M1.

(a) (i) oxygen

do not credit air
1

(ii) lung(s)
do not credit blood or nose or windpipe alone but
accept as a neutral answer if included with lungs
1

(b) oxygen
1

lactic acid
both words required
1
[4]

M2.(a)
Organ
Structure Organ Tissue
system

Stomach

Cells lining the

stomach

Mouth, oesophagus,
stomach, liver,
pancreas, small and
large intestine

all 3 correct = 2 marks

2 correct = 1 mark
1 or 0 correct = 0 marks
2

(b) (i) diffusion

 allow phonetic spelling
1

(ii) glucose
1

(iii) mitochondria
1
[5]

M3.(a) LHS – glucose

1

RHS – water
allow H O / H20
2

(b) so the earthworms’ body temperature would change to 20°C

1

(c) (i) 56 or 55 or 54
if incorrect answer given accept 60 - 5 for 1 mark
or 60 – 6 for 1 mark
or 60 – 4 for 1 mark
2

(ii) one-tenth of answer to (c)(i) eg 5.5

1

(at 10°C / lower temperature):

lower rate of respiration

 allow chemical reactions slower or enzymes less
active
ignore breathing
do not allow anaerobic
1

worms less active / worms release less energy / worms use

less energy
1

(d) (i) anomalous result / not in line with other data / does not fit the
pattern
1

(ii) more representative / more reliable / can check ‘repeatability’ /

see if get similar values / identify anomalies
ignore valid / more fair
ignore reproducible
ignore ‘to remove’ anomalies
do not accept more accurate or more precise
1
[10]

M4.(a) any two from:

or allow converse for outdoors

• constant speed
• variable speed

• constant effort
• variable terrain

• constant temperature
• traffic conditions
• variable temperature
• wind (resistance)
• rain / snow
 allow pollution only if qualified by effect on body
function but ignore pollution unqualified
if no other marks obtained allow variable conditions
outdoors
2

(b) Brain
1

(c) (i) 20 800

correct answer with or without working gains 2
marks
if answer incorrect, allow 1 mark for use of 1200
and 22 000 only
2

(ii) oxygen
apply list principle
1

do not accept other named substances eg CO 2

water

glucose / sugar
allow glycogen
ignore food / carbohydrate
1

(iii) respire aerobically

1

(iv) carbon dioxide

 1

lactic acid
1

(d) increased heart rate

ignore adrenaline / drugs
accept heart beats more but not heart pumps more
1
[11]

M5. (a) respire

1

blood
1

2
[6]

M6.(a) A = cytoplasm
1

B = (cell) membrane
1

(b) in yeast:
’it’ equals yeast
 makes alcohol / makes CO / does not make lactic acid
2

do not allow uses / involves alcohol / CO 2

(c) (i) any two from:

allow amount of yeast

• volume of yeast / suspension

• volume of sugar / solution• concentration of

sugar amount of sugar = max 1 for sugar

• temperature
(total) volume = 1 mark if no other volume
ignore concentration of yeast
2

(ii) most / more CO given off with fructose or

2

’it’ equals fructose

faster CO production
2

or

faster respiration
allow faster fermentation
1

do not allow aerobic respiration

so (rate of) alcohol production will be greatest / more (with

fructose)
1
[7]

M7. (i) 6 in both spaces

do not credit if any formula has been altered
1

(ii) glucose
allow fructose or dextrose
1
 (iii) mitochondria
accept organelles
1
[3]

M8. (a) (i) 19 800

for correct answer ignore working or lack of working
165 × 120 but no answer / wrong answer = 1 mark
(ignore extras)
2

(ii) any two from:

• for respiration
ignore oxygen debt

• energy released
allow energy produced

• prevents anaerobic respiration

• prevents build-up of lactic acid

2

(b) any two from:

• increased breathing rate(*)

• increased depth of breathing or deep breathing(*)

(*)more breathing is max 1 mark
ignore increase in heart rate
allow heavier breathing
do not allow harder breathing

• dilation of arteries / vasodilation

allow blood vessels dilate
do not allow veins / capillaries dilate

• blood diverted from elsewhere

ignore name of organ
2
[6]
M9. (a) (i) points correctly plotted
all correct gains 2 marks
2 correct gains 1 mark

each part of line correctly drawn (i.e. curve + straight line)

for 1 mark each part of line
4

(ii) 3 (or according to plotted graph)

litres per second
for 1 mark each
2

(b) lungs
blood
for 1 mark each
2

(c) (i) ideas that

• energy transferred faster in 100m race

• carbon dioxide produced faster during 1500m race / more

• carbon dioxide produced

for 1 mark each
3

correct reference to twice / half as fast in either / both cases

for a further mark
1

(ii)

