Design of Structures

CVE323

CONCRETE SLAB DESIGN

 SLAB

• Slabs are plate elements forming floors and roofs in buildings

which normally carry uniformly distributed loads. Slabs may be
simply supported or continuous over one or more supports and
are classified according to the method of support as follows;
1. spanning one way between beams or walls
2. spanning two ways between the support beams or walls
3. flat slabs carried on columns and edge beams or walls with no
interior beams
SLAB

• Slabs may be solid of uniform thickness or ribbed with ribs

running in one or two directions. Slabs with varying depth are
generally not used. Stairs with various support conditions form
a special case of sloping slabs.
 SLAB
• A slab is more often than not subjected to bending (tensile or
compressive) but in rare cases, (such as, in bridge deck) subjected
to shear.
• In most cases, slabs are horizontal members but they can be used
as vertical members (e.g. walls to infill panels, side walls to drains
and sewer etc.
• Thus, its design centres more on flexure rather than direct shear.
Where slabs are thicker than 200 mm, or where action of point or
line loads is predominant, slabs should be checked for direct shear
and punching shear.
Slab
• Generally slabs are similar to beams except that;
i) a width of 1.0 m (1000 mm) is generally assumed,
making the design simpler
ii) the section is mostly rectangular, hence, no flanges
iii) shear are generally not considered unless where
concentrated or line loads is present and the slab
thickness is more than 200 mm
iv) The design considers singly reinforced section, i.e.
compression reinforcement are hardly used. When tension
reinforcement appear heavy or the section required a
compression reinforcement, the slab thickness is increased
and the section redesign to control shear.
Types of Slab
Various types and the type to be preferred may depend on (i)
the span of the slab, (ii) the use of space which may determine
the span, (iii) the load to be carried, and (iv) aesthetics. The
various types include;
(a) Solid slab (cantilever, simply supported, continuous and two-
ways)
(b) Ribbed slab
C) Flat slab (although solid, but of different construction)
(d) Waffle slab ( with beams, or mushroom waffle)

(read –up)
Slabs may be analysed using any of the following methods.

1. Elastic analysis covers three techniques:

(a) idealization into strips or beams spanning one way or a grid with the
strips spanning two ways
(b) elastic plate analysis
(c) finite element analysis—the best method for irregularly shaped
slabs or slabs with non-uniform loads
2. For the method of design coefficients use is made of the moment
and shear coefficients given in the code, which have been obtained
from yield line analysis.
3. The yield line and Hillerborg strip methods are limit design or
collapse loads methods.
Solid slabs
• Section 3.5 of BS 8110: part 1: 1997 reveals that the general
recommendation given in section 3.4 for beams apply also to slabs.
• Section 3.5.2.1 recommends that the general method of analysis for
moments and shear as applicable to beams is applicable.
• Section 3.5.2.3 recommends that, although a slab should be designed
to withstand the most unfavorable arrangements of design loads, a
single load case of maximum design load will suffice provided the
following conditions are met;
- In a one way spanning slab, the area of each bay exceed 30.0m2
- The ratio of the characteristic imposed load to the characteristic dead
load does not exceed 1.25
- The characteristic imposed load does not exceed 5kN/m2 excluding
partitions
 slab
-The section recommends that where the single load case method is
adopted, the support moments should be reduced by 20% (except at
cantilever support) and the span moment increased by the same
amount. No further moment distribution should be done.
• Section 3.5.2.4 recommends that, moment coefficients as in Table
3.12 of the code be used where the spans are approximately equal
and the redistribution factor of 20% has already been taken into
account.
• Section 3.5.3 deals with solid slabs spanning in two directions
• Section 3.5.4 recommends the same method of determining
ultimate resistance moment for slab as for beams
• Section 3.5.5 recommends design procedure for shear bars. The
shear stress of the slab should be calculated from 𝑣 = 𝑉 𝑏𝑑 and
compared with 𝑣𝑐 as shown in Table 3.16 of the code
 Slab
The value of 𝑣𝑐 is obtained from table 3.8 of the code, thus
When 𝑣 < 𝑣𝑐 ; no shear reinforcement is required
When 𝑣𝑐 < 𝑣 < (𝑣𝑐 +0.4): minimum shear reinforcement is required in areas
where 𝑣 > 𝑣𝑐 and the spacing of such links should be calculated from the
0.95𝑓𝑦𝑣 𝐴𝑠𝑣
formula: 𝑠𝑣 = 0.4𝑏
Where (𝑣𝑐 +0.4) < 𝑣 < 0.8 𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑜𝑟 5𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 links and/or bent up bars in any
combination (but the spacing between links or bent up bars need not be
less than d) is needed; then the spacing is calculated from
0.95𝑓𝑦𝑣 𝐴𝑠𝑣
𝑠𝑣 = 𝑏(𝑣−𝑣𝑐 )mm as for beams.
However, shear links should be avoided in slabs less than 200 mm and bent
–up bars avoided in slab as much as possible.
slab
• Section 3.5.6 discusses shear in solid slab under concentrated
and recommend the provision of section 3.7.7
• Section 3.5.7 recommends that deflection in slab is controlled
when the span-effective depth ratio given below and modified by
the modification factor for tension reinforcement given in table
3.10 of the code is adhere to. The slab effective depth ratio are;
cantilever – 7
simply supported slab – 20
continuous slab – 26
The ratio for a 2 way spanning slab should be based on the shorter
span
 Reinforcement details

