Solution

CURRENT ELECTRICITY IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

Class 12 - Physics
Section A
1. The distribution of current is shown in the figure.

Applying Kirchhoff's second law to the loops 1 and 2,

we get (I - I1) × (7 + 1 + 10) - I1 × 6 = 0 and I1 × 6 + I × (8 + 0.5 + 2) = 15
On solving the above two equations, we get I1 = 0.75 A and I = 1.0 A
Power dissipated in the 6 Ω resistor which carries current I1 is

P = I R = (0.75)2 × 6 = 3.375 W
2
1

2. As R = ρ l

= 1.68 × 10-5 m2
ρl −8 3
1.68 × 10 × 10 × 10
∴ A= =
R 10

Mass of copper required,

m = Volume × density = Al × density
= 1.68 × 10-5 × 10 × 103 × 8.9 × 103
= 1495.2 kg
3. When the cells are connected in series, (Figure), the current in the circuit is
2E
Is = 1 + 2r

When the cells are connected in parallel (Figure), the current in the circuit is

Is = ε
r × r
= 2e

2 + r
1 +
r + r

Given Is = Ip
2ε 2ε
∴ =
1 + 2r 2 + r

or 1 + 2r = 2 + r or r = 1Ω
4. The equivalent resistance of the circuit is
R= 6 × 3

6 + 3
+1=2+1=3Ω
Current drawn from the battery is
9 V
I= = 3A
3Ω

As the current through 1Ω resistor is 3 A, so heat produced in this resistor in 1 minute (or 60 s) is
H = I2 Rt = 32 × 1 × 60 = 540 J
Current through 6 Ω resistor,
3
I1 = × 3 = 1A
6 + 3

∴ Heat produced in 6 Ω resistor

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 = l2 × 6 × 60 = 360 J
Current through 3Ω resistor,
I2 = I - I1 = 3 - 1 = 2 A
∴ Heat produced in 3 Ω resistor
= 22 × 3 × 60 = 720 J
5. Mobility is formally defined as the value of the drift velocity per unit of electric field strength; thus, the faster the particle moves
at a given electric field strength, the larger the mobility. Mobility is generally denoted by μ.
vd
∴ μ= ...(i) E

Drift velocity in term of relaxation time,

−eE
vd = τ
m
v
In magnitude, v d =
eE

m
τ or E
d
=
eτ

m
eτ
μ=
m
[From Eq. (i)] it gives the relation between mobility and relaxation time
The faster the particle moves at a given electric field strength, the larger the mobility. The mobility of a particular type of particle
in a given solid may vary with temperature.
6. As the two wires are of same material and mass, their volumes must be equal.
∴ a1l1 = a2l2 or a1 × l = a2 × 2l or a1 = 2 a2

If ε is the emf of the source, then rate of heat dissipation in wire B is

2 2
ε ε

R2
= 5 or ρl2
=5
a
2

2 2
ε ε a2
or ρ⋅2l
= 5 or ρl
= 10 [∵ l2 = 2 l]
a
2

Rate of heat dissipation in wire A is

2 2 2
ε

R1
=
ε

ρl
=
ε

ρl
⋅ 2a2 = 2 × 10 = 20 W
a
1

7. The equivalent resistance of the 5 Ω and 20 Ω resistances connected in parallel = 5 × 20

5 + 20
= 4Ω . This resistance is connected in
series with the rheostat whose minimum and maximum resistances are 0 Ω and 30 Ω .
When the rheostat is adjusted at the minimum resistance of 0 Ω , current will be maximum.
Imax = = 1.5 A6 V

4Ω

When the rheostat is adjusted at the maximum resistance of 30 Ω , current will be minimum.
Imin = = 0.18 A 6 V

(4 + 30)Ω

E1 E2
8. Eeq = ( r1
+
r2
) ÷ (
1

r1
+
1

r2
) (polarity of the emf are opposite)
Eeq =( 10

10
−
2

5
)÷ (
1

10
+
1

5
)

Eeq = 2 V thus equivalent voltage=2V

9. Resistance of a conductor is the ratio of the potential difference applied across its ends to the current flowing through it. The
resistance of a conductor depends on its shape and size and also on the nature of its material. The resistivity of a material is the
resistance offered by a unit cube of that material. It depends on the nature of the material and on the physical conditions like
temperature and pressure.
10. i. Applying Kirchhoff's second rule in the closed mesh ABFEA,
VB - 0.5 × 2 + 3 = VA ⇒ VB - VA = - 2
V = VA - VB = + 2V
Potential drop across R is 1 V as R, BF and upper row are in parallel.
∴ Potential across AB = potential across BF

3 - 2 × 0.5 = 4 - 2I2
2I2 = 2A ⇒ I2 = 1A
ii. Potential across R = potential across AB = potential across BF
= 3 - 2 × 0.5 = 2V
11. Since in series combination of resistance, the current flowing is the same but voltage is different, therefore power dissipation is
given by
P = I2R
P1 R1
P ∝ R⇒ =
P2 R2

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 Now for two bulbs P and Q, we have
P1 R1 1
= =
P2 R2 2

(Since R1 : R2 = 1: 2 given) then power is also present in the same ratio)

⇒ Ratio of power, P1 : P2 = 1 : 2
12. Let internal resistance of each cell be r and its emf be ε. When n cells are connected in series, the current in the circuit is
6
n
I1 = R + nr

When the n cells are connected in parallel, the current in the circuit is
I2 = =
ε
r
nε

nR + r
R+
n

But I1 = I2
6 6

∴
R + nr
n
=
n

nR + r
or R + nr = nR + r or R = r
13. The four resistances are connected in a cyclic order as shown in Figure.

