Well Log Analysis and Formation Evaluation (PEGN419)

Module 3 – Homework Assignment

03/13/2021

Group ## (Not Yet Assigned)

Abdulrahman Momena

Nikhil Kadirisani
Q1)

V water = (0.25)*(0.1835)
V = 0.0459
water

V = (0.1835)-(0.0459)
oil

V = 0.1376 oil

S = 0.25 w

S = 1 – 0.25
o

S = 0.75
o

V water = 0.25 V pore

V = 0.75 V
oil pore

150 V = 7.5 gAPI (Since all other minerals & mixtures are 0)
Illite

V = 0.05 unitless
Illite

(- 0.03 * V ) + (0.3 * 0.05) + (0 * V

Quartz ) + V (0.25 + (0.75 * 9)) = 0.1835 v/v
Calcite Pore

(- 0.03 * V Quartz ) + (7 * V ) = 0.1685 v/v Pore

(2.65 * V Quartz ) + (2.79 * 0.05) + (2.71 * V Calcite) + (7 * V ) = 2.324 g/cm

Pore
3

∑ 𝑉𝑖 = 1

V Quartz +V +V Illite Calcite + V = 1.0 Pore

VQuartz + (0.05) + V Calcite + V = 1.0 Pore

V Quartz +V Calcite + V = 0.95 Pore

Q2)

Methods to determine formation water resistivity (R ) are:

w

1- Drill Stem Test (DST).

2- Formation Tests.

3- Chemical/Computational Analysis of water samples collected.

4- Well Logs & Plots (SP Logs, Resistivity Logs, Pickett Plot, & Hingle Plot.)

The difference between the above 4 methods lies primarily in their limitations. While the first
three (3) methods are more straightforward & direct in measuring Water Resistivity than the
fourth (4th) method since it does not require a water sample, it is important to note the effect of
water contamination on the recorded results. Drill Stem Test (DST) allows for contamination of
the produced water by the mud filtrate, decreasing the reliance of this methodology for obtaining
Water Resistivity (Rw). Additionally, Chemical Analysis would also be affected by
contamination, specifically from hydrocarbons. The only methodology not affected by water
contamination is the fourth (4th) methodology due to a lack of water sample. However, it
supplies less real results but more theoretically valid water resistivity measurements due to the
water resistivity being inferred from the Log/Plot Analysis, avoiding the deviation due to the
water contamination. Furthermore, different methodologies require different data sets & settings.

Drill Stem Test (DST) is a temporary completion of a wellbore that provides information on
whether or not to complete the well. It basically is a procedure for isolating & testing the
pressure, permeability, & productive capacity of a geological formation during the drilling of a
well. Data obtained from DST are usually: Fluid samples, reservoir pressure, formation
properties (ie. Permeability), productivity estimates (ie. Flow Rate), & Hydrodynamic
information.

Technically, DST is part of Formation Tests. Formation Tests include a variety of other tests an
example of which would be Wireline Formation Test. Formation Tests, just like DST, are more
direct procedures of measuring different formation reservoir characteristics & infer other
extensive qualities, such as velocity & flow rate. Usually, both are needed for concrete on-site
data records & for data collection for potential Chemical/Computational Analysis & Well Logs
& plots (Methods 3 & 4).

Well Logs/Plots & Chemical/Computational Analysis the next step procedures to analyze,
approximate, & infer conclusions & interpretations of the data gathered from the first two
methods.

Q3)

Q4)
Q5)

The Water Saturation (Sw) is the fraction of the pore space occupied by water. Most reservoirs
are water wet and contain connate water. Water saturation may range from 10% to 50% for an
oil or gas reservoir and is 100% for an aquifer. The water saturation obviously affects the oil and
gas reserves, and is also used in the calculation of oil saturation, total compressibility, & residual
oil. Due to complexities, an inaccurate Water Saturation (Sw) would yield considerable
difference in the Original Oil In Place (OOIP) & Original Gas In Place (OGIP) measurements.

Different methods to determine the Water Saturation (Sw) are:

1- Capillary Pressure/Saturation (Pc/Sw) Laboratory experiment measurements.

2- Pickett Plot (Estimated through Archie equation using the graphical representation
of the Pickett Plot)

3- Direct measurement from a Sealed Core (As the Rock Properties Labs)

4- Oil-Based Mud (OBM) through the Dean-Stark Apparatus Lab Procedure.

Q6)

The Cementation Factor (m), coined after its value was witnessed to be higher in cemented rocks
than other types, indicates the reduction in the number and size of pore openings or reduction in
the dead end channels. It has been widely used in hydrocarbon and groundwater exploration, and
in porous-media engineering studies. Simply, the physical meaning of Cementation Factor
(m) is the porosity, permeability, turtousity, & grain size distribution of the formation.

Q7)

0.62
𝐹=
𝛷 2.15
0.62
𝐹=
(0.03)2.15
𝐹 = 1165.68 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠, this indicates a fully saturated Formation.
𝑅𝑡
𝐹=
𝑅𝑤
𝑅𝑡 = 𝐹 ∗ 𝑅𝑤
𝑅𝑡 = (1165.68) ∗ (0.03)
𝑹𝒕 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟗𝟕𝟎𝟓 𝒐𝒉𝒎 − 𝒎
Q8)

70 + 6.77
𝑅𝑤 = 0.12 ∗ ( )
150 + 6.77
𝑅𝑤 = 0.058764 𝑜ℎ𝑚 − 𝑚

𝑎 ∗ 𝑅𝑤 1
𝑆𝑤 = ( )2
𝛷 𝑚 ∗ 𝑅𝑡
𝑅𝑤 1
𝑆𝑤 = (𝐹 ∗ )2
𝑅𝑡
1
𝐹= , 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝑪𝒂𝒓𝒃𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆.
𝛷2
a=1
𝑅𝑤 1
𝑆𝑤 = ( )2
𝛷 2 ∗ 𝑅𝑡

0.03 2 (0.058764)
( ) =
𝛷 𝛷 2 ∗ 𝑅𝑡
• Solve for Rt (𝛷 will cancel) (Used a Graphing Calculator)
𝑹𝒕 = 65.2933

Q9)

Q10)

𝑅𝑡 ∗ 𝛷 𝑚
𝑅𝑤 =
𝑎
(10.5) ∗ (0.065)2
𝑅𝑤 =
1
𝑅𝑤 = 0.044363 𝑜ℎ𝑚 − 𝑚

𝑎 ∗ 𝑅𝑤 1
𝑆𝑤 = ( ) 2
𝛷 𝑚 ∗ 𝑅𝐷𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑅𝑒𝑠
(1) ∗ (0.044363) 1
𝑆𝑤 = ( )2
(0.080)2 ∗ (88)
𝑺𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟔𝟓𝟗
𝐎𝐑
𝑺𝒘 = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟎𝟔𝟓𝟗%