DIFFERENTIAL EQUATlONs

SYNOPSIS
polynomial equat ion of the derive
as a
Differenetial Equation: An cquation Every diflerential equation has cena a
involving one dependent variable and its but need not have a degree.
dernatives w.r.t to one or nore independent
variables is called a ditlerential equation. W.E-1:Find the order und degree (if det.
of the following differential
equation
sat )y-1 ) l
The given differential cquation canbe
2 wre

Types of differential equation:

as y= dx
=
log y
0 Hence,its order is I and degree
Ondinary differential equation: Adillerential
quaton nvolhing derivatives with respect to
single independent variable is called ordinary
diterentl equation.
Hence,its order is 3 and degree 2
Fg +sin r
d
i) Partial differential
xog
equation: A differential It's order is obviously 2.
cquation involving at least two independent
variables and partial Since, the given differential equation cannot'
to caher
derivatives with respect written as a polynomial in all the differema
of these independent variables is calledd
a partial ditlerential equation. coefficients, the degree of the equation isa
defined
Fg Cu 2u Solution of the differential
equation:
Arelation between the variables without
Order and Degree of a differential derivatives which satisfy the given difièrta
equation equation is called a solution of the given
differential equation.
Order: Definition: The order of an
e.g.l: y =a sin x, y =bcos x
ordinary differential equation is defined to be are solutios
the order of
the highest order derivative
Ccurng in the equation. differential equation dy +y=0
d
Degree: Definition:The degree of
an
ordinary differential equation is defined to be
e-g.2: y =ae' and y=be2 are solutions 0
the exponent(index) of the highest order
dervative oxcurng in the cquation
provided the differential equation dyd+2y-0
dr
cquaton s nude free from radical signs and
fractional powers as far as the derivatives Types of Solutions:
concerncddi.c,when the equation is expressed

ea71Nt
Formation of differential equation:
Let the given equation
be - dA cos (x + B)- Ce'
s(x,y,c,C;--,) =0---(1)
Differentiating ntimes with respect to x, we a+y=-2Ce
dx
get n more equations. By eliminating the

arbitrary constants G,.C2»---c, we get the dyd--2Ce":

differential equation of order n. d3

General solution: The solution which

i)
contains as many arbitrary constants as the d'y dy
d3
d2
a
-y=0
=0
order of the differential equation is called all
W.E-3: The differential equation of
general solution ofthe ditferential equation. whose axes are parallel to the
e.g.1: y =asin x +bcos x (a,b are arbitrary parabolas
constants) is the general solution of axis ofy, is
Sol: Such parabolas are given by

= 0
d
(x-h)4a(y-k).
where h,k,a are three arbitrary constants,
e.g.2: y = aet +be" (a,b are arbitrary on differentiating again W.r.to x
constants) is the general solution of
dy
(x-h) =2a
dx
ay-3+2y =0
on differentiating again,
iii) Particular solution: Solution obtained by
values to the arbitraryy 12a
giving particular d d2
constants in the general solution ofthe given
equation. on differentiating once again, 0

e.g.l: y=5e +6xe is a particular solution

This is the required differential equation.
ofdifferential equation dy-+y=0
2dy +y =0 Types of differential equations:
d
i)Variable separable
W.E-2: The differential equation whose
general solution is given by
i)Homogeneous equations
where
ii)Non-homogeneous equation
y=(G + )cos(x+C)-c,e*** iv)Linear equations
G,C2,Cg,C4,C, are arbitrary constants, is v)Bernoulli's equations
Sol: We can write i) Variable separable method:
Its general form is
y= Acos(x+B)-Ce
where (ong(
dx (or) d-sy
dx s(x)
S)
A=c+c2, B =c and C= c,e
Where s(x),g(y) are continuous functions.
=-A
dx
sin (x +B)-Ce
 ay _2y xdx-2yx'dy
s(y)dy=f(x)d« (or) Sa) 8V) iv) da y
By integration we get the solution.
-(xdy +ydx)
e.g. y(1-ay) dr- (r+a) dy = 0 X"y
is of the form
Note: If the cquation vi) d(x+y') =
2(xdx+ydy)
=f(ax
d
+by +c); put ar +by+c=*vi) d(ln(x+y)) = dx+dy Lean
then convert into variable separable form.
viil)d(x"y")=x"y"(nydx +nxdy)
eg.: +1=ety W.E-5: The solution of the differentiat
dr
Put xty-z, reduce to the form of variable equation xdr+ ydv+XO-y
=0 is
separable differential equation +y
W.E-4: Solution ofthe Differential Equation
Xay-ydr
have, xdr+ydy x+y
+
Sol: We
d
- is

a+)+dtan"-o
Sol: We have, y-
-o
dx
On integrating, we obtain
y d r - x d y = ay'd +ady

y(1-ay) dr =(x+a)d»
+)+ tan l eoi
dx dy
= 0 Integrating, we tan2 y=x
X+a
y(1-a)
get log(r+a)- log y +log(1-a)= logc ii) Homogeneous Function: A function

l o g + x ) ( 1 - a y ) = logc
S(xy) is said to be homogeneous function
in xy of degree n if S(kx, ky) = k"f(1.)
where n is a constant.
(r+a)(1-ay) =cy
Homogeneous differential equation :
Standard forms to solve
differnetial equations: If f(x,y)and s(x,y)are homogeneous
functions of same degree then the D.E.
2xydx-xdy
dysx) 1s called Homogeneous
dx g(x, v)
2xydy-ydx) differential equation
x Working rule *
1. Substitute y =
vx where v is a function of
ydy-2xy'dx and =v+ry
ii) x dx
able
2. Reduce to the form of variable separa
 FERENTIAL EE-ADV-SