂ = 𝟐𝑿 ]
Assume that the random sample of size 𝑛 is collected. [Ans 𝜽 𝟏−𝑿

6. Let 𝑋 denote the number of hours in a day that a randomly selected child watches
Tv. Suppose the probability density function of 𝑋 is

𝛽
𝑓 (𝑥; 𝛽 ) = {𝑥 𝛽 𝑥>1 }
0 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
A random sample of 5 children is taken with the following observation 1.3, 2.4, 1.1, 2.5
and 3.0.( 𝛽>2). ̂ =3.88]
[Ans : 𝜷

Use the method of moments to obtain an estimator of 𝛽 and then compute the estimate
of this data.

7. Let X1, X2, ----, X3 be a random sample of size S from the pdf

f (x;θ) = θxθ-1 where 0 ≤ x ≤ 1

Find the moment estimator of θ. If X1 =0.34, X2 =0.27, X3 = 0.79, X4 = 0.82, X5 = 0.19,

̂ =0.930][Eco(h) -2023]
what will be the moment estimate for θ. [Ans : 𝜽

8. Let 𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , … 𝑋𝑎 be a simple random sample of Pareto random variables with density

𝛽
𝑓 (𝑥; 𝛽 ) = 𝑥 𝛽+1 , 𝑥 > 1.

𝛽 𝛽
The mean is 𝜇 = 𝛽−1 and variance 𝜎 2 = (𝛽−1)2 (𝛽−2). Estimate the value of parameter 𝛽
𝑿
̂=
using the method of moments. [Ans : 𝜷 ]
𝑿−𝟏

9. Let 𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , … … … 𝑋𝑛 be a random sample from a uniform population

1
f(x) = for 0< x< 𝜃
𝜃

̂ = 2𝑿-1 ]
Find the Moment estimator of θ. [Ans : 𝜽
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10. Let X1, X2, …., Xn represent a random sample from a Rayleigh distribution with pdf
𝑥 2
ƒ(x; θ) = 𝑒 −𝑥 /(2𝜃) x > 0
𝜃
a. It can be shown that E(X2) = 2θ. Use this fact to construct an unbiased estimator of θ
based on ∑ 𝑥𝑖 2 (and use rules of expected value to show that it is unbiased).
b. Estimate θ from the following n = 10 observation on vibratory stress of a turbine blade
under specified conditions:
16.88 10.23 4.59 6.66 13.68
14.23 19.87 9.40 6.51 10.95 [Ans 74.505]

MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATOR

1. If x₁, x₂, ....xn are the values of a random sample from exponential population with
density function f(x) = λe-λx , x > 0, find the maximum likelihood estimator of its
parameter λ. [Ans : 𝛌̂ =1/𝑿 ]
2. Find the MLE of λ , if λ is the parameter of Poisson Distribution. [Ans : 𝛌̂ = 𝑿]

3. Find the Maximum Likelihood estimator of θ for U(0 , θ) based on a sample 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ,....
𝑥𝑛 ̂ = max 𝒙𝒊 ]
[Ans : 𝜽

4. If x₁,x₂,.......xn are the values of a random sample from a Population with the following
pdf.
1−𝑎
𝑥 𝑎
f(x) = for 0<x<1 , a>1
𝑎

=0 otherwise…
Derive the maximum likelihood estimator of a based on a sample of size n.

̂ =-∑ 𝑰𝒏𝒙𝒊 /𝒏 ]
[Ans : 𝒂

5. Let X denote the proportion of allotted time that a randomly selected student
spends working on a certain aptitude test. Suppose the pdf of X is
ƒ (x; θ) = {(𝜃 + 1)𝑥𝜃 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

Where −1 < θ. A random sample of ten students yields data x 1 =.92, x2 =.79, x3 =.90,
x4=.65, x5 =.86, x6 =.47, x7 =.73, x8 =.97, x9 =.94, x10 =.77.

a. Use the method of moments to obtain an estimator of θ, and then compute the
estimate for this data. [Ans 3]
b. Obtain the maximum likelihood estimator of θ, and then compute the estimate for
the given data.[Ans 3.12]