As 15

12
≠
10

Thus Wheatstone bridge is not balanced. To balance the network, suppose resistance R is connected in parallel with 10
Ω resistance. Then
10R

15 10R
or =5
10 + R
=
12 4 10 + R

or R = 10 Ω
14. i. Radius of Al wire,
r= 0.24

2
= 0.12 cm = 0.12 × 10-2m
Area of cross-section,
A = π r2 =3.14 × (0.12 × 10-2)2 = 4.5 × 10-6 m2
∴ Current density,

= 2.2 × 106 Am-2

I 10
j= A
=
−6
4.5 × 10

ii. Area of cross-section of Cu wire is

A = π × (0.08 × 10-2)2 = 2.0 × 10-6 m2
Also,
n = 8.4 × 1028m-3, e = 1.6 × 10-19C , I = 10 A
I 10
∴ vd = =
enA −19 28 −6
1.6 × 10 × 8.4 × 10 × 2.0 × 10

= 3.7 × 10-4 ms-1

15. Req = R + r = 4 + 2 = 6Ω
ε 12 V
∴ I =
Req
=
6Ω
= 2A
Terminal p.d. across the cell,
V = E - Ir = 12 - 2 × 2 = 8 V
P.D. across 4Q resistance = 4Ω × 2 A = 8 V
Hence, the voltmeter gives the same reading in the two cases.
16. Resistance is given by, R = ρ = ρ l l

2
A πr

Given
′
r =
r

2
and
′ l
l =
4

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 l

l
Therefore, New resistance, R ′ 4
= ρ = ρ
π r2 A

Implies, there is no change in resistance when the radius is halved and length is reduced to one-fourth of it's original length.
I I
17. Initial drift velocity, vd = enA
=
2
en × πr

For a wire of same material (hence same n) and double the radius, the drift velocity with current 2 I will be
′ 2I 1 I 1
v = = ⋅ = vd
d 2
en × π(2r)
2 en × πr2 2

18. EMF of the battery = 6 × 2.0 = 12 V

Internal resistance of the battery = 6 × 0.25 = 1.5 Ω
Total resistance = 1.5 + 53 = 54.5 Ω
230 − 12
Charging current = =
Effective emf

Total resistance 54.5

= 4.0 A
i. Power supplied by the mains = W = 230 × 4.0 = 920 W
ii. The power dissipated as heat
= I2 (R + r) = (4)2 × (53 + 1.5) = 872 W
The difference: 920 - 872 = 48 W, is the power stored in the accumulator in the form of chemical energy of its contents.
19. i. For emf, current I = 0 then Total potential difference = 6V(maximum) called the emf of the cell.
∴ E = 6 V

ii. E = V + ir ( for V = 4v current I = 1 A)

∴ 6 = 4 + r

r=2Ω
20. Mobility of an ion is defined as the drift velocity per unit electric field i.e.
vd eτ
μ= =
E m

Its unit is m2 /Vs.

When temperature increases covalent bonds of neighbouring atoms break and charge carrier become free to cause conductive so
resistivity of semiconductor decreases with rise of temperature.
21. Applying Kirchhoff 's first law at the junction B,
I1 + I2 = I3 ...(i)
Applying Kirchhoff's second law to loops ABEFA and BCDEB, we get,
2I3 + 5l1 = 12 ...(ii)
- 2I3 - 3I2 = - 6 ...(iii)
Solving equations (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
48 18 66
I1 = A, I2 = A, I3 = A
31 31 31
Rt − R0
22. As α = R0 t

R100 − R0 R1200 − R0
∴ α = =
R0 × 100 R0 × 1200

R1200 − R0
or R100 − R0
=
1200

100
= 12
If V is the potential difference applied across the conductor, then
V V
−
I I
1200

V V
0
= 12
−
I100 I0

1 1
−
I1200 I0

or 1 1
= 12
−
I I
100 0

1 1 1 1
[ − ] = 12 [ − ]
I1200 I0 I100 I0

But I0 = 1 A and I100 = 0.7 A

1 1 1 1 36
∴ − = 12 [ − ] =
I1200 1 0.7 1 7

1 36 43
= + 1 =
I1200 7 7

7
or I 1200 =
43
= 0.163 A
23. The resistances R, 2 R and 3 R are in parallel between the points P and Q. Their equivalent resistance R' is given by
1
=
′
+ +
1

R
= or R =2R
1

3R
1 11

6R
′ 6R

11
R

Now 6R

11
and 5R

11
are in series.

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 ∴ Total resistance of the circuit = 6R

11
+
5R

11
=R
ε
Resistance, R = I
=
12

2
= 6Ω

24. Variation of resistivity (ρ ) with temperature (T) is shown below:

Explanation: In semiconductor the number density of free electrons (ρ ) increases with increase in temperature (T) and
consequently the relaxation period decreases. But the effect of increase in ρ has higher impact than decrease of T. So, resistivity
decreases with increase in temperature.
25. From the loop ABDA, we get
5I1 + 10Ig - (1 - I1) 15 = 0 [I = 1 A]
or 20I1 + 10Ig = 15
or 4I1 + 2Ig = 3 ...(i)
From the loop BCDB, we get
10(I1 - Ig) - 20 (I - I1 + Ig) - 10Ig = 0
30I1 - 40 Ig = 20
or 3I1 - 4 Ig = 2 ..(ii)
On solving equations (i) and (ii), we get
Ig = A = 0.0454 A
1

22

26. The above figure can be redrawn as given here.

The direction of the current in the circuit will be as shown in the figure. So point B is at a higher potential than A. So VB>VA. E1
= 6V, E2 = 4V, r1 = 2 ohm and r2 = 8 ohm
E1 + E2 (6−4)V
Current (I) in the circuit, I = r1 + r2
=
(2+8)Ω
= 0.2 amp
For positive potential A is near to positive terminal of E2 so has +4 V. So potential across E1 and E2
E1 = V - I r1 = 6 - 0.2 × 2 = 6-0.4 = 5.6 V
E2 = V + I r2 = 4 + 0.2 × 8 = 4 + 1.6 = 5.6 V
So potential between A and B = E2 = 5.6 Volt.
As current is flowing from B to A. So potential at B is larger than A.
27. i. Given q(t) = at2 + bt + c
= AT-1
q
Dimension of a = [ 2
] =
AT

2
t T
q AT
Dimension of b = [ t
] =
T
=A
Dimension of c = [q] = AT
(at2 + bt + c) = 2at + b
dq d
ii. Current, I = dt
=
dt

At t = 5 s, 7 = 2 × 5 × 5 + 3 = 53A
28. emf = 4 V internal resistance = 1 ohm
voltage =10 volt
Calculation of Terminal Voltage
10 - 4 = I(1 + 5)

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 I=1A
∴ Terminal voltage across cell

= (4 + 1 × 1)V
=5V
29. Refer to Figure, various resistances are
V V V
R1 = , R2 = , R3 =
I1 I2 I3

But I1 < I2 < I3 ∴ R1 > R2 > R3

Hence graph 1 represents the series combination of other two resistors.

30. The potential difference between the terminals of a battery will equal the emf of the battery when there is no current in the battery.
At this time, the potential drop across the internal resistance is zero. This only happens when there is no load placed on the battery
that includes measuring the potential difference with a voltmeter. The terminal voltage will exceed the emf of the battery when the
current is driven back through the battery, in at its positive terminal and out at its negative terminal.
Eab lab
31. in first case balancing length is 300 cm.and then balancing length reaches to 100cm.For balance potentiometer: Eac
=
lac

E1 300
or E1 − E2
=
100

or 3E1 - 3E2 = E1
E1
or 2E1 = 3E2 or E2
= 3

or E1 : E2 = 3 : 2
32. To measure current upto 5A, the shunt S should have a value, such that for 5A input current through system, 4A should pass
through shunt S and 1 A should pass through given ammeter.
We know that Shunt (S) is given by
RA iA
S =
i−i
A

RA is Internal resistance of the ammeter.

ig = 4A, i = 5A, RA = 0.80Ω

i-iA= 5A-A=4A
1 × RA = 4S ⇒ 1 × 0.8 = 4S

⇒ S = 0.2Ω

33. Here ε = 1.5 V, V = 1.4 V

The resistance of external circuit = Total resistance of two resistances of 17 Ω connected in parallel
R1 R2 17 × 17
or R = R1 + R2
=
17 + 17
Ω = 8.5 Ω

Let r be the total internal resistance of the two cells.

′

Then

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 ′ ε−V 1.5−1.4
r = R[ ] = 8.5 [ ] Ω = 0.6Ω
V 1.4

As the two cells of internal resistance r Ω each have been connected in parallel, therefore.
1

′
= + or 1
=
r
1

r
1

0.6
2

r
r

or r = 0.6 × 2 = 1.2 Ω
34. The resistance of the small length dx of the conductor at distance x from its one end will be
dR = ρ = ρ (1 + αx) dx

A
0
dx

The resistance of the length L of the conductor will be

ρ0 L
R=∫ dR = ∫
0
(1 + αx)dx
A

2 L
ρ0 L x
= A
[|x|
0
+ α
∣
∣ 2
∣
∣
]
0

ρ0 ρ0
= A
[(L − 0) +
1

2
α (L
2
− 0)] = A
(L +
1

2
2
αL )

35. The resistance of heater coil,

2
V 200 × 200
R= P
=
100
= 400Ω

The resistance of either half part = 200 Ω

Equivalent resistance when both parts are connected in parallel,
′ 200 × 200
R = = 100Ω
200 + 200

The energy liberated per second when the combination is connected to a source of 200 V
2
V 200 × 200
= ′
=
100
= 400 J
R

36. Here V = 50 V, I = 12 A, η = 30%

As the efficiency of electric motor is 30%, therefore, power dissipated as heat is
70
P = 70% of VI = 100
× 50× 12 W = 420 W
But power dissipated as heat, P = I2R
∴ I2R = 420
or R = =
420

2
420

144
= 2.9Ω
I

37. Electric field,

E= V

Drift velocity, v d
=
eE

m
τ =
eV

ml
τ

l 4ρl
Resistance, R = ρ A
=
2
πD

i. When V is doubled, E becomes double, vd becomes double and R remains unchanged.

ii. When l is doubled, E becomes half, vd becomes half and R becomes double.
iii. When D is doubled, E remains unchanged, vd is also unchanged and R becomes one-fourth.

38. n =0.45 × 1012m-3, p = 5 × 1020m-3,

μe = 0.135 m2V-1s-1, = 0.048 m2V-1s-1
Conductivity of the semiconductor is
σ = e (nμ + pμ ) e h

= 1.6 × 10-19 (0.45 × 1012 × 0.135 + 5 × 1020 × 0.048) Sm-1

= 1.6 × 10-7 (0.06075 + 0.24 × 108) Sm-1
= 1.6 × 10-7 × 0.24 × 108Sm-1 = 3.84 Sm-1
39. Mass = volume × density = Al.d
2
ρl ρdl
= R
⋅ ld =
R
[∵ R = ρ
l
]
A

As the two wires are of equal length and have the same resistance, their mass ratio will be
m ρ dCu −8

mAl
Cu
=
Cu

ρ dAl
= 1.72 × 10

−8
× 8.9
= 2.1558 = 2.2
Al 2.63 × 10 × 2.7

i.e., copper wire is 2.2 times heavier than aluminium wire. Since aluminium is lighter, it is preferred for long suspension of cables
otherwise heavy cable may sag down due to its own weight.