• For reason of durability, the code specifies limits in respect of:

1. Minimum reinforcement areas
2. Spacing of reinforcement; and
3. Maximum crack width.

• Distribution Reinforcement areas

The area of tension reinforcement, As, should not be less than the following limits:
• As > 0.13%bh for high yielding steel
• As > 0.24%bh for mild steel
Reinforcement
• Crack width (clause 3.12.11.2.7, BS 8110).
Unless the actual crack widths have been checked by direct calculation,
the following rules will ensure that crack widths will not generally exceed
0.3 mm. This limiting crack width is based on considerations of
appearance and durability.
(i) No further check is required on bar spacing if either:
(a) fy = 460N/mm2 and slab depth ≤ 200 mm, or
(b) the reinforcement percentage (100As/bd ) < 0.3%.
(ii) Where none of conditions (a) or (b) apply and the percentage of
reinforcement in the slab exceed 1 per cent, then the maximum clear
distance between bars given in Table 3.28 of BS 8110 should be used.
 Reinforcement
• Curtailment of reinforcement (clause 3.12.10.3, BS 8110). Simplified
rules for the curtailment of reinforcement are given in clause 3.12.10.3
of BS 8110. These are shown diagrammatically below for simply
supported and continuous solid slabs.

Simplified rules for curtailment of bars in slabs:

(a) simply supported ends; (b) continuous
slab (based on Fig. 3.25, BS 8110).
 Design of Slab
Loading:
• Dead load (GK); which include slab own weight, partition load or partition allowance,
and weight of finishes
• Imposed load(Qk): due to the occupation to which the slab will be subjected (BS
6399:Part 1: 1984 deals with the design loading for buildings)
A typical load assemblage for a residential building is as follows:
Uniformly distributed load
Concrete slab own weight – 0.15 x 24 = 3.60 kN/m2
finishes, = 1.20 kN/m2
Partition allowance say = 1.00 kN/m2
Total Gk = 5.80kN/m2
Imposed or Live load Qk = 1.50 kN/m2
Design load at Ultimate limit state F = 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk
= 1.4(5.80) + 1.6(1.50) = 10.52 kN/m per m run
This is the first step in the design of slab. However, when the slab
cantilevers out, point loads due to the walls and roofs are calculated. And
this will be used along with the uniformly distributed load to determine the
cantilever moment.
Assuming the external wall constituting the point loads support a roof area of
2.5 m per m run and taking the ultimate dead and live loads of roof as 2.25
kN/m2 and wall load and finishes as 3.74 kN/m per m high we have

Wall load 3.0(height) x 3.47 x 1.40 = 14.57 kN/m

Roof load 2.25 x 2.50 (width) = 5.63 kN/m

Total point load = 20.20 kN/m

Then;
i. Calculate the imposed bending moment
ii. Estimate the effective depth from: effective depth = overall depth
– cover – 1/2bar size
𝑀
iii. Calculate the K-value from: 𝑘 = 2 < 0.156 and
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑
𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑚 𝑧 = 𝑑(0.5 + 0.25 − 𝑘 0.9)
𝑀
iv. Calculate the area of steel from; 𝐴𝑠 = mm2
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑧𝑑
v. Calculate distribution bars and choose appropriate reinforcement
from the steel table
2 𝐴𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞
vi. Check for deflection from 𝑓𝑠 = 3 . 𝑓𝑦 and
𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣
(477−𝑓𝑠)
M. F. = 0.5 + 𝑀 ≤ 2.0
120(0.90+ 2 )
𝑏𝑑
Vii Re-design if deflection is inadequate by increasing the depth of
slab
Areas for bar spacing – slabs, walls, Pad foundations etc
• Design the cantilever slab below using a 20 – 300 concrete.
20kN
10.5kN/m