6. Let 𝑋1 , … , 𝑋𝑛 be a random sample from a uniform distributions on [0, 𝜃]. Then the
mle of 𝜃 is 𝜃̂ = 𝑌 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑋𝑖 ).
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a) Use the fact that Y≤ 𝑦 𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑋𝑖 ≤ 𝑦 to derive the cdf of Y. Then show that the
𝑛𝑦 𝑛−1
pdf of Y = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑋𝑖 ) is 𝑓𝑌 (𝑦) = { , 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝜃 0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
𝜃𝑛
b) Use the result of part a) to show that the mle is biased but that
(n + 1)𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑋𝑖 ) /𝑛 is unbiased.

7. 𝑌1 = 2.3, 𝑌2 = 1.9, and 𝑌3 = 4.6 is a random sample from a population with the
𝑦 −3𝑒 −𝑦/𝜃
probability density function 𝑓 (𝑦; 𝜃) = { 𝑦≥0 } Calculate the MLE for
6𝜃4
0 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
̂ = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟑𝟑]
𝜃. [Ans : 𝜽
8. Suppose random variable 𝑦 has the following pdf:
𝜃
1 𝜃+1
𝑓𝑦 (𝑦; 𝜃) = 𝜃𝑘 ( ) 𝑦 ≥ 𝑘; 𝜃 ≥ 1
𝑦

Where 𝑘 is known. Find the maximum likelihood estimator for 𝜃 if the information has
−𝟐𝟎
̂=
been collected from a random sample 20 individuals.[Ans :𝜽 𝟏 ]
𝟐𝟎𝑰𝒏𝒌+∑( )
𝒚𝒊

9. Consider a random sample 𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , … 𝑋𝑛 from the shifted exponential pdf.

−𝜆(𝑥−𝜃)
𝑓 (𝑥; 𝜆, 𝜃) = {𝜆𝑒 𝑥≥𝜃 }
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
𝒏
i. ̂ = min𝑿𝒊 , 𝝀̂ =
Obtain the MLE of 𝜃 and 𝜆.[Ans : 𝜽 ]
∑[𝑿 −𝐦𝐢𝐧𝑿 ] 𝒊 𝒊
ii. If a random sample of 10 observations give the following data: 3.11, 0.64, 2.55,
2.20, 5.44, 3.42, 10.39, 8.93, 17.82 and 1.90. calculate the estimates of 𝜃 and 𝜆.
̂ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒 , 𝝀̂ = 0.202]
[Ans : 𝜽
10. Consider a random sample 𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , … 𝑋𝑛 from pdf.
𝛼
𝛼 𝛼−1 −(𝛽𝑥 )
𝑓 (𝑥; 𝜆, 𝜃) = {𝛽 𝛼 . 𝑥 .𝑒 𝑥≥0 }
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Find maximum likelihood of estimation of 𝛼 and 𝛽 .

11. If 𝑌̅ and ∑(𝑌𝑖 − 𝑌̅ )2 /𝑛 are maximum likelihood estimators (M.L.E) of the mean and
variance of a normal distribution then what will be the M.L.E. of E(Y 2)
[Ans : 𝒀̅ 𝟐 +𝝈
̂𝟐 ]
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INTERVAL ESTIMATION

TWO SIDED CONFIDENCE INTERVAL OF POPULATION MEAN USING NORMAL

DISTRIBUTON

1. A random sample of size 16 from the normal distribution 𝑁(𝜇, 25) yielded 𝑥̅ = 73.8.
find a 95% confidence interval for 𝜇. [Ans: 71.35 ,76.25]
2. A random sample of size 8 from 𝑁(𝜇, 72) yielded 𝑥̅ = 85. Find the following
confidence intervals for 𝜇:
a) 99%
b) 95%
c) 90%
d) 80%
[Ans: a) (77.272,92.278) , b) (79.12 ,90.88 ) , c) (80.065 ,89.935) ,d) (81.154
,88.846) ]

3. A population of items is assumed to be normally distributed with a standard

deviation equal to 36. Based upon a random sample of 9 items drawn from the
population, a sample mean of 62 is computed. Construct a 95% confidence interval
for the population mean. What is the correct interpretation of the intervals? [Ans:
38.48<μ<85.52]