• respiration during 100m race (mainly) anaerobic

• respiration during 1500m race (mainly) aerobic

 • aerobic respiration produced carbon dioxide

• anaerobic respiration produced / lactic acid

for 1 mark each
1
[13]

M10.(a) anaerobic respiration

allow phonetic spelling
1

(b) (i) 4.4

4.2, 4.3, 4.5 or 4.6 with figures in tolerance (6.7 to
6.9 and 2.3 to 2.5) and correct working gains 2
marks
4.2, 4.3, 4.5 or 4.6 with no working shown or
correct working with one reading out of tolerance
gains 1 mark
correct readings from graph in the ranges of 6.7 to
6.9 and 2.3 to 2.5 but no answer / wrong answer
gains 1 mark
2

(ii) more energy is needed / used / released

do not allow energy production

(at 14 km per hour)

ignore work
1

not enough oxygen (can be taken in / can be supplied to

muscles)
allow reference to oxygen debt
do not allow less / no oxygen
1
 so more anaerobic respiration (to supply the extra energy) or
more glucose changed to lactic acid
allow not enough aerobic respiration
1
[6]

M11. (a) to transfer / provide / give release energy

or production of ATP / adenosine triphosphate
(molecules)
accept to give heat
1

(b) (i) C H O + 6O → 6CO + 6H O

6 12 6 2 2 2

accept any other

n : 6n : 6n : 6n ratio
do not credit if any other changes have been made
1

(ii) glucose
do not credit sugar / sucrose
1

(c) (i) any two from

large surface

thin (surface)

moist (surface)

(with a good) blood supply

2

(ii) carbon dioxide

accept water vapour
do not credit just water
1

(d) (i) anaerobic (respiration)

1

(ii) any three from

 in mitochondria

glucose decomposes / breaks down / reacts

or glucose → lactic acid for (2) marks

to give lactic acid

or breathing hard
or lactic acid → CO2 + water

causing pain

(leaving an) oxygen debt

(quick) source of energy

(but) less efficient than aerobic respiration

accept less efficient than with oxygen
3
[10]

M12. (i) the higher the rate of oxygen consumption, the shorter the
time taken to complete
for 1 mark
1

(ii) the faster oxygen is taken into the blood,

the faster energy can be released in the muscles,
and the faster the athlete can run
for 1 mark each
3
[4]

M13. (a) (i) defence

 accept specific functions of white cells
1

(ii) forming clot at site of wound

1

(iii) 100 ÷ 0.008

correct answer with or without working gains 2
marks
1

12 500
ignore any units
1

(iv) the size of red blood cell is approximately same size as

capillary
or
red blood cell is too big
allow use of numbers
do not accept capillaries are narrow
1

therefore there is no room for more than one cell

or
only one can fit
1

(v) in lungs oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood
whole statement required
1

in the red blood cell, oxygen combines with haemoglobin,

forming oxyhaemoglobin
whole statement required
1
 in tissues oxyhaemoglobin splits up, releasing oxygen,
which diffuses into the cells
whole statement required
1

(b) (i) (Student Y) because she had

the lower resting heart rate

accept converse for Student X
1

the lower heart rate increase and

1

the quicker recovery time

1

(ii) when exercising the rate of aerobic respiration in the muscles is

higher
1

(the increased heart rate) increases rate of delivery of oxygen

to the (respiring) muscles
1

and increases rate of delivery of glucose to the (respiring)

muscles
1

and results in faster removal of carbon dioxide and lactic acid

1
[16]
M14.(a) (i) 50
1

(ii) 4
accept 3.9 − 4.0
1

(b) (i) glucose

1

oxygen
1

(ii) to release more energy

1

(c) correct readings from graph:

a = 120

b = 60
allow 60 - 61
1

calculation correct for candidate’s figures:

e.g. a − b = 60
1

level of fitness correct for candidate’s figures:

e.g. very fit

1

(d) any four from:

• higher heart rate (at 16 km / h) (so takes longer to slow to
normal)
• more energy needed
• not enough O2 supplied / more O2 needed / reference to O2-debt
• (more) anaerobic respiration
• (more) lactic acid made / to be broken down / to remove / to
oxidise
• higher blood flow needed to deliver (the required amount of)
oxygen.
‘more’ must be given at least once for full marks
do not allow more energy produced
allow higher blood flow to remove lactic acid /
remove (additional) CO2
4
[12]