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40. We plot a graph between current I (along y-axis) and voltage V (along x-axis) as shown in Figure.

Figure V - I graph for manganin.

Since the V-I graph is almost a straight line, therefore, manganin resistor is an ohmic resistor for given ranges of voltage and
current. As the current increases from 0 to 8 A, the temperature increases but the resistance of manganin does not change. This
indicates that the temperature coefficient of resistivity of manganin alloy is negligibly small.
Section B
41. i. V = Ir (without voltmeter)
′ Ir Ir
V = Rv = r
r+Rv 1+
Rv

V' < V
′
V −V
ii. Percentage error in measuring the potential difference by a voltmeter. = ( V
) × 100

r
= ( ) × 100
r+Rv

iii. R v → ∞ , V' = Ir = V
42. Suppose n cells are connected wrongly in the battery. Then (12 - n) cells give forward emf and n cells give reverse emf.
∴ Effective emf of the battery
= (12 - n) ε - n ε = (12 - 2n)ε
Total resistance of the circuit with battery and source in both cases
= 12r + 2r = 14r
Currents in the two cases must be proportional to the emfs in the two cases
(12 − 2n)ε + 2ε 3
∴ =
(12 − 2n)ε − 2ε 2

(14−2n)ε
or =
3

2
(10−2n)ε

7 − n
or 5 − n
=
3

or 14 - 2n = 15 - 3n
∴ n=1
i.e., one cell has been connected with wrong polarity in the battery.
43. i. From the circuit, we can write
V1 = E1 - I1r1 ...(i)
V2 = E2 - I2r2 ...(ii)
Since E1 and E2 are parallel
V1 = V2 = V
I = I1 + I2
E1 −V E2 −V
I = +
r1 r2

E E
1 2 1 1
I = ( + )−V ( + )
r r r r
1 2 1 2

E1 r2 +E2 r1 r1 +r2
I = −V ( )
r1 r2 r1 r2

or V = (
E r +E r
1 2 2 1
)×(
r r
1 2
)−I(
r r
1 2
)
r r r1 +r2 r1 +r2
1 2

or V = (
E1 r2 +E2 r1
)−I(
r1 r2
)
r +r r +r
1 2 1 2

Comparing above with

V = Eeq − Ieq × Rcq
E1 r2 + E2 r1
We get E eq =
r1 + r2

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 ii. Given E1 = E2 = 5V
r1 = r2 = 2Ω and Resistance R=10Ω
5×2+5×2 20
∴ Eeq = 2+2
=
4
=5V
r1 r2
req = r1 + r2
=
4

4
=1Ω
Eeq
I= R+req
=
10+1
5
=
5

11
A

Voltage across the external resistance , R ⇒ V = IR

V= 5
× 10 =
11
V
50

11

44.

For no current through BD, the Wheatstone bridge is balanced and the resistance of carbon resistor is given by ,
R' = R = 22000 Ω
When resistance of BC and CD arms are interchanged and another carbon resistor is connected n place or R, the current through
BD is again zero. Therefore, again for balanced Wheatstone bridge is given by ;
R' = 4R
= 4 × 22000Ω

= 88000Ω

For = 88000Ω , the sequence of colour bands is grey, grey and orange
Now net resistance of arm ADC,
= 88000 + 44000 = 132000Ω
∴ Current through carbon resistor is given by,
12
I = A
132000
12 −3
= × 10 A
132

45. Current in series circuit is given by

ε1 + ε2 1 + 2 3
Is = = =
r1 + r2 + R 2 + 1 + 2 3 + R

When the two cells are connected in parallel,

ε1 r2 + ε2 r1 1 × 1 + 2×2 5
εeq = = =
r1 + r2 2 + 1 3
r1 r2 1 × 2 2
req = = =
r1 + r2 1 + 2 3

Current in the parallel circuit is given by

5
εeq 3 5
Ip = = =
req +R 2 2+3R
+R
3

As Is = Ip
3 5
∴ =
3 + R 2 + 3R

or 6 + 9R = 15 + 5R
or R = = 2.25 Ω
9

More heat will be generated in series case due to larger resistance.

46. Relaxation time (τ ): The average time interval between two successive collisions for the free electrons drifting within a conductor
(due to the action of the applied electric field) is called the relaxation time.

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 −eEτ
vd = …(i)
m

where E = electric field due to applied potential difference,

τ = relaxation time,
m = mass of electron and
e = electronic charge
Consider a conductor of length ‘l’, area of cross-section A and current density n.
Current flowing through the conductor is given by,
I = −neAvd …(ii)
from (i) and (ii)
eEτ
I = −neA (−
m
) …(iii)
Electric field applied across the ends is given by,
E =
V
…(iv)
l

So current flowing through the conductor becomes from (iii) and (iv),
2 V
n e Aτ
l V
I = [∵ E = ]
m l
V ml
⇒ =
I 2
n e Aτ

l V m
∴ R= ρ [∵ = R and ρ = ]
A I 2
ne τ

This is the required expression for the electrical resistivity of the material.
47. The Wheatstone bridge is an arrangement of four resistances. In this bridge, four resistances are connected on four arms of a
quadrilateral. Across one diagonal, a battery and key are connected. Across the second diagonal, a galvanometer is connected as
shown in the figure. Consider P, Q, R, and S are four resistances connected on the sides AB, BC, AD, and DC of the quadrilateral
respectively.

