Session 6-7

Determinant and Inverse

Determinant
Determinant Matrix 2× 2

Let A is 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 2× 2
𝑎 𝑏
𝐴=
𝑐 𝑑
Matrix A is invertible if and only if 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 ≠ 0 and that the expression
𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 is called determinant of the matrix A. Recall also that this
determinant is denoted by writing
𝑎 𝑏
det(𝐴) = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 or = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
𝑐 𝑑

𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒 ∶ det(𝐴) is a number, whereas A is a matrix.

Calculating Determinants by
Cofactor Expansion
 Minor and Cofactor

Definition
If A is a square matrix, then the minor of entry aij is denoted by Mij and is defined
to be the determinant of the submatrix that remains after the ith row and jth
column are deleted from A. The number (-1)i+j Mij is denoted by Cij and is called
the cofactor of entry aij

Example : Finding Minors and Cofactors

3 1 −4
𝑨= 2 5 6
1 4 8
 Determinants by Cofactor Expansion
Definition
If A is an 𝑛 × 𝑛 matrix, then the number obtained by multiplying the entries in any
row or column of A by the corresponding cofactors and adding the resulting
products is called the determinant of A, and the sums themselves are called
cofactor expansions of A.
det A = 𝒂𝟏𝒋 𝑪𝟏𝒋 + 𝒂𝟐𝒋 𝑪𝟐𝒋 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝒏𝒋 𝑪𝒏𝒋
(Cofactor Expansion along the 𝑗𝑡ℎ column)
det 𝐴 = 𝒂𝒊𝟏 𝑪𝒊𝟏 + 𝒂𝒊𝟐 𝑪𝒊𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝑪𝒊𝒏
(Cofactor Expansion along the i𝑡ℎ row)

Example : Find the determinant of the matrix by cofactor expansion along the
first row.
3 1 −4
𝑨= 2 5 6
1 4 8
 Determinants by Cofactor Expansion

Example : Find the determinant of the matrix by cofactor expansion along the
first row.
3 1 −4
𝑨= 2 5 6
1 4 8
Solution
The minor and cofactor of entry aij is

𝟑 𝟏 −𝟒
𝟓 𝟔 𝟐 𝟔 𝟐 𝟓
𝒅𝒆𝒕 𝑨 = 𝟐 𝟓 𝟔 =𝟑 −𝟏 −𝟒
𝟒 𝟖 𝟏 𝟖 𝟏 𝟒
𝟏 𝟒 𝟖

= 𝟑 𝟏𝟔 − 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟒(𝟑)=-1
Sarrul’s Rule & The Cramer’s Rule
 Sarrus' rule

Like for square matrices of order 2, for square matrices of order 3 there is a
mechanical rule to calculate the determinant that does not make use of the
cofactor expansion, and sometimes this can be more convenient.

Note that in this writing there are 3 full left-to-right diagonals (called main
diagonals) starting from the entries in the 1st row.

SOURCE https://carlomaria-scandolo.weebly.com/uploads/1/1/2/8/112859023/sarrus_rule.pdf
Sarrus' rule

SOURCE https://carlomaria-scandolo.weebly.com/uploads/1/1/2/8/112859023/sarrus_rule.pdf
 Cramer’s Rule

Our next theorem uses the formula for the inverse of an

invertible matrix to produce a formula, called Cramer's rule,
for the solution of a linear system A.x = b of n equations in n
unknowns in the case where the coefficient matrix A is
invertible (or, equivalently, when det(A) ≠ 0).

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 Cramer’s Rule

Theorem (Cramer’s Rule)

If A.x=b is a system of n linear equations in n unknowns such
that det(A) ≠ 0, then the system has a unique solution. This
solution is

where Aj is the matrix obtained by replacing the entries in the

j-th column of A by the entries in the matrix

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 Note :
For n > 3, it is usually more efficient to solve a linear
system with n equations in n unknowns by Gauss–Jordan
elimination than by Cramer's rule.
Its main use is for obtaining properties of solutions of a linear
system without actually solving the system.

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 Assignment 2 (GSLC)
1. Use Cramer’s rule to solve this

2. Find the determinant of the matrix by cofactor expansion along the first row.
8 4 3
𝑨 = −5 6 −2
7 9 8

3. Find the determinant of the matrix by Sarrus’ rule.

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Calculating Determinants by
Row Reduction
Theorem
❑ Let A be a square matrix. If A has a row of zeros or a column of zeros,
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 det 𝐴 = 0
❑ Let A be a square matrix. Then det 𝐴 =det 𝐴𝑇

The next theorem shows how an elementary row operation on a square matrix
affects the value of its determinant.