4. A random sample of 25 items is selected from a normal population with a standard

deviation equal to 15. The mean of the sample equals 12. Construct a 99% confidence
interval for the population mean.[Ans : 4.26<μ<19.74]

5. A company has received a shipment of 100 pipes. In order to estimate the average
diameter of the pipes to see if they meet minimum standards, a random sample of 16
pipes is taken. The sample produces an average diameter of 2.55 inches. In the past,
the population standard deviation has been 0.07 inch. Assuming a normally
distributed population, construct an interval estimate with a 99 percent level of
confidence. [Ans : 2.509<μ<2.591]

6. A college admission director wishes to estimate the mean age of all students currently
enrolled. In a random sample of 20 students, the mean age id found to be 22.9 years,
from past studies, standard deviation is known to be 1.5 years, and the population is
normally distributed. Construct a 90% confidence interval of the population mean
age.[Ans: 22.348<μ<23.452]

7. The average monthly electricity consumption for a sample of 100 families equals
1250 units. Assuming that the standard deviation of electric consumption of all
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families is 150 units, construct a 95 percent confidence interval estimate of the actual
mean electric consumption.

[ Ans:1220.6<μ<1279.4]

8. A simple random sample of 100 items has mean 15, the population variance being 25.

(i) Construct a 95% confidence interval for μ

(ii) Construct a 99% confidence interval for μ
(iii) If population variance is not given, then what should be done to find out the
required estimate? [Ans : 14.02<μ<15.98, 13.71<μ<16.29]

9. The XYZ company has received a shipment of 100 lengths of pipe, and a quality control
inspector wants to estimate the average diameter of the pipes to see if they meet
minimum standards. He takes a random sample of 40 pipes, and the sample produces
an average diameter of 3.18 inches. In the past, the population standard deviation has
been 0.07 inch. Construct an interval estimate with a 9-percentage level of confidence.
[Ans : 3.159<μ<3.201]
10. A large supermarket chain hires a market research company to estimate the average
weekly expenditures per family on food in an area, where company management is
contemplating opening a new market. The researchers take a random sample of 225
families and find that the sample a average is ₹ 1560, with a standard deviation of ₹
240. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the population mean.
[Ans:1528.64<μ<1591.36]

11. A random sample of size 65 was taken to estimate the mean monthly income of 1000
families. The mean of the sample was found to be ₹ 25,200, with a standard
deviation of ₹380. Construct a 95% confidence interval estimate for the population
mean.[Ans :25110.66<μ<25289.34]

12. A quality control expert is required to estimate the mean annual income of 1000
families and the mean and standard deviation were found to be Rs 6,300 and Rs. 9.5
respectively . Find 95% confidence interval for the population mean.

13. Each of the following is a confidence interval for 𝜇 = true average (population
mean) for some data :
(114.4 , 115.6) (114.1 , 115.9)

a. what is the value of the sample mean

b. Both the interval were calculated from the same sample data. The
confidence level for one of these intervals is 90% and for the other is 99%.
Which of the interval has the 90% confidence level , why ?
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14. For a random sample of size 50 , if the confidence interval of mean at 95% is
[229.764 , 233.504 ], then find the confidence interval of mean at 99%.

15. If 95% confidence interval of mean diameter of a random sample of 100 ball bearing
is [73.04 , 76.96], find 98% confidence interval of the same .

ONE SIDED CONFIDENCE INTERVAL USING NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

1. A survey of 30 adults found that the mean age of a persons primary vehicle is 5.6
years . Assuming the standard deviation of the population is 0.8 year. Find the 95%
lower confidence bound of the population mean .
2. Professional tennis players were asked to rate a new racket on a scale of 0 to 10. A
sample of 50 players generated a mean ratting of 7.3 with standard deviation 1.01.
find the 90% upper bound for average rating?