Galvanometer G is connected between points B and D and battery B is connected between A and C' Now in the balance condition,
when the deflection in the galvanometer is zero in the closed mesh ABDA, then by applying Kirchhoff's law,
I1P - I2P = 0 or I1P = I2R ..... (i)
In closed mesh CBDC,
I1Q = I2S ..... (ii)
Dividing (i) by (ii), P

Q
=
R

This is the balanced condition for the Wheatstone bridge.

48. No. of atoms in 63 gram of copper = 6.023 × 1023
No. of atoms in 8.9 gram or 1 cm3 of copper
23

= 6.023 × 10

63
× 8.9

No. of atoms per m3 of copper

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 23 6

= 6.023 × 10

63
× 8.9 × 10

Electron density,
= 8.48 × 1028 m-3
23 6

n= 6.023 × 10

63
× 8.9 × 10

Also I = 30 A, A = 2 mm2 = 2 × 10-6m2,

e = 1.6 × 10-19C
∴ Drift velocity,

vd = I
=
enA −19
30

28 −6
1.6 × 10 × 8.48 × 10 × 2 × 10

= 1.1 × 10-3 ms-1

The rms velocity of electrons at 27°C (= 300 K) is given by
−−−− −−−−−−−−−−
3kB T −23
3 × 1.38 × 10
vrms = √ m
= √
−31
9 × 10

= 1.17 × 105 ms-1

The rms velocity is about 108 times the drift velocity.
49. Current sensitivity of a galvanometer is defined as the deflection produced in the galvanometer when a unit current flows through
it. The SI unit of current sensitivity is rad. A-1. Current sensitivity is expressed as θ

I
=
N AB

K
where N, A, B and K are number of
turns, cross-sectional area, magnetic field intensity and galvanometer's constant respectively.

For balanced Wheatstone bridge, there will be no deflection in the galvanometer.

4 6
∴ =
R1 9

4×9
⇒ R1 = = 6Ω
6

For the equivalent circuit. when the Wheatstone bridge is balanced, there will be no deflection in the galvanometer.
12 6
∴ =
8 R2

6×8
⇒ R2 = = 4Ω
12
R1 6 3
∴ = =
R2 4 2

50. Here RBCD = 2 + 2 = 4Ω . It is in parallel with 2 Ω resistance in BD. Their equivalent resistance = 4 × 2

4 + 2
=
4

3
Ω .
This resistance is in series with 2Ω resistance in AB. Their equivalent resistance = 2 + 4

3
= 10

3
Ω . This resistance is in parallel with
2 Ω resistance in AD.
The equivalent resistance between A and D,
10
×2

RAD = 3

10
=
5

4
= 1.25Ω
+2
3

∴ ε = IR = 2 × 1.25 = 2.5 V
Applying Kirchhoff's second law to the lower rectangular loop,
2I2 = ε = 2.5 V
or I2 = 1.25 V
Now I1 + I2 = I
∴ I1 = I - I2 = 2 - 1.25 = 0.75 A
From loop BCDB, we get

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RADIIANTT ACADEMY, +91-9650615500
 2(I1 - I3) + 2(I1 - I3) - 2I3 = 0
or 4 I1 - 6 I3 = 0
or I3 = 4

6
I1 =
4

6
× 0.75 = 0.50 A
51. Difference between emf (ε) and terminal voltage (V)
emf Terminal voltage

It is the potential difference between two terminals of the cells when It is the potential difference between two terminals when
no current is flowing through it. current passes through it.

It is the cause. It is the effect.

Following plot is showing variation of terminal voltage versus the current.

Note:- Negative slope gives internal resistance, where

V = ε − Ir
ε−V
Or r = I

52. i. Only current is constant because it is given to be steady. Other quantities: current density, electric field and drift speed vary
inversely with area of cross-section.
ii. No, Ohm's law is not universally applicable for all conducting elements. Examples of non-ohmic elements are vacuum diode,
semiconductor diode, thyristor, gas discharge tube, electrolytic solution, etc.
iii. The maximum current that can be drawn from a voltage supply is given by
Imax = ε

Clearly, Imax will be large if r is small.

iv. If the internal resistance is not very large, then the current will exceed the safety limits in case the circuit is short-circuited
accidentally.
53. The circuit arrangement and current distribution is shown in Figure.

Applying Kirchhoff's second law to loops BADB, BCDB and ADCEFA, we get
1I2 + 2I3 + 1I1 = 2
or I1 + I2 + 2 I3 = 2 ...(i)
or 1(I1 - I2) - 2(I3 - I1) + I1 = 2
or 4I1 - I2 - 2I3 = 2 ...(ii)
and 2I3 + 2 (I3 - I1) + 2 (I3 - I2) = 1
or - 2 I1 - 2I2 + 6I3 = 1 ...(iii)
Solving equations (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
I1 = 0.8 A, I2 = 0.2 A and I3 = 0.5 A
Currents in different branches are

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RADIIANTT ACADEMY, +91-9650615500
 IAB = I2 = 0,2 A;
IBC = I1 - I2 = 0.6 A;
ICD = I1 - I3 = 0.3 A;
IAD = I3 = 0.5 A;
IEF = I3 - I2 = 0.3 A
54. The reciprocal of resistivity (ρ ) of a material is called its conductivity (σ ), i.e.,
1
σ =
ρ

S.I. unit of conductivity is mho m-1 (or Ω −1

m-1).
2

i. Conductivity of a metallic conductor σ = 1

ρ
=
ne τ

m
.
With rise of temperature, the collision of electrons with fixed lattice ions/atoms increases so that relaxation time (T) decreases.
Consequently, the conductivity of metals decreases with rise of temperature. Figure represents the variation of conductivity of
metal with temperature. Initially the variation of conductivity with temperature is linear and then it is non-linear.