Let A be an 𝑛 × 𝑛 matrix.
(a) If B is the matrix that results when a single row or single column of A is
multiplied by a scalar 𝑘, then det 𝐵 = 𝑘 det 𝐴
(b) If B is the matrix that results when two rows or two columns of A are
interchanged,
then det 𝐵 = - det 𝐴 .
(c) If B is the matrix that results when a multiple of one row of A is added to
another row or when a multiple of one column is added to another column, then
det 𝐵 = det 𝐴 .
 Properties of Determinants

Theorem
Let A be a square matrix.
(a) If A has a row of zeros or a column of zeros, then det(A)=0.
(b) det(A) = det(AT).

Theorem
Suppose that A and B are n x n matrices and k is any scalar.
We have the following properties :
(a) det(A.B) = det(A).det(B)
(b) det(k.A) = kn.det(A)
(c) In general, det(A+B) ≠ det(A)+det(B)

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 Determinants of
Triangular Matrices
Theorem
If A is an n x n triangular matrix (upper triangular, lower
triangular, or diagonal), then det(A) is the product of the entries
on the main diagonal of the matrix; that is, det(A) = a11.a22.....ann.

This is an illustration in 4x4 case :

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 Example
0 1 5
Find the determinant of 3 −6 9
2 6 1
Solution
INVERSE
Definition

If 𝐴 is a square matrix, and if there exists a matrix 𝐵 of

Inverse
the same size for which 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐼, then 𝐴 is said to be
invertible (or nonsingular) and 𝐵 is called an Inverse of 𝐴.
If no such matrix 𝐵 exists, then 𝐴 is said to be singular.
 Example
• Let matrix A dan B
2 −5 3 5
A= dan B =
−1 3 1 2
Consider matrix multiplication AB and BA
2 −5 3 5 1 0
AB = = = I (identity matrix)
−1 3 1 2 0 1
And
3 5 2 −5 1 0
BA = = = I(identity matrix)
1 2 −1 3 0 1
 Inverse 2 × 2 Matrix
Theorem

The matrix
a 𝑏
A=
𝑐 d
Is invertible if andInverse
only if ad-bc ≠ 0, In which case
the Inverse is given by the formula
−1 1 d −𝑏
𝐴 =
𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐 −𝑐 a
Theorem
1. If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are invertible matrices with the same
size, then 𝐴𝐵 is invertible and
(𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵−1 𝐴−1
Inverse
2. If 𝐴 is invertible and n is a nonnegative integer,
then:
(a) 𝐴−1 is invertible and (𝐴−1)−1 = 𝐴.
(b) 𝐴n is invertible and (𝐴n)−1 = 𝐴−n = (𝐴−1)n.
(c) k𝐴 is invertible for any nonzero scalar k, and
(k𝐴)−1 = k−1𝐴−1.
A Method for Inverting Matrices

1. Using Row Operations to Find A−1.

2. Using the Adjoint to Find an Inverse Matrix
 1. Inverse Technique : Inversion
Algorithm
To find the inverse of an invertible matrix A, find a sequence of
elementary row operations that reduces A to the identity and
then perform that same sequence of operations on In to obtain
A-1.

To accomplish this we will adjoin the identity matrix to the right

side of A, thereby producing a partitioned matrix of the form
[A|I]
Then we will apply row operations to this matrix until the left
side is reduced to I; these operations will convert the right side
to A-1, so the final matrix will have the form
[ I | A-1 ]

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 Using Row Operations to Find A−1.
Find the Inverse of

1 2 3
𝐴= 2 5 3
1 0 8

Solution :

- We want to reduce 𝐴 to the identity matrix by row operations and

simultaneously apply these operations to 𝐼 to produce 𝐴−1. To accomplish
this, we will adjoin the identity matrix to the right side of 𝐴, thereby
producing a partitioned matrix of the form [𝐴 ∣ 𝐼]

- Then we will apply row operations to this matrix until the left side is
reduced to 𝐼; these operations will convert the right side to 𝐴−1, so the final
matrix will have the form [𝐼 ∣ 𝐴−1]
The computations are as follows:
 2. Inverse of a Matrix Using Its
Adjoint

Definition : Adjoint
 Inverse of a Matrix Using Its Adjoint
If 𝐴 is an invertible matrix, then
𝟏
𝐀−𝟏 = 𝐚𝐝𝐣 (𝐀)
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝐀)

PRACTICE:
Calculating the Inverse of matrix
3 2 −1
A = 1 6 3
2 −4 0
 Inverse of a Product

Theorem
If A and B are invertible matrices with the same size, then A.B is
invertible and
(A.B)-1 = B-1.A-1

Above theorem can be extended to three or more matrices :

A product of any number of invertible matrices is invertible, and the
inverse of the product is the product of the inverses in the reverse
order.

