DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER KING KHALID UNIVERSITY

SCIENCE ABHA, SAUDI ARABIA

Computer Networks-1 364-CSM

Level:07

Dr. Hisham Alfuhaid

Email: [email protected]
127/2/A

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 List of Topics
Acknowledgment: All lectures’ slides are from the Data Communications
and Networking book, by Forouzan

n Chapter 1: Introduction, overview of data communications and networking

n Chapter 2: Network models

n Chapter 3: Data and signals

n Chapter 4: Transmission media

n Chapter 5: Data link control

n Chapter 6: Wired LANs: Ethernet

n Chapter 7: Virtual-Circuit Networks: Frame Relay and ATM

n Chapter 8: Network layer: internet protocol

Textbook: Data Communications and Networking, 4th

Edition by Behrouz A. Forouzan
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 Chapter 1
Introduction, Overview
of data communications
and networking

1.3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
The term telecommunication means communication at a
distance. The word data refers to information presented
in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating
and using the data. Data communications are the
exchange of data between two devices via some form of
transmission medium such as a wire cable.

Topics discussed in this section:

§ Components of a data communications system
§ Data Flow

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 Figure 1.1 Components of a data communication system

• Message: the information(data) to be communicated,

• Sender: the device that sends the data message,
• Receiver: the device that receives the message,
• Transmission medium: the physical path by which a message travels from
sender to receiver,

• Protocol: A set of rules that govern data communications.

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 Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

Unidirectional

Each station can

both transmit and
receive

!!! Not in the

same Time

Each station can

both transmit and
receive

!!! simultaneously

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 1-2 NETWORKS

A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes)

connected by communication links. A node can be a
computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending
and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the
network. A link can be a cable, air, optical fiber, or any
medium which can transport a signal carrying
information.
Topics discussed in this section:
§ Network Criteria
§ Physical Structures
§ Categories of Networks

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 Network Criteria

n Performance
n Depends on Network Elements
n Measured in terms of Delay and Throughput
n Reliability
n Failure rate of network components
n Measured in terms of availability/robustness
n Security
n Data protection against corruption/loss of data due to:
n Errors
n Malicious users

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 ‡Physical Structures

n Type of Connection
n Point to Point - single transmitter and receiver
n Multipoint - multiple recipients of single transmission
n Physical Topology
n Connection of devices
n Type of transmission - unicast, mulitcast, broadcast

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 Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint

Point- to-point: provides a dedicated link between two devices,

Multipoint: one in which more than two specific devices share a single link.

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 Figure 1.4 Categories of topology

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 Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

Every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other device

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 Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations

Each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a central controller, usually
called a hub

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 Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations

Multipoint link. One long cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in a network.

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 Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations

• Each device has a dedicated point-to-point connection with only the two devices
on either side of it

• A signal is passed along the ring in one direction, from devices to device, until it
reaches its destination

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 Figure 1.9 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

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 ‡Categories of Networks

n Local Area Networks (LANs)

n Short distances
n Designed to provide local interconnectivity
n Wide Area Networks (WANs)
n Long distances
n Provide connectivity over large areas
n Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
n Provide connectivity over areas such as a city, a campus

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 Figure 1.10 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

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 Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

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 Figure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

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 1-3 THE INTERNET

The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily

lives. It has affected the way we do business as well as the
way we spend our leisure time. The Internet is a
communication system that has brought a wealth of
information to our fingertips and organized it for our use.

Topics discussed in this section:

Organization of the Internet
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

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 Figure 1.13 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

ISP: Internet Service Providers

NAP: Network Access Points

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 1-4 PROTOCOLS

A protocol is synonymous with rule. It consists of a set of

rules that govern data communications. It determines
what is communicated, how it is communicated and when
it is communicated. The key elements of a protocol are
syntax, semantics and timing

Topics discussed in this section:

§ Syntax
§ Semantics
§ Timing

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 ‡Elements of a Protocol

n Syntax
n Structure or format of the data
n Indicates how to read the bits - field delineation
n Semantics
n Interprets the meaning of the bits
n Knows which fields define what action
n Timing
n When data should be sent and what
n Speed at which data should be sent or speed at which it is being
received.

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 1-5 Standards

Standards are essential in creating and maintaining an

open and competitive market for equipment
manufacturers and in guaranteeing national and
international interoperability of data and
telecommunications technology and processes.

Topics discussed in this section:

§ Data communication standards

§ Standards Organizations

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 ‡Data communication standards

n De facto (in fact)

§ Standards that have not been approved by an organized body
but have been adopted as standards through widespread use.
§ Established originally by manufacturers who seek to define the
functionality of a new product or technology.

n De jure (in law)

Standards that have been legislated by an officially recognized body

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 ‡Standards Organizations

n ISO: International Organization for Standardization

n ITU-T: International Telecommunication Union
telecommunication Standard Sector
n ANSI: American National Standards Institute
n IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
n EIA: Electronic Industries Association

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 Quetions
• Give 3 examples of data?
• What is the difference between the data flow half-duplex and full-
duplex?
• What is the main components of the network?
• What is the difference between the point-to-point connection and
the multipoint connection?
• What is the topology that use the multipoint connection?
• Give an example of Wide Area Networks (WAN)?

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