UNIT-III

Explain Cloud Architecture (10 marks)

The cloud has an architecture that describes its working mechanism. The cloud
architecture can be divided into four layers based on the access ofthe cloud by the user. They
are as follows.
Layer 1 (User/Client Layer)
This layer is the lowest layer in the cloud architecture.

Cloud architecture.

 All the users or clientbelong to this layer. This is the place where the client/user
initiates the connection to the cloud.
 The client can be any device such as a thin client (having low computing or
processing capabilities), thick client(having high computational or processing
capabilities, or mobile or any handheld device.

Layer 2 (Network Layer)

 This layer allows the users to connect to the cloud.
 The whole cloud infrastructure is dependent on this connection
 This is primarily the Internet in the case of a public cloud.
 In the case of a private cloud, the connectivity may be pro- vided by a local area
network (LAN). (Service Level Agreement (SLA) does not include this layer)

Layer 3 (Cloud Management Layer)

 This layer consists of software that are used in managing the cloud. The soft-wares can be a
cloud operating system (OS),
 a software that acts as an interfacebetween the data center (actual resources) and the user,
 or a management soft-ware that allows managing resources.
 These software usually allow resource management (scheduling, provisioning, etc.),
optimization (server consolida tion, storage workload consolidation), and internal cloud
governance.
 This layer come under SLA
 Popular service providers are Amazon WebServices (AWS) and Microsoft Azure for public
 cloud. Similarly, OpenStack and Eucalyptus allow private cloud creation, deployment, and
management.
Layer 4 (Hardware Resource Layer)
 Layer 4 consists of provisions for actual hardware resources.
 Usually, in the case of a public cloud, a data center is used in the back end. Similarly, in a
private cloud, it can be a data center, which is a huge collection of hardware resources
interconnected to each other that is present in a specific location or a high configuration
system.
 This layer comes under the SLAs.

Explain Anatomy ( O R ) the structure of the cloud (10 marks) (or) Components of
cloud.
Cloud anatomy can be simply defined as the structure of the cloud.
The structure of the cloud is shown in the diagram

Application

Platform

Virtualized infrastructure

Virtualization

Server/storage/datacenters

Cloud structure/anatomy

There are basically five components of the cloud:

1. Application: The upper layer is the application layer. In this layer, anyapplications are
executed.
2. Platform: This component consists of platforms that are responsible for the
execution of the application. This platform is between the infrastructure and the
application.
3. Infrastructure: The infrastructure consists of resources over which the other
components work. This provides computational capabilityto the user.
4. Virtualization: Virtualization is the process of making logical com- ponents of
resources over the existing physical resources. The logical components are isolated
and independent, which form the infrastructure.
5. Physical hardware: The physical hardware is provided by server and storage units.

These components are the basis and are described in detail in further chapters.
 Explain Network Connectivity in Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is primarily based on Network connectivity. Depending on deployment
model, there are 4 types of network connective models.

(1) Public Cloud Access Networking

• In this option, the connectivity is often through the Internet, though some cloud
providers may be able to support virtual private networks (VPNs) for
customers.
• Since, public cloud is accessed by common people, security has to be given more
care.
• Security can be implemented by encryption
• Performance of public clouds can be improved with a suitable routing method to
reduce the delay or hops in the end-to-end connectivity between the cloud
provider and cloud consumer.
(2) Private Cloud Access Networking
• In the private cloud deployment model, since the cloud is part of an organizational
network, the technology and approaches are local to the in-house network
structure. This may include an Internet VPN.
(3) Intracloud Networking for Public Cloud Services
• In intracloud networking for public cloud refers to the network connectivity between
major data centres of public cloud which are geographically distributed over
different locations.
(4) Private Intracloud Networking
• private intracloud networking refers to the connectivity between the major data centres
that are owned by a private company.
• all cloud computing implementations will rely on intracloud networking to link users
with different cloud services
(5) New facet in private networks
Nowadays, companies are following new facet or method. In stead of managing their own
cloud, they follow SaaS approach for providing their services to their customers
(6) Path for internet traffic – efficient path between service provider and cloud user has to
be properly planned and manage

Write a note on different types of applications /Applications on the Cloud

There are three types of applications. (1) stand-alone application (2) web application (3)
cloud application
stand-alone application- It is developed to be run on a single system that does not use
network for its functioning.
These stand-alone applications use the resources available only within the system
These systems do not need the data or processing power of other systems; they are self-
sustaining.

Web application – This applications follows client- server architecture

It depends on network. There are two major components, client and server.
The applications is installed in server
The client can access the application that is running on server through Internet with the help
of browser

Web

Stand-alone Cloud

FIGURE 3.3
Computer application evolution.

