UNDERSTANDING CULTURE,

SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

Quarter 3 : Lessons 1 - 6

CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC

SOCIAL GROUPS
SYMBOLS/PRACTICES TWO OR MORE PEOPLE WHO IDENTIFY WITH AND ENGAGE WITH EACH OTHER

Symbol is an object, word, or action that stands for

something else, without natural relationship, that is culturally
TYPES OF GROUPS ACCORDING TO INFLUENCE:
defined. Primary and Secondary Groups
Symbolism, on the other hand, is when something The difference between primary and secondary groups
represents abstract ideas or concepts; it assigns names, lies in the kinds of relationships their members have
denominations, and defines relations between various with one another.
elements
Primary groups involve interaction among members
FUNCTIONS TYPES who have an emotional investment or attachment.
1. Social symbols are used to transfer Cultural Secondary groups usually have specific goals, are
culture, ideologies, or beliefs from
Social formally organized, and are impersonal.
group to another group of people.
2. Symbols are also used to preserve Political
traditions or beliefs of a certain Economic
group of people.
3. All symbols contain the “face” and
“hidden” values, the hidden value,
in a functional perspective, holds
greater meaning and importance
than the face value.
4. Symbols and symbolism have been
used to create movements, spread
ideas, and share advocacies that
surpasses time and distance.

SOCIALIZATION
LEARNING ON HOW OUR SOCIETY AND SPECIFIC COMMUNITIES, OR GROUPS Reference Groups
WORKS SO WE CAN BE A PART OF THEM
a central process in social life. A reference group is a group or social category that
SOCIALIZATION FOCUSES ON TYPES OF SOCIALIZATION
an individual uses to help define beliefs, attitudes, and
1. Acquisition of Knowledge 1. Primary Socialization values and to guide behaviour.
2. Language 2. Secondary Socialization Types of Reference Groups
3. Values 3. Anticipatory Socialization
4. Habits 4. Professional or Developmental A normative reference group influences your norms,
5. Skill in the Society Socialization attitudes, and values through direct interaction.
5. Re-Socialization
3 PARTS OF SOCIALIZATION A comparative reference group is a group of
1. Context individuals whom you compare yourself against and
Biological Context, Psychological Context may strive to be like.
2. Content and Process
3. Results and Outcomes
A social network is a sociological concept that refers
Socialization is also known as enculturation.
to the social relationships that exist between network
PROCESS RESULTS TO:
parts and individuals. In an organization, network
Identity formation
Norms and values elements can include social groups or teams,
Status organizational units, or entire organizations.
a. achieved
b. ascribed
 UNDERSTANDING CULTURE,
SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
Quarter 3 : Lessons 1 - 6

ANTHROPOLOGY
politicians are depicted as CHARACTERISTICS
THE STUDY OF THE HUMAN BEING AND THEIR ANCESTORS "political" while government use/threat of use of legal force
THROUGH TIME employees are viewed as "non- interactions
from the Greek word Anthropos (man) and logos (study)
political", the state as "public" interdependence of parts
GOALS PERSPECTIVES and the common society as
Finding Commonalities Holism "private".
Understanding Human Nature Cultural Relativism
Preserving Diversities Comparison
Creating Knowledge Field Work SOCIETY
SOCIOLOGY A GATHERING OF INDIVIDUALS WHOSE INDIVIDUALS
STUDY OF HOW HUMANS BEHAVE IN THE SOCIETY ASSOCIATE, DWELL IN A QUANTIFIABLE REGION, AND OFFER A
CULTURE.
NATURE OF SOCIOLOGY Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim from the latin root socius, signifying "buddy" or "being with others."
societal changes “Sociology is a value-free,
empirical dicipline”
HOW SOCIOLOGIST VIEW SOCIETY?
industrialization and urbanization
1. In conceptual terms, as an organization of connections between
GOALS OF SOCIOLOGY CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIOLOGY
individuals or between gatherings.
Understanding the impact of social groups Abstract
Likeness and Differences 2. In substantial terms, as an assortment of individuals or an association of

IMPORTANCE OF CULTURAL RELATIVISM

Examine interactions between cultures and institutions
Cooperation and Conflict people.
Explore modernity, postmodernity, and globalization Peocess
System of Stratification

IN ATTAINING CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING

Analyze cause and effect of societal changes

Examine population compositions and pressures

Provide information for policy considerations

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES ARE DOMINANT THAN CULTURAL
POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIVERSAL DESPITE HOW MUCH INDIVIDUALS HAVE SIMILARITIES
ANALYZES GOVERNANCE SYSTEMS, POLITICAL ACTIVITIES, cultural universals - traits that are part of every known culture
THOUGHTS, CONSTITUTIONS, AND BEHAVIOR." Cultural Universals give rise to Ethnocentrism and Cultural
Relativity/Relativism
GOALS PERSPECTIVES
Growth, industrialization, and Methodological diversity: CULTURAL RELATIVISM
governmental impact. psychology, social research,
neuroscience. the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards rather than
Functionality of political
Approaches: positivism, viewing it through the lens of one’s own culture.
systems and effectiveness.
interpretivism, rational choice requires an open mind and a willingness to consider, and even
Success metrics: stability,
theory, etc. adapt to, new values and norms
justice, material wealth

ETHNOCENTRISM
Utilizes primary (historical
documents) and secondary
sources (scholarly articles, involves a belief or attitude that one’s own culture is better than all
surveys). others
CULTURE can be so strong that when confronted with all the differences of a
new culture, one may experience disorientation and frustration
REFERS TO A HUMAN-MADE ENVIRONMENT THAT INCLUDES
NON-MATERIAL AND MATERIAL PRODUCTS THAT ARE TRANSMITTED
CULTURAL RELATIVISM ETHNOCENTRISM
THROUGH GENERATIONS Use of one's own culture to
Not judging a culture but
from the Latin expression 'clique or cultus' significance plowing, or
trying to understand it on its judge others in their society.
developing or refining and love. In total it implies developing and refining.
own terms One's group is the center
ASPECTS CHARACTERISTICS Putting self in their (other "everything , and all others
learned and acquired culture ) shoes / eyes. are scaled and rated with it
Actions
Identity shared
Language cumulative
History change
Space dynamic
Experience gives us a scope of passable
Validity standards of conduct
diverse
idealogical
POLITICS
AN ALL-OUT INVESTIGATION OF MAN, CULTURE, STATE,
ETHICAL QUALITY ETC.
gotten from the Greek word 'Polis‟, which implies the city state