Department of BES-II

Digital Design and Computer Architecture

23EC1202
Topic:
Introduction, Features of Micro Computer

Session No: 22
 AIM OF THE SESSION

To familiarize students with the basic concept of Microcomputer, Internal Architecture and organization of Micro
Computer.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES

This Session is designed to:

1. Demonstrate organization of Microcomputer
2. Describe the working of Microprocessor
3. List out the basic components in Microprocessor and Microcomputer
4. Describe the working of Microcomputer and Microprocessor

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this session, you should be able to:

1. Define Microprocessor, Microcomputer, Memory architecture.
2. Summarize about the working of Microcomputer.
 Micro Computer

• It is a small, relatively
inexpensive computer
with a microprocessor
as CPU along with
memory, I/O devices,
etc.
• Examples: Desktop,
Laptop, etc.
 Features of Microcomputer

 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

 Memory
 Input / Output Ports
 Operating System (OS)
 Multimedia Features
 Expandability and Upgradeability
 Microcomputer – I/O Devices

 The input/output or I/O Section

allows the computer to take in data
from the outside world or send data
to the outside world.
 Peripherals such as keyboards, video
display terminals, printers are
connected to I/O Port.
 Microcomputer - CPU

Central Processing Unit (CPU) consists of the following

features −
 CPU, which is a microprocessor, is considered as the brain of the
computer.
 CPU performs all types of data processing operations, controls the
working of all parts of the computer.
 It stores data, intermediate results, and instructions (program).
 It fetches binary coded instructions from memory, decodes the
instructions into a series of simple actions and carries out these
actions in a sequence of steps.
Components of CPU
 Microprocessor

 What is a Microprocessor ?

Microprocessor can be used in applications where task is not predefined and is assigned by the user.

Ex: Intel i3, i5, i7, core 2 duo etc.

Applications: Computers, Mobiles, Videogames, Communication, Automobiles etc.

 Generations of Microprocessor
Name of the Processor Year of Invention No. of transistors Instructions per second
1971 by Ted Hoff and Stanley
INTEL 4004/4040 (4 bit ) 2300 60,000
Mazor

8008 (8 bit ) 1972 3500 50,000

8080 (8 bit ) 1974 6000 10 times faster than 8008

8085 (8 bit ) 1976 (16-bit address bus) 6500 769230

1978 (multiply and divide

8086 (16 bit ) instruction, 16-bit data bus and 29000 2.5 Million
20-bit address bus)

1979 (cheaper version of 8086 29000 2.5 Million

8088 (16 bit )
and 8-bit external bus)

80186/80188/80286 (16 bit ) 1982 134000 4 Million

 Generations of Microprocessor

Name of the Year of Invention No. of transistors Instructions per

Processor second

PENTIUM (32 bit )

1993 3.1 Million 100 million

2006 (other versions

INTEL core 2 core2 duo, core2 quad, 291 Million 2.4 billion
core2 extreme)

i3, i5, i7 2007, 2009, 2010 1.7 Trillion 38 billion

 Microcontroller

 What is a Microcontroller ?
• Designed for specific task, once program is written it
can’t be altered.
• Microprocessor with RAM, ROM and IO Ports
available on a single chip.
Ex: Arduino, ARM, AT Mega328, 8051 etc.
Applications: Microwave oven, washing machine,
cameras, security alarms etc.
 Microprocessor Vs Microcontroller

Microprocessor Microcontroller

The microprocessor is designed to be general-purpose. A microcontroller is a specialized form of a microprocessor.

It is a processor in which memory and I/O output component It is a controlling device in which memory and I/O output
is connected externally, looks large in size. component is present internally, looks small in size.

It is a dependent unit. It is self-sufficient.

It is used in personal computers. It is used in Embedded systems.

It’s system cost is high. It’s system cost is low.

Microprocessor has less number of registers. Therefore most Microcontroller has more number of registers. Therefore a
of the operations are memory based. program is easier to write.
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Performs Arithmetic Operations: The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) in a CPU is responsible for
executing all the arithmetic operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division,
essential for processing data and executing instructions.

Handles Logical Operations: Beyond arithmetic, the ALU performs logical operations including
AND, OR, NOT, and XOR, which are crucial for decision-making processes, comparisons, and
conditional executions in programming and computer operations.
 Control Unit

 Fetches instructions: The control unit retrieves instructions from the computer's memory.
 Decodes instructions: It interprets the retrieved instructions, breaking them down into their
component parts.
 Controls data flow: The control unit manages the movement of data between different parts of
the CPU, like the ALU and registers.
 Executes instructions: It directs other CPU components like the ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
to perform the operations specified in the instructions.
 Memory @ CPU

 Registers: These are tiny, very fast memory locations that hold a minimal amount of data
currently being used by the CPU. Think of them as the CPU's notepad for immediate calculations.
 Cache: This is a small but faster memory compared to main RAM. It stores frequently accessed
data and instructions from main memory, allowing the CPU to retrieve them quicker.
 Control Unit Interaction: The control unit relies on registers to store operands (data) and
instructions during processing.
 Limited Capacity: Compared to main memory, CPU memory (registers and cache) is much
smaller in size. This prioritizes speed over massive storage.
 How data is stored in memory?

 Memory is usually measured by the number of bytes it S.No Unit & Description

can hold. It is measured in Kilo, Mega ,Giga and Tera. Kilobyte (KB)
1
1 KB = 1024 Bytes
 A Kilo in computer language is 210 = 1024.
Megabyte (MB)
2
1 MB = 1024 KB
Gigabyte (GB)
3
1 GB = 1024 MB
Terabyte (TB)
4
1 TB = 1024 GB
Petabyte (PB)
5 1 PB = 1024 TB
Microcomputer - Buses
 Microcomputer - Buses

 Address bus - carries memory addresses from the processor to other components such as
primary storage and input/output devices.
 Data bus - carries the data between the processor and other components.
 Control bus - carries control signals from the processor to other components.
 SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following is the main component of the microcomputer?

a) ROM
b) Microprocessor
c) Motherboard
d) Bus system.

2. Which one are the functional units of a microprocessor?

a) to control computer traffic

b) to store information
c) to perform arithmetic operation
d) none of the above.
 TERMINAL QUESTIONS

Short answer questions:

1. Explore the significance of a microprocessor in modern computing devices.

Long answer questions:

1. Illustrate the architecture of a CPU and its constituent blocks, elaborating on their functions.
2. Analyze the role and significance of I/O devices in computer systems with examples.
3. Identify the buses in microcomputer architecture, detailing their types, functions.
 REFERENCES FOR FURTHER LEARNING OF THE SESSION

Reference Books:
1. Computer Organization by Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic and Saftwat Zaky.
2. Computer System Architecture by M. Morris Mano
3. Computer Organization and Architecture by William Stallings

Sites and Web links:

1. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/computer-organization-and-architecture-tutorials/
2. https://www.javatpoint.com/microprocessor-introduction
 THANK YOU

Team – Digital Design & Computer

Architecture