SAMPLE SIZE , ERROR , WIDTH

1. Assume that population standard deviation is 0.75 . how large a sample size is
necessary if the width of 95% interval is 0.40

2. If the population standard deviation is 78, find the sample size necessary to estimate
the true population mean within 50 points for a confidence level of 95%.[Ans:
n=10(aprox)]
3. With a sample size of 400, the calculated standard error of mean is 2 with a mean of
120. What sample size would be required so that we could be 95% confident that the
population mean is within ± 3.5 of the sample mean.[Ans : n=502]
4. A manufacturing company produces electric insulators. If the insulators break when
in use, a short circuit is likely to occur. To test the strength of the insulators,
destructive testing in high-powered labs is carried out to determine how much force
in pounds is required to break the insulators. It is desired to estimate the population
mean force to within ± 25 pounds of the true value with 90% level of confidence. On
the basis of a study taken in the previous year, the standard deviation is believed to
be 120 pounds. What is the sample size needed? What sample size is needed if the
level of confidence is to be 95%? [Ans :63 ,89]

5. Let 𝑋 denote the mean of a random sample of size n from a normal population with
mean 𝜇 and variance 𝜎 2 =20. Find n such that random interval (𝑋 -2 , 𝑋 +2 )
includes 𝜇 at 90% confidence level.
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6. Suppose that the number of hours spent watching television per week by middle-
aged women are normally distributed with standard deviation 𝜎 = 5 hours. How
large a sample is needed so that we can say with 99% confidence that the sample
mean is off by less than one hour from the population mean.

7. The mean and variance of a random sample of 64 observations were computed a 160
and 100 respectively.
i) Compute 95% confidence limits for population mean.
ii) If the investigator wants to be 95% confident that the error in estimate
population mean should not exceed ±1.4, how many additional observation
are required?

8. The college president asks the statistics teacher to estimate the average age of the
students at their college. How large a sample is necessary? The statistics teacher
would like to be 99% confident that the estimate should be accurate within 1 year.
From a previous study, the standard deviation of the ages is known to be 3 years.

9. Suppose we want to estimate the mean price of a 2 bedroom house in Delhi. From
previous studies, it is known that the standard deviation is approximately Rs. 60.000.
(i) Construct a 97% confidence interval for the mean price of a 2 bedroom house
if a sample of 49 observations gave a mean of Rs. 6,00.000.
(ii) If we want to be 90% sure that the mean price of a 2 bedroom house in Delhi
differs from our sample mean price by no more than Rs. 5,000, how large a
sample should we take?
10. A director of a firm wants to study absenteeism among the employees. The number of
days that an employee is absent in a month follows a normal distribution with mean
11.2 days and standard deviation of 4.5 days.
i. What sample size is needed so that the 95% confidence interval for the true mean
absenteeism has a width of less than 3 days?
ii. The calculated confidence interval implies that the true population mean lies in it
with probability 95%." Is the statement correct? why or why not?

11. The grade point average of the students in Economics at a University follows a normal
distribution with standard deviation as 0.32. How large must a sample be taken to
guarantee that the length of a 95% confidence interval for u will be less than 0.26?
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TWO SIDED AND ONE SIDED CONFIDENCE INTERVAL OF POPULATION MEAN USING t
DISTRIBUTION

1. A random sample of 15 patients with chronic lower back pain who participated in a
recent study reported a mean duration of back pain of 17.6 months with a standard
deviation of 5 months. Assuming the duration of back pain in the population is
normally distributed, construct a 90% confidence interval for the mean duration of
back pain for the population of such patients.

[Ans : 15.327<μ<19.873]

2. The contents of 7 similar containers of a refined oil are 9.8, 10.2, 10.4, 9.8, 10.0, 10.2,
and 9.6 litres. Find a 99% confidence interval for the mean oil content of all such
containers, assuming container contents in the population to be normally
distributed.[Ans : 9.603<μ< 10.397]
3. A random sample of 8 cigarettes of a certain brand has an average nicotine content
of 3.6 milligrams and a standard deviation of 0.9 milligrams. Construct a 99%
confidence interval for the true average nicotine content of this particular brand of
cigarettes. Assume that the population is normally distributed. [Ans :
2.488<μ<4.712]
4. A random sample of 9 items is taken of a certain measurement. From the data it is
found that ƩX = 108 and ƩX 2 = 1584. Find the confidence limits for the population
mean at 95% confidence level. Assume that the population is normally
distributed.[Ans: 7.388<μ>16.612]
5. In order to estimate the average amount that families of four people spend on
groceries each week at the Big Bazaar, a sample of size 15 was taken. The sample mean
was calculated as ₹2785, while the sample standard deviation was calculated to be ₹
200. Construct a 95% confidence interval for μ, the average weekly amount spent on
groceries at the Big Bazaar by families of four in the population, assuming that the
population is normally distributed.