1.20m

Design load F =1.4gk + 1.6qk = 10.5KN/m (udl)

and 20KN for the point load
𝑤𝑙 2
Moment (M) = + PL = 10.5 × 0.5 × 1.22 + 20 × 1.2 = 31.6 𝑘𝑁𝑚
2
𝑀
𝑘= = 0.103, 𝑧 = 𝑑(0.5 + 0.25 − 𝑘 0.9) = 0.87d
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2
𝑀
𝐴𝑠 = = 1027 mm2/m Prov. Y16@175mm c/c Top (1150mm2)
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑧𝑑
Check: table 3.9/ table 3.11 - basic span/effective depth ratio = 7
100𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣
Deflection: 𝑏𝑑 = 0.93% M. F. = 1.25 Prov R10 @300 c/c top and Bottom
(262mm2) - distribution bars
1200
𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞 = =137mm deflection is not satisfied (either increase reinforcement area or slab thickness)
7×1.25
 Continuous One way Spanning Slab
The design of continuous one-way spanning slabs is similar
to that of single-span slabs. The main differences are that
(a) several loading arrangements may need to be
considered and
(b) such slabs are not statically determinate.
Methods such as moment distribution can be used to
determine the design moments and shear forces in the slab.
Continuous one-way slab
• A continuous one-way slab has three equal spans of 3.5 m each. The
slab depth is assumed to be 140 mm. The loading is as follows:
Dead loads (self-weight, screed, finish, partitions) - 5.2 kN/m2
Imposed load - 3.0 kN/m2
The construction materials are grade 30 concrete and grade 460
reinforcement. The condition of exposure is mild and the cover
required is 25 mm. Design the slab and show the reinforcement on a
sketch of the cross-section.
One way spanning slab
Design loads; Consider a strip 1 m wide.
design load = (1.4 × 5.2) + (1.6 × 3) = 12.08 kN/m
design load per span= 12.08 × 3.5 = 42.28 kN
The single load case of maximum design loads on all spans is shown below.
where the critical points for shear and moment are also indicated.

The shear forces and moments in the slab are calculated using BS8110: Part
1 Table 3.12. The redistribution is 20%.
One way spanning slab
note the following conditions are met, the moments and shear forces can be calculated using the
coefficients in Table 3.12 of BS 8110; when
1. There are three or more spans of approximately equal length.
2. The area of each bay exceeds 30 m2
Design ultimate shears and moments
 slab

• Design of moment steel

Assume 10 mm diameter bars with 25 mm cover. The effective depth is
d = 140 − 25 − 5 = 110 mm
(i) Section at support B, M =12.73 kN m Redistribution is 20%;

Provide 8 mm bars at 160 mm centres to give an

area of 314 mm2/m. Provide the same
reinforcement at section P.
slab
(ii) Section Q, M = 9.32 kN m/m
z=0.95d
As=222.9 mm2/m
• Provide 8 mm bars at 220 mm centres to give an area of 228 mm2/m.
• The minimum area of reinforcement is
0.13 × 1000 × 140/100 = 182 mm2/m (As > 0.13%bh )
The above areas exceed this value.
 slab

At the end support A, top steel equal in area to one-half the mid-span steel, i.e.
152.2mm2/m, but not less than the minimum area of 182 mm2/m has to be
provided. The clear spacing between bars is not to exceed 3d=330 mm. Provide 8
mm bars at 250 mm centres to give 201 mm2/m. The tension bars in the bottom of
the slab at support A are stopped off at the line of support.

• Distribution steel
The minimum area of reinforcement (182 mm2/m) has to be provided. The spacing
is not to exceed 3d=330 mm. Provide 8 mm bars at 250 mm centres to give an
area of 201 mm2/m.
slab
• Shear resistance
(i) End support The shear resistance is based on the top bars, 8 mm
diameter bars at 250 mm centres with area 201 mm2/m.

No shear reinforcement is required.

Table 3.8 and table 3.16
(ii) Interior Support
 Slab

• Deflection
The slab is checked for deflection using the rules from section 3.4.6 of the
code. The end span is checked. The basic span-to-effective depth ratio is 26
for the continuous slab (table 3.9).

The modification factor (M.F.) =

The slab deflection is satisfied.

• allowable span/d ratio =1.39 × 26 = 36.1

• actual span/d ratio = 3500/110 = 31.8
 slab
• Crack control
Because the steel grade is 460, the slab depth is less than 200 mm and
the clear spacing does not exceed 3d =330 mm, the slab is satisfactory
with respect to cracking. Refer to BS8110: Part 1, clause 3.12.11.2.7.

• A sketch of the cross-section of the slab with reinforcement is shown

above
Classwork
• Design the continuous one-way spanning slab in figure below
assuming the cover to the reinforcement is 25 mm.