Introduction To Research 2023 (51306)
Introduction To Research 2023 (51306)
Writing a thesis
The structure of your dissertation
Your dissertation formulates a question which links
Theoritical Empirical
elements objects
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Writing a thesis
The basic blocks of your dissertation
Theoretical Empirical
instruments objects
Writing a thesis
The structure of your dissertation
Your dissertation formulates a question which links
Theoritical Empirical
elements objects
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Writing a thesis
The purpose of your dissertation
“Explaining” is looking for cause-
Theoretical Empirical
effect relationship between
instruments objects
variables.
Ex.: There are waves because there is to design or discover
wind. Theoretical Empirical
“Wind” is an independent variable instruments objects
and “waves” is a dependent one.
In order to
Explanation opens the doors to
Understand
“prediction”:
Change
explain
predict
Ex.: If there is wind, there will be
waves.
Note that in this example, nobody is
Reality
concern by the reason why there are
waves when there is wind. AM. Chaar – Introduction to research – DBA
Writing a thesis
The purpose of your dissertation
“Understanding” is looking for the
Theoretical Empirical
“why” and the “how” of a
instruments objects
phenomenon.
Usually leads to the discovery of to design or discover
the internal structure and/or Theoretical Empirical
dynamic of the phenomenon instruments objects
under inquiry.
In order to
When the inner structure of a
phenomenon is uncovered, it is
Understand
Change
explain
predict
Reality
AM. Chaar – Introduction to research – DBA
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Beginning
End
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allowance
Get more
Change
explain
predict
Reality
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Introduction to research
Program of the seminar
1. Identification of a research theme
2. Research question
3. Preliminary research design
Final research design / Dissertation adviser
Extensive literature review
Confirmation / modification of the research question
Development / modification of the research design
Data gathering
Data analysis
Results
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Change
explain
predict
approach things)
In order to explains, predict,
understand or change reality.
Reality
(From Allard-Poesi
AM. Chaar & Marechal,
– Introduction 2003) – DBA
to research
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AMC3
Field of research
What are you interested in?
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Slide 17
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Research design
Logic and coherence
Research Results
question
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Research design
Deductive design
THEORY Observation
Problem
Hypotheses
Data
Analyses and
resultats
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Research design
Inductive design
Problem
Reflection Data
Research
question
Emerging
theory
Description
and theory
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A. Structure du paradigme de la
Paradoxe finance islamique
Disparition et résurgence de la B. Modèles d’interaction entre les
finance islamique paradigmes des finances
islamique et conventionnelle
D. L’institutionnalisation de
C. Ecole de pensée et
la finance islamique par
variété des interprétations
effet de réseau.
Paradoxe
Choix de identité de la première
institution financière islamique
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Research design
Practical design
Adoption of
the theory
Theoretical Research
primer question
Deduction Data
Abduction
Analysis and
Problem Observations
results
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Research design
Logic and coherence
Research Results
question
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Metaphysical level
Postulate concerning the reality of the world
Philosophical level
Postulate concerning social reality
Epistemology
Values, norms
Knowing what should be known
Methodology
Knowing how to know
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Reality exist
Metaphysical level
… evenconcerning
Postulate if it might be
thedifficult
reality to
of zero in
the world
Philosophical
Determinist approachlevel
if the social
Postulate concerning
Causal social reality
relationship
Epistemology
Logic of discovery Generalization, replicability
Values, norms
Knowing what should
Explaining be known
/ predicting Internal / external validity, etc
Nomothetic approach
Methodology
Scholar/object independence
Knowing how to know
Mathematical reasoning
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Material realitylevel
Metaphysical exist
… but
Postulate have no intrinsic
concerning meaning
the reality of the world
SocialPhilosophical
constructionlevel
of reality
Postulate concerning social reality
Intentionality
Epistemology
Logic of comprehension Values, norms
Ideography, Empathy
Knowing what should be known
Ideographic approach
Methodology
Scholar/object interdependence
Knowing how to know
Language analysis
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Material realitylevel
Metaphysical exist
… but
Postulate have no intrinsic
concerning meaning
the reality of the world
SocialPhilosophical
constructionlevel
of reality
Postulate concerning social reality
Intentionality
LogicEpistemology
of creation and/or
Values,teachability
Adequacy, norms
Knowingconstruction
what should be known
Action research
Methodology
Cocreation
Knowing of to
how solution
know
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Research dimensions
Objectivism vs subjectivism
Positivist / post-positivist standpoint: ... Attempting to find
elements that allow us to approach the quantitative concept of
validity (Creswell,1998).