[Ans: 2674.23<μ<2895.77]

6. Dr. J.K Thukral teaches mathematics to a total of 150 students. To estimate the mean
time his students spend on their assignment each night, he randomly selects 20 of his
students and finds the mean and standard deviation of this sample 2.3 hours and 0.7
hours, respectively. Assuming the population study time is normally distributed,
construct a 90 percent confidence interval for the mean amount of time spent each
night for all of Dr. Thukral’s students.[Ans: 2.046<μ<2.554]

7. A teacher wants to determine the average time taken by a student to complete a test
of 20 questions. If for such tests , she obtained a mean time of completion as 75.6
minutes and a standard deviation of 9.4 minutes .
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i) Construct a 99% confidence interval for the true mean.

ii) Would a 90% confidence interval calculated from this sample have been
narrower or wider than the given interval? Explain.

8. An industrial designer wants to determine the average amount of time it takes an

adult to assemble an easy to assemble toy. A sample of 16 times yielded an average
time of 19.92 minutes , with a sample standard deviation of 5.73 minutes. Assuming
normality of assembly time , provide 95% confidence interval for the mean assembly
time.

9. The average wages of 25 employees of a company are rs2500 with a standard

deviation rs 250. Assuming wages to be normally disturbed , calculated 98%
confidence upper bound for the average wages.

10. Assume that the yield per acre for a particular variety of soybeans is 𝑁(𝜇, 𝜎 2 ). For a
random sample of 𝑛 = 5 plots, the yields in bushels per acre were 37.4, 48.8, 46.9,
55.0 and 44.0
a) Give a point estimate for 𝜇. [Ans :𝑥̅ = 46.28 ]
b) Find a 90% confidence interval for 𝜇 [Ans: ( 40.26 ,52.58 ) ]
c) Find 90% upper bound confidence interval for 𝜇 .

11. During the Friday night shift, n = 28 mints were selected at random from from a
production line and weighed. They had an average weight of 𝑥̅ = 21.45 grams and s
=0.31 grams. Give the lower endpoint of an approximate 90% on-sided confidence
interval for 𝜇, the mean weight of all the mints. [Ans : (21.737 ,∞ ) ]

12. A leakage test was conducted to determine the effectiveness of a seal designed to keep
the inside of a plug airtight. An air needle was inserted into the plug, and needle were
placed under water. The pressure was then increased until leakage was observed. Let
X equal the pressure in pounds per square inch. Assume that the distribution of X is
𝑁(𝜇, 𝜎 2 ). The following n = 10 observations of X were obtained:
3.1 3.3 4.5 2.5 3.5 3.5 4.2 3.9 3.3

Use the observations to

(i) Find a point estimation 𝜇 [Ans :𝑥̅ = 3.580 ]

(ii) Find a point estimate of 𝜎 [Ans :s =0.512 ]
(iii) Find a 95% on-sided confidence interval for 𝜇 that provides an upper bound
for 𝜇 [Ans :(0 ,3.877) ]

13. A Sample of 14 specimen of a particular type gave a sample mean proportional limit
stress of 8.48 and sample standard deviation is .79. calculate the 95% lower
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confidence bound for the true average proportional limit stress of all such joints .what
assumption did you make about the distribution of proportional limit stress?

14. For a random sample of size 5 , if the confidence interval of mean at 95% is
[229.764 , 233.504 ], then find the confidence interval of mean at 99%.[Assuming
𝝈 is not given]

15. If 95% confidence interval of mean diameter of a random sample of 10 ball bearing
is [73.04 , 76.96], find 98% confidence interval of the same .[Assuming 𝝈 is not
given]

Degree of Confidence
1. What confidence would be associated with each of the following intervals? Assume
that the random variable Y is normally distributed and that 𝜎 2 is known:
2.33𝜎 2.33𝜎
i. (𝑦̅ − , 𝑦̅ + )
√𝑛 √𝑛
2.58𝜎 2.58𝜎
ii. (𝑦̅ − , 𝑦̅ + )
√𝑛 √𝑛
2. What levels of confidence would be associated with each other of the following
intervals? Assume that the random variable X is normally distributed and the
population variance 𝜎 2 is known and a sample of size 𝑛 has mean 𝑋̅.
𝜎
i. (𝑋̅ − 1.645 , ∞, )
√𝑛
𝜎 𝜎
ii. (𝑋̅ − 2.33 , 𝑋̅ + 1.645 )
√𝑛 √𝑛
𝜎
iii. (−∞, 𝑋̅ − 2.58 )
√𝑛

3. Determine the confidence level for each of the following one-sided confidence
bounds:
(i) Upper bound: 𝑋̅ + 0.74s/ √100
(ii) Lower bound: 𝑋̅ - 2.06s/√150
(iii) Upper bound: 𝑋̅ +1.753s/√7

4. Consider a normal population distribution with the value of 𝜎 known:

𝜎
i. What is the confidence level for the interval 𝑋̅ ± 2.81 𝑛 ?
√
𝜎
ii. What is the confidence level for the interval 𝑋̅ ± 1.44 ?
√𝑛
iii. What is the value of 𝑍𝛼/2 for the confidence interval represented by the
confidence level of 99.7%?

5. Determine the two sided confidence level for below confidence interval of population
mean.
𝑠 𝑠
i) (𝑋̅ − 0.687 , 𝑋̅ + 1.725 )
√21 √21
𝑠 𝑠
ii) (𝑋̅ − 0.860 , 𝑋̅ + 1.325 )
√21 √21
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𝑠 𝑠
iii) (𝑋̅ − 1.064 , 𝑋̅ + 1.064 )
√21 √21

6. A random sample of 50 mathematics grades out of a total of 200 showed a mean

of 75 and a standard deviation 10.

i) What are the 95% confidence interval of means

ii) With what degree of confidence could we say that the mean of all 200 grades
is 75 ± 1.
7. On the basis of survey of 25 random typists , a confidence interval for the mean
time needed to complete typing a page was (5.588 , 6.412). knowing that the
distribution of the time needed to type a page is normal , and the sample standard
deviation was equal to 1. Determine the confidence level used for the calculation.

Prediction Interval for single observation

1. The load at failure for n=22 specimens was observed, and we found that 𝑋̅ =13.71
and s= 3.55.. We plan to test a twenty-third specimen. Find 95% prediction interval
on the load at failure for this specimen . [Ans: (6.16 ,21.26) ]

2. A research engineer for a tire manufacturer is invest- gating tire life for a new
rubber compound and has built 16 tires and tested them to end-of-life in a road test.
The sample mean and standard deviation are 60,139.7 and 3645.94 kilometres. Find
95% prediction interval for the life of next tire.

3. The brightness of a television picture tube can be evaluated by measuring the

amount of current required to achieve a particular brightness level. A sample of 10
tubes results in 𝑋̅ = 317.2 and s= 3.55. compute 99% prediction interval for the
brightness of next tube tested .
4. A sample of 14 joint specimens of a particular type gave a sample mean proportional
limit stress of 8.48 MPa and a sample standard deviation of .79 MPa .Calculate 95%
lower prediction bound for the proportional limit stress of a single joint of this type.