ii. Conductivity of ionic conductor increases with increase of temperature because with increase of temperature, the ionic bonds
break releasing positive and negative ions which are charge carriers.
55. Here, K = 4 × 10-4 cal s-1 cm-1 oC-1,
θ2 - θ1 = 100°C d = 1 mm = 0.1 cm

Surface area of the six faces of the cubical box,

A = 6 × (50 × 50) = 15000 cm2
The amount of heat conducted out per second through the walls of the cubical box is
KA( θ2 − θ1 ) −4

H1 = d
=
4 × 10 × 15000 × 100

0.1

= 6000 cal = 6000 × 4.2 J

If R is the resistance of the heater, then heat produced per second
2

H2 = I2Rt =
2 (400)
V

R
=
R
[t = 1 s]
Temperature inside the box will be maintained by the heater if
2
(400)
H1 = H2 or R
= 6000 × 4.2
or R = 400 × 400

6000 × 4.2
= 6.35Ω

56. Suppose m cells are connected on one side of R and remaining(n - m) cells on the other side of R. Then the equivalent circuit will
be of the form shown in Figure. The distribution of current is shown.

Applying Kirchhoff's second law to the loop ABQCDPA, we get

(n - m) e = r (n - m)(x + y) + xR ...(i)
Similarly, from the loop QEFPDCQ, we get
me = - mry - xR or mry = me + xR
me + xR
or y = mr

Substituting this value in (i), we get

me + xR
(n - m) e = r (n - m)(x + mr
) + xR

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RADIIANTT ACADEMY, +91-9650615500
 On simplifying, we get
x (mrn - rm2 + nR) = 0
∴ x = 0

i.e., Current through R is zero.

57. Applying Kirchhoff's first law at the junction B, we get
I1 + I2 + I3 = 0 ..(i)
Applying Kirchhoff's second law to the loop AE1BE2A, we have
I1 × 1 - I2 × 2 = (10 - 4)
I1 - 2 I2 = 6 ..(ii)
Similarly, from the closed-loop AE2BE3A, we have
I2 × 2 - I3 × 1 = 4 - 13 or 2 I2 - I3 = -9 ...(iii)
Solving equations (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
I1 = 0, I2 = -3 A, I3 = 3 A
Thus, the current in the 10 V cell is zero. The current given by the 13 V cell to the circuit is 3 A, and the current taken by the 4 V
cell from the circuit is 3 A.
As there is no current in the 10 V cell, so the potential difference across its ends is equal to its e.m.f. i.e., 10 V. Since all the three
cells are in parallel, the potential difference across the terminals of each is 10 V.
58. The situation is shown in the figure.

Net emf of the parallel combination of two cells = ε

r× r r
The total resistance in the circuit = r+ r
+ R=
2
+ R

Hence current in the circuit is

I= r
ε
=
2ε

r + 2R
+ R
2

The power dissipated in the resistance R is

2

P = I2R =
(2ε ) R 2
4ε R
=
2 2
(r + 2R) (r − 2R) + 8rR

Power P will be maximum when the denominator has a minimum value. This happens when
(r - 2R)2 = 0 or R = r

2
2 r
(2ε) 2
2 ε
∴ Pmax = =
2 2r
(r + r)

59. As EMFs ε and ε are opposing each other and ε > ε , so

1 2 2 1

Net emf = ε - ε = 4 - 2 = 2 V
2 1

This emf sends circuit I in the anticlockwise direction.

Total resistance = R + r1 + r2 = 5 + 1 + 2 = 8 Ω
Current in the circuit = Net emf

Total resistance
=
2

8
= 0.25 A
i. Current inside the cell ε flows from -ve to +ve terminal, so the terminal p.d. of this cell is
2

Va - Vb = ε - Ir2 = 4.0 - 0.25 × 2.0 = 3.5 V

2

ii. Current inside the cell ε flows from +ve to -ve terminal. Hence the terminal p.d. of this cell is
1

Va - Vb = ε + Ir1 = 2.0 + 0.25 × 1.0 = 2.25 V

1

60. i. Here E = 12 V, I = 90 A, r = 5.0 × 10-2Ω

Terminal voltage, V = E - Ir = 12 - 4.5 = 7.5 V.
ii. The maximum current can be drawn from a battery by shorting it.
ε 12
Then V = 0 and Imax = r
=
500
A = 24 mA.
Clearly, the battery is useless for starting the car and must be charged again.

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RADIIANTT ACADEMY, +91-9650615500
 iii. During discharge of the accumulator, the current inside the cells (of the accumulator) is opposite to what it is when the
accumulator discharges. That is, during charging, current flows from the + ve to -ve terminal inside the cells. Consequently,
during charging V = E + Ir
Hence V must be greater than 12 V during charging.
61. Kirchoff's First law or Junction Rule: The algebraic sum of electric currents at any junction of electric circuit is equal to zero
i.e. the sum of current entering into a junction is equal to the sum of current leaving the junction i.e.
Kirchhoff's Second Law or Voltage Rule: In any closed mesh of electrical circuit, the algebraic sum of emf's of cell and the
product of currents and resistance is always equal to zero i.e.
Two rules of Kirchhoff are used for analysis of the electrical circuit