Antipositivist standpoint (Interpretivism): Producing a set of
representations adapted to the specifics of a complex situation
(Denzin et Lincoln, 2003).
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Research dimensions
Objectivism vs subjectivism
Nature of
Realism social world
Nominalism
Relationship of Man
Determinism and the social world
Voluntarism
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Research dimensions
Objectivism vs subjectivism
Nature of
Realism social world
Nominalism
Relationship of Man
Determinism and the social world
Voluntarism
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Research dimensions
Objectivism vs subjectivism
Nature of
Realism social world
Nominalism
Relationship of Man
Determinism and the social world
Voluntarism
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Research design
Literature
Problem
Theory Observation
Reflection Data
Problem
Hypotheses Research
question
Emergence of
Data theory
Description
Analysis and Adoption of the and theory
results theory
Theoretical Research
primer question
Deduction Data
Abduction
Analysis and
Problem Observations
results
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La revue de littérature
Pourquoi lire?
Pour convaincre votre lecteur de l’importance de votre sujet
La plupart des entreprises libanaises sont des PME. Elles représentent
plus de 95% du total des entreprises du pays, emploie 50% de la main
d’œuvre et et contribuent pour 40% du PIB (WB, 2018).
Pour explorer les différents aspects de la théorie que vous
allez utiliser:
La formation des stratégies peut prendre diverses formes. La
littérature oppose généralement les stratégies planifiées dont les
objectifs sont définis précisément à l’avance aux stratégies
émergentes qui se structurent au fur et à mesure du
développement des travaux de l’entreprise.
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La revue de littérature
Le filtre théorique
Données
Données
Stratégie
Données
Ressources humaines
Finances d’entreprise
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La revue de littérature
Pourquoi lire?
Pour identifier les variables qui vont vous permettre de
structurer votre recueil de données.
Comment avez-vous développé la stratégie de votre entreprises?
(Planification vs émergence)
A votre avis, quelles sont les forces de votre entreprises?
(1er volet du SWOT)
Comment est-ce que vous exploitez les opportunités que vous
identifiez?
(3eme volet du SWOT)
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La revue de littérature
Structurer la méthodologie de Joseph
Comment les athlètes libanais se sont adaptés pour faire
parti de l'élite internationales?
Comment les clubs de MMA se sont adaptés pour faire parti
de l'élite internationale?
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La revue de littérature
Pourquoi lire?
Pour ne pas dire des choses qui ont déjà été dite.
Pour prouver votre expertise (vous savez de quoi vous
parlez)
Pour démontrer que votre recherche est utile et que votre
question de recherche est pertinente.
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La revue de littérature
Légitimer votre question de recherche
A partir d’événements: Les touristes ignorent le Liban alors que le
tourisme constitue une ressource importante pour le pays.
Comment faire revenir les touristes au Liban?
A partir de la théorie: Le marketing a pour objectif de maximiser les
ventes des entreprises quitte à distordre la réalité.
Quelle serait les fonctions d’un marketing responsable?
A partir de la théorie et de la pratique: Casper et Gambini a entamé
son activité sans réel business plan alors que la littérature met l’accent
sur l’importance de la planification.
Comment se structure la stratégie des PME?
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La revue de littérature
Légitimer votre question de recherche
A partir d’événements: Les touristes ignorent le Liban alors que le
tourisme constitue une ressource importante pour le pays.
Comment faire revenir les touristes au Liban?
A partir de la théorie: Le marketing a pour objectif de maximiser les
ventes des entreprises quitte à distordre la réalité.
Quelle serait les fonctions d’un marketing responsable?
A partir de la théorie et de la pratique: Casper et Gambini a entamé
son activité sans réel business plan alors que la littérature met l’accent
sur l’importance de la planification.
Comment se structure la stratégie des PME?
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La revue de littérature
Légitimer votre question de recherche
Expérience pratique Champ théorique
Observation 1. Argument 1.
Observation 2. Argument 2.
Observation 3. Argument 3.
Question de
recherche
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La revue de littérature
La conversation avec la « cité savante »
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La revue de littérature
La conversation avec la « cite savante »
Expérience pratique Champ théorique
Observation 1. Argument 1.
Observation 2. Argument 2.
Observation 3. Argument 3.
Question de
recherche
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La littérature
Comment citer?