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Inverse of a Product
 More Properties of Inverses
Here is some properties of inverses related to exponent and
transpose.

Theorem
If A is invertible and n is a nonnegative integer, then:
(a) A-1 is invertible and (A-1)-1 = A.
(b) An is invertible and (An)-1 = A-n = (A-1)n.
(c) k.A is invertible for any nonzero scalar k, and (k.A)-1 = k-1.A-1.
(d) AT is invertible and (AT)-1 = (A-1)T.

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 More Properties of Inverses
An is invertible and (An)-1 = A-n = (A-1)n.

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 More Properties of Inverses
AT is invertible and (AT)-1 = (A-1)T.

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 Solving Linear Systems by
Matrix Inversion
So far, we have studied two procedures for solving linear
systems : Gauss–Jordan elimination and Gaussian elimination.
The following theorem provides an actual formula for the
solution of a linear system of n equations in n unknowns in the
case where the coefficient matrix is invertible.

Theorem
If A is an invertible n x n matrix, then for each n x 1 matrix b,
the system of equations A.x = b has exactly one solution,
namely
x = A-1.b.

Above theorem can be proved easily by multiplying each both

sides by A-1 from the left.

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 Example
Consider the system of linear equations

In matrix form this system can be written as A.x = b, where

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 Example (Cont.)
In previous example we showed that A is invertible and

The solution of the system is

or x1 = 1, x2 = -1, x3 =2.

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Applications of Linear Systems
Applications of Linear Systems
Applications of Linear Systems
 REFRESH

Multiplying Refresh
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vzt9c7iWPxs
 REFRESH

Trivial
• Solusi atau jawaban yang disebut "trivial" adalah solusi yang sangat
mudah, sederhana, atau jelas. Dalam banyak kasus, solusi ini
mungkin merupakan solusi yang sangat dasar atau terdapat secara
langsung dari masalah.
• Contoh solusi trivial dapat berupa solusi yang adalah nol, satu, atau
nilai yang sangat mudah diidentifikasi. Misalnya, jika Anda
memecahkan persamaan x+2=3, solusi x=1 adalah solusi trivial.
• Dalam konteks sistem persamaan linear homogen, solusi trivial
adalah solusi di mana semua variabel bernilai nol. Misalnya, dalam
sistem persamaan 2x+3y−z=0, solusi trivial adalah x=0, y=0, dan z=0.
 REFRESH
Nontrivial
1. Sebaliknya, solusi atau jawaban "nontrivial" adalah solusi yang lebih
kompleks atau tidak dapat diidentifikasi secara langsung. Solusi
nontrivial adalah solusi yang memiliki nilai variabel yang tidak nol.
2. Dalam sistem persamaan linear homogen, solusi nontrivial adalah
solusi di mana setidaknya satu variabel memiliki nilai yang tidak nol.
Dalam konteks ini, solusi nontrivial mengindikasikan keberadaan
subspace atau ruang vektor nontrivial yang membentuk solusi.
Misalnya, dalam sistem persamaan 2x+3y−z=0, solusi trivial adalah x=0, y=0,
dan z=0 (ketiga variabel adalah nol). Sedangkan solusi nontrivial bisa
menjadi contoh seperti x=1, y=2, dan z=7, di mana setidaknya satu variabel
tidak nol. Solusi nontrivial dalam konteks sistem persamaan linear homogen
menunjukkan bahwa terdapat banyak solusi yang membentuk subspace
dalam ruang vektor yang terkait dengan sistem tersebut.
 REFRESH
Properties of the Transpose

Theorem
If the sizes of the matrices are such that the stated operations
can be performed, then:
•(AT)T = A
•(A + B)T = AT + BT
•(A - B)T = AT - BT
•(k.A)T = k.AT
•(A.B)T = BT.AT (The transpose of a product of any number of
matrices is the product of the transposes in the reverse order)

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 REFRESH
Find Invers
 REFRESH
Find determinant using cramer’s rule
 REFRESH
det(kA)=k^n.det(A)