In loop ABCA
-I2R1 - (I1 + I2)R3 - I1r + E1 = 0
∴ I2R1 + (I1 + I2)R3 + I1r = E1 ...(i)
In loop ACDA
I1r - (I2 + I3 - I1)R4 + (I1 - I2)R2 - E1 = 0
I1r - (I2 + I3 - I1)R4 + (I1 - I2)R2 = E1 ....(ii)
In loop ABCDA
-I2R1 - (I1 + I2)R3 - (I2 + I3 - I1)R4 + (I1 - I2)R2 - E1 = 0
I2R1 + (I1 + I2)R3 + (I2 + I3 - I1)R4 - (I1 - I2)R2 = E1 ....(iii)
6 × 2 5
62. i. Total resistance in the circuit = 6 + 2
+ 1 =
2
Ω

Total current, I = 6 V

5
=
12

5
A
( )Ω
2

Current through 2 Ω resistance

6
= 12

5
× = 1.8 A
6 + 2

Heat produced in 2Ω resistance in 30 minutes

= (1.8)2 × 2 × 30 × 60 = 11664 J
11664 J
Rise in temperature = = 5.8 K or 5.8° C
2000JK

ii. When the 6 Ω resistor gets burnt,

Current = =2A 6 V

(2 + 1)Ω

Heat produced in 2Ω resistor in 30 minutes

= (2)2 × 2 × 30 × 60 = 14400 J
Rise in temperature
14400 J
= −1
= 7.2 K or 7.2° C
2000JK

63. When a wire is stretched, then there is no change in the matter of the wire, hence its volume remains constant
Here, the potential V = constant, l' = 3 I
V
i. Drift speed of electrons = nelρ

where, n is number of electrons, e is charge on electron, I is the length of the conductor and p is the resistivity of conductor.
∴ v ∝ [∵ other factors are constant]
1

So, when length is tripled, drift velocity gets one-third.

ii. Resistance of the conductor is given as
R = ρ(l/A) where ρ = Resistivity, l = length of the wire, A = Area of cross section of wire

Here, wire is stretched to triple its length, that means the mass of the wire remains same in both the conditions.

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RADIIANTT ACADEMY, +91-9650615500
 ∴ Mass before stretching = Mass after stretching
(Volume × Density) before stretching = (Volume × Density) after stretching
(Area of cross-section × Length) before stretching = (Area of cross-section × Length) after stretching (∵ Density is same in
both cases)
∴ A1l1 = A2l2 ⇒ A1 l = A2 (3 l) [∵ length is tripled after stretching]

A2 = A1/3
i.e. When length is tripled area of cross-section is reduced to A/3.
′
l 3l l
Hence, R ′
= ρ ′
= ρ
A/3
= 9ρ
A
= 9R
A

Thus, above calculation shows that new resistance will be 9 times of its initial value.
l
64. Since R = ρ A

∴ Resistance of constantan ribbon,

−7

R1 = 4.9 × 10

−3
× 8.456

−3
Ω = 138.1Ω
1.0 × 10 × 0.03 × 10

Let V be the fixed supply voltage. Then the rate of production of heat in constantan ribbon,
2 2
V V
P1 = R1
=
138.1
watt

Resistance of nichrome ribbon,

−6

R2 = 1.1 × 10

−3
× 4.235

−3
Ω = 38.8Ω
2.0 × 10 × 0.06 × 10

Rate of production of heat in nichrome ribbon,

2 2

P2 = V

R2
=
V

38.8
watt

Clearly nichrome ribbon has greater rate of production of heat because of its lesser resistance.
65. Let the resistance each of the conductor is' R '.

Case I: According to Fig. (a), the resistances are connected in series combination, so equivalent resistance of slab is calculated by
using the formula,
Req = R1 + R2 + .... Rn
Let the equivalent resistance in the Case I is R 1.

R1 = R + R = 2R
Case II: According to Fig. (b), the resistances are connected in parallel combination, so equivalent resistance of slab is calculated
by using the formula,
1 1 1 1 1
= + + ..+
Req R1 R2 R3 Rn

Let the equivalent resistance in the Case II is R 2

1 1 1
= +
R2 R R

1 2
⇒ =
R2 R

R
⇒ R2 =
2

Ratio of the equivalent resistance in two combinations is calculated below.

R1 2R
∴ = = 4
R2 (R/2)

∴ R1 = 4R2

66. Let x be the number of cells in series in each row and let there be y such rows in parallel.
Total number of cells = xy = 24
Resistance of each row in series = 2 x ohms
Total internal resistance due to all xy batteries = R
1 1 1

R
=
2x
+
2x
+. . . y times
1 y
=
R 2x

Total internal resistance = 2x

y
ohms (because there are y rows in parallel)
The maximum current passes through the circuit when the internal resistance of the battery of cells equal the external resistance.
2x
Thus, = 12
y

Or x

y
= 6

But xy = 24

16 / 20
RADIIANTT ACADEMY, +91-9650615500
 Hence x = 12 and y = 2
i.e. there should be two rows of 12 cell in series
The current in the circuit is
Total emf
I =
Total resistance
1.5×12 18
=
12+12
=
24
= 0.75 A
Because of two rows have the same resistance, the current in each arm must be = 0.75

2
= 0.375 A

Therefore, current through each cell = 0.375 A

The potential difference across the external resistance is
= 12 × 0.75 = 9 V

67. Total emf = 120 - 8 = 112 V

Total resistance = 1 + 15 = 16 Ω
Total emf
i. Current, I = Total resistance
=
112

16
=7A
ii. Terminal voltage during charging,
V = ε + Ir = 8 + 7 × 1 = 15 V
iii. Chemical energy stored in the battery in 5 minutes
= εIt = 8 × 7 × (5 × 60) = 16800 J
68. i.

ii.