Disadvantages of web applications

• Web applications are not elastic
• They cannot handle heavy load (i.e. users)
• The web application is not multitenant.
• The web application does not provide a quantitative measurement of the services that
are given to the users
• The web applications are usually in one particular platform.
• The web applications are not provided on a pay-as-you-go basis;

Cloud applications

Cloud application in general refers to a SaaS application. (Describe the features of cloud
application (5 marks/10 marks)
The features of a cloud application include the following

1. Multitenancy – A cloud application can be shared by different users or tenants with

logical isolation
2. Heterogeneous cloud platform: Any type of application can be deployed in cloud.
Cloud supports heterogeneity .
3. Quantitative measurement: The services provided to the users can be quantitatively
measured. That is, the services are measurabe.
4. On-demand service: The cloud applications offer service to the user, on demand, that
is, whenever the user requires it.
5. Pricing model – the services are paid as per the usage

Elasticity
cloud platform
 Explain cloud management in detail (10 marks)
Cloud management can be divided into two parts:

1. Managing the infrastructure of the cloud

2. Managing the cloud application

Managing the Cloud Infrastructure

• The infrastructure of the cloud is considered to be the backbone of the cloud.
• This component is mainly responsible for the Quality of Service(QoS) factor.
• The core of cloud management is resource management.
• Resource management involves several internal tasks such as resource scheduling,
provisioning, and load balancing.
• These tasks are mainly managed by cloud OS
• A cloud infrastructure is a very complex system that consists of a lot of resources.
These resources are usually shared byseveral users.
• Poor resource management may lead to several inefficiencies in terms of performance,
functionality, and cost.
• Efficient resource management is very important for meeting Service Level
Agreement (SLA)
• Resources are managed by consolidation of server and storage workloads.
Consolidation would reduce the energy consumption and increase the performance
of the cloud.
• Load fluctuation is the point where the workload of the system changes continuously.
Load fluctuation can be divided into two types: predictable and unpredictable.
Predictable load fluctuations are easy to handle.
• Unpredictable load fluctuations are difficult to handle.
• Cloud governance is related to creation and management of SLA between cloud user
and cloud service provider
Managing the Cloud Application
• Managing applications include the normal management of application storage
and database management
• Managing availability of the application
• Managing the response time of the application
Explain how to migrate Application to Cloud

Explain cloud migration in detail OR Describe phases of cloud migration

Cloud migration involves moving one or more enterprise applications and their IT
environments from the traditional hosting type to the cloud environment, either public,
private, or hybrid.
Phases of cloud migration - evaluation, migration strategy, prototyping, provisioning, and
testing.

Phases of Cloud Migration

1. Evaluation: Evaluation is carried out for all the components like current
infrastructure and application architecture, environment in terms of compute,
storage, monitoring, and management, SLAs, operational processes, financial
considerations, risk, security, compliance, and licensing needs are identified to
build a business case for moving to the cloud.
2. Migration strategy: Based on the evaluation, a migration strategy is drawn—a
hotplug strategy is used where the applications and their data and interface
dependencies are isolated and these applications canbe operationalized all at once. A
fusion strategy is used where the applications can be partially migrated; but for a portion
of it, there are dependencies based on existing licenses, specialized server requirements
likemainframes, or extensive interconnections with other applications.
3. Prototyping: Migration activity is preceded by a prototyping activity to validate
and ensure that a small portion of the applications are tested on the cloud
environment with test data setup.
4. Provisioning: Premigration optimizations identified are implemented.Cloud servers
are provisioned for all the identified environments, necessary platform softwares
and applications are deployed, configurations are tuned to match the new
environment sizing, and data- bases and files are replicated. All internal and
external integration points are properly configured. Web services, batch jobs, and
opera-tion and management software are set up in the new environments.
5. Testing: Postmigration tests are conducted to ensure that migration has been
successful. Performance and load testing, failure and recovery testing, and scale-out
testing are conducted against the expected traffic load and resource utilization
levels.

Explain different Approaches for Cloud Migration (5 marks)

The following are the four broad approaches for cloud migration that have been adopted
effectively by vendors:

Migrate existing applications: Rebuild or rearchitect some or all the applications,

taking advantage of some of the virtualization technologies around to accelerate
the work.
Start from scratch: Develop applications right from scratch.
Separate company: One may want to create a whole new company with separate
brand, management, R&D, and sales. What is important is that the new company
can act, operate, and behave like a cloud-based start-up.
Buy an existing cloud vendor: For a large established vendor, buyinga cloud-based
company or service provider.