[Ans : (7.302 ,∞) ]

5. A sample of 26 offshore oil worker took a part in a simulated escape exercise ,

resulting in accompanying data on time to complete the escape .Sample mean and
sample standard deviation are 370.69 and 24.36 repectively.

a) Calculate an upper confidence bound for population mean escape time using a
confidence level of 95%. [Ans : (−∞, 379.30) ]
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b) Calculate an upper prediction bound for the escape time of a single additional
worker using a prediction level of 95%. How does this bound compare with the
confidence bound if part(a). [Ans : (−∞, 413.81) ]
c) Suppose that two additional workers will be chosen to participate in the
simulated escape exercise . Denote their escape time 𝑋27 and 𝑋28 , and 𝑋𝑁𝑒𝑤 ,
denote the average of these two values . modify the formula for PI for a single x
value to obtain PI for 𝑋𝑁𝑒𝑤 , and calculate 95% two sided confidence interval
based on given escape data . [Ans : (337.97, 408.19) ]

Confidence Interval for Population Proportion

Q38 A random sample of 500 houses in a city disclosed that 125 of these houses had
colour TV sets. Find a 98% confidence interval for the proportion of houses in the city
with colour TV sets.

[Ans: .206<P<.294 ]

Q39. A random sample of 400 cigarette smokers is selected and 86 are found to have a
preference for brand X. Find a 90% confidence interval for the population,P, of all
cigarette smokers who prefer brand X.[Ans : .182<P<.248]

Q40. In a random sample of 81 items taken from a large consignment, some were found
to be defective. If the standard error of proportion of defection items in the sample is
1/18, find 95% confidence limits of the percentage of defective items in the consignment.

[Ans : 0.39<P<0.61]

Q41. A country public health department wants to estimate the proportion of adults in
the country who smoke at least a package of cigarettes every day. The adult population
of the country is 2500. A random sample of 400 adults is selected and, of these, 100 smoke
at least a pack a day construct a 99% confidence interval for the population.[Ans :
0.199<P<0.301]

EXAM STYLE QUESTION

1. Assume that the time saved by putting FASTags on cars is normally distributed with
true standard deviation 0.75.

(a) Compute 96% confidence interval for the true average time saved based on 35 cars
with a sample average of time saved being 8.57 minutes.

(b) Will your answer change if time saved by putting FASTags on cars is not normally
distributed?
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(c) How large must be the sample size if the width of the 92% interval is to be 0.50.

2. Consider asymmetric interval where 𝛼1 > 0, 𝛼2 > 0, 𝛼1 + 𝛼2 = 𝛼. Then

𝑋̅−𝜇
𝑃 [−𝑧𝛼1 < 𝜎 < 𝑧𝛼2 ] = 1 − 𝛼
√𝑛

Use the above equation to derive a 100(1-𝛼)% confidence interval for u. Show the steps
clearly.

(b) If 𝛼 is 0.09 and 𝛼1 = 𝛼 /3, 𝛼2 = 2 𝛼 /3. Find the Confidence interval?

(c) How would your answer to part (b) change if the interval is symmetric.

(d) Which interval would you prefer? Justify your answer.

(e) Also derive a 100(1 - 𝛼)% lower confidence bound for 𝜇.

3. Out of a random sample of 150 students, 108 students said that they opted for GE
maths because it is scoring. With 94% confidence what can we say about the maximum
error in the estimate of true proportion of students who choose GE maths because it is
scoring, irrespective of the sample size?

4. Let 𝑋̅ be the mean of a random sample of size n from 𝑁(𝜇, 9). Find n so that
𝑃(𝑋̅ − 1 < 𝜇 < 𝑋̅ + 1) = 0.90. [Ans :25 ]

5. Suppose that a random sample of 50 bottles of a particular brand of cough syrup is

selected and the alcohol content of each bottle is determined. Let μ denote the
average alcohol content for the population of all bottles of the brand under study.
Suppose that the resulting 95% confidence interval is (7.8, 9.4).

a. Would a 90% confidence interval calculated from this same sample have been
narrower or wider than the given interval? Explain your reasoning.

b. Consider the following statement: There is a 95% chance that μ is between 7.8 and
9.4. Is this statement correct why? Why or not?

c. Consider the following statement: We can be highly confident that 95% of all
bottles of this type of cough syrup have an alcohol content that is between 7.8 and
9.4. Is this statement correct? Why or why not?

d. Consider the following statement: If the process of selecting a sample of size 50

and then computing the corresponding 95% interval is repeated 100 times, 95 of the
resulting intervals will include μ. Is this statement correct? Why or why not?
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Rahul sir (Srcc Graduate ,Dse Alumni)