... en bénéficiant de la munificence de l’environnement
institutionnel (Meyer et Rowan, 1977).
... en deux branches aux caractéristiques distinctes (DiMaggio
et Powell, 1991a ; Fligstein, 1999 ; Lowndes, 1996)
Scott (1995), pour sa part, affirme que le courant ...
« ... allant au-delà des impératifs techniques de l’activité »
(Selznick, 1957 :17)
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Literature review
How to read?
Read reference articles in full, specially “systematic literature
reviews”.
Read the abstract, introduction and conclusion of the others to test
the interest of the article.
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Literature review
The funneling process
Field of inquiry
Literature review
Research question
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Scott (1995), for his part, argues that the stream ...
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Research design
Data
Problem
Theory Observation
Reflection Data
Problem
Hypotheses Research
question
Emergence of
Data theory
Description
Analysis and Adoption of the and theory
results theory
Theoretical Research
primer question
Deduction Data
Abduction
Analysis and
Problem Observations
results
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Data
Type of data and research
DONNEES
Operationalization Operationalization
OBSERVABLE
Events
Facts
Behaviors
NON-OBSERVABLE
Attitudes
Beaumard et Ibert, 2003
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Data
Type of data and research
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Data
From theory to empirical setting
CONCEPT
Dimension Dimension
1 2
CA Indicator 2
Indice
indicator 2 / indicator1
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Data
From theory to empirical setting
STRATEGY
Commercial Financial
Performance Performance
CA Profits
CA / Profit
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Data
From empiric data to theory
We are dedicated to becoming the leader in the
promotion of socio-economic development through the
application of Islamic Economic Principles and Values,
providing optimum returns to our shareholders and
investors through partnership banking on a risk-reward
sharing basis (Al Baraka / Afrique du Sud, 2009).
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Data
Primary and secondary data
Primary data
Source: Research
Primary purpose: Anchoring research in the reality of the
phenomenon.
Secondary data
Source: documentary
Primary purpose: Providing access to the history of a
phenomenon.
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Data
Primary and secondary data
Difficulty clarifying or
Possible distorsion (judge
Difficulty of analysis completing partial or
et party).
ambiguous data.
Beaumard et Ibert, 2003
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Data
Type of data
Quantitative data
Numeric
Objective: Objectify reality to Identify laws (regularities) by
counting.
Qualitative data
Non-numeric
Objective: Making understanding explicit by observing,
listening, speaking.
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Data
Quantitative data
Forces Weaknesses
« Objectivity » A-contextuality
« Scientificity » Rigidity
Rigor
Concision
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Data
Qualitative data
Forces Weaknesses
Richeness Complexity
Comprehension Ambiguity
Proximity
idiosyncrasy
Flexibility
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Qualitative vs Quantitative
Interior / Exterior
Quantitative data:
Indirect contact with the reality via abstract plotters
(variables).
Qualitative data:
Personnel contact with the phenomenon.
Dilemma
Knowing a little on a lot or a lot on a little, being objective and
partial or subjective and biased?
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Qualitative vs Quantitative
Selective / holistic
Quantitative data:
Choosing of a slice of reality understood according to a
framework laid down beforehand.
Qualitative data:
Opened to all reality included in the framework that
correspond to the site.
Dilemma
Trivializing reality or getting lost in it
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Qualitative vs Quantitative
Variance / process
Quantitative data:
Study of variances (relationship between variables) and
cross-sectional data at historical periods.
Qualitative data:
Studies of process data in a time considered as continuous.
Dilemma
Correlate to explain or follow to understand
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Qualitative vs Quantitative
Data and type of research
- Complexity +
- Poetry
+ Précision -
- Variaty +
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Qualitative vs Quantitative
Data and type of research
+
Error
Precision
(confusion)
Variété du langage
Error
Precision (Excessive
simplificatio)
-
- Organizational complexity +
(Daft & Wiginton, 1979)
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Qualitative vs Quantitative
Data and type of research
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Qualitative vs Quantitative
Data and type of research
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Qualitative vs Quantitative
Data and type of research
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Qualitative vs Quantitative
Data and type of research
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Your data
Type of data
What aspect (s) of reality are you going to address to answer your
research question?
- Places? Things? Events?
- Behaviors? Activities? Interactions?
- Discourse? Narratives? Beliefs? Attitudes
What type of data do you need to answer your research question?
- Primary? Secondary? Primary and secondary?
- Qualitative? Quantitative? Qualitative and quantitative?
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Research project
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