E
I =
R+r
(V=E-Ir and V=IR)
E
I =
4+r

⇒ E = 4 + r ...(i)
0.5 = E

9+r

Also E = 4.5 + 0.5r ...(ii)

From equation (i) and (ii),
4 + r = 4.5 + 0.5r
∴ r = 1 Ω (internal resistance)

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RADIIANTT ACADEMY, +91-9650615500
 Using this value of r, we get,
E = 5V

69. From Kirchhoff's first law, I = I1+I2

Applying Kirchhoff's second law for the loop 1 of Figure, we get

I1 × 4 + I × 2 = 5
or I1 × 4 + (I1 + I2) × 2 = 5
or 6I1 + 2I2 = 5 ...(i)
Similarly, from the loop 2, we get
I2 × 6 - I1 × 4 = 0
or 4I1 = 6I2 ...(ii)
5
Solving equations (i) and (ii), I2 = 11
A
This will be the reading of the ammeter. On interchanging the cell and the ammeter, the circuit takes the form as shown in Figure.
Again, we can show that
I2 = A
11
5

70. i. E1 = V

L
, E2 = V

2L
, E3 = 2V

3L

E2 < E3 < E1
ii. vd ∝ E (the direction of v is directed along the electric field)
vd2 < vd3 < vd1

iii. I = neAvd
J = nevd
J2 < J3 < J1
71. In balanced Wheatstone bridge if no current flow through galvanometer, that means while applying Kirchhoff's law, we can
neglect this path. No current flows through the galvanometer G when circuit is balanced.

Applying Kirchhoff's second rule, we have

In mesh ABDA,
∴ -I1 R1 + (I - I1) R4 = 0

⇒ I1 R1 = (I - I1) R4 ....(i)
In mesh BCDB,
-I1 R2 + (I - I1) R3 = 0
⇒ I1 R2 = (I - I1) R3 ...(ii)
On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get

18 / 20
RADIIANTT ACADEMY, +91-9650615500
 I1 R1 (I− I1 ) R4 R1 R4
= ⇒ =
I1 R2 (I− I1 ) R3 R2 R3

This is necessary and required balanced condition of balanced Wheatstone bridge.

72. i. About 10 kΩ , it is mainly due to skin through which current enters and leaves our body.
ii. It is because our body is sensitive to minute currents even as low as a few mA.
iii. This impression is misleading. There is no special attractive force that keeps a person 'stuck' with a high power line. Actually,
current of the order of 0.05 A or even much less is enough to disorganise our nervous system. The result is that the affected
person may temporarily lose his ability to exercise his nervous control to get himself 'free' from the high voltage point.
iv. The cause of death is not heating, though a person may receive bums if the currents are too large. The cause of death is the
interference caused by external currents in our highly sensitive nervous system which is basically electrical in nature. External
currents cause convulsive actions and especially interfere with the nerve processes related to our heart beating. Beyond a
certain point, this interference is fatal.
v. About 0.1 V.
73. Let RQ be the resistance of the conductor A at 0°C.
Then the resistance of conductor B at 0°C = nR0
Resistance of conductor A at 0°C will be R = R0 (1 + α θ ) ...(i) 1

Resistance of conductor B at 0°C will be R = nR0 (1 + α θ ) ′

2

Thus the resistance of the series combination at 0°C will be

Rs = R + R = R0(1 + α θ ) + nR0 (1 + α θ )
′
1 2

= R0[(1 + n) + (α 1 + n α 2) θ]
α1 + n α2
= (1 + n)R0[1 + 1 + n
θ] ..(ii)
Comparing equation (ii) with equation (i), we get
i. Resistance of the series combination at 0°C = (1 + n) R0.
α1 + n α2
ii. Temperature coefficient of resistance of the series combination = 1 + n

74. Consider a conductor of length l and area of cross section A having n electrons per unit length, as shown in the figure.
Volume of the conductor = Al
Total number of electrons in the Conductor = Volume × electron density = Aln
If C is the charge of an electron, then total charge contained in the conductor,
Q = en Al
Let the potential difference V is applied across the conductor. The resulting electric field in the conductor is given by
V
E =
l

Under the influence this field E, free electrons begin to drift in a direction opposite to that of the field. Time taken by electrons to
cross over the conductor is
l
t =
vd

Where vd is the drift velocity of electrons. Therefore, current through the conductor is given by
Q enAl
I = =
t l/v
d

or I = neAv d ⇒
A
I
= ne vd or J = nevd
⇒ J ∝ vd [∵ n, e, A are all constant]
Thus, current density is proportional to drift velocity.
75. a. Equivalent resistance of two 4Ω resistors in parallel is given by 4×4

4+4
Ω = 2Ω
12×6 72
Equivalent resistance of 12Ω and 6Ω resistors in parallel is given by 12+6
Ω = 18
Ω = 4Ω
Now these resistance 2Ω, 1Ω, 1Ω and 4Ω (equivalent of 12Ω and 6Ω) are in series.
So, total resistance is (2 + 1 + 1 + 4)Ω = 8Ω

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RADIIANTT ACADEMY, +91-9650615500
b. I = E

R+r
=
7+1
16
A =2A
Consider the resistors between A and B. It is a case of two equal resistors connected in parallel. So, current in each resistor is
1A. Current through 1Ω is clearly 2A.
Let us now consider resistors between C and D. It is a parallel combination of two resistances. Current would be divided in the
inverse ratio of resistances. If I1 is the current through 12Ω and I2 is the current through 6Ω, then
I1

I2
=
6

12
=
1

2
.
So, current through 12Ω resistor is given by 2

3
.
A

Similarly, current through 6Ω resistor is given by 4

3
.
A

c. The voltage VAB between A and B is the product of total current between A and B and the equivalent resistance between A
and B.
∴ VAB = 2 × 2V = 4V

Similarly V BC = 2 × 1V = 2 V, V
CD = 2 × 4V =8V

20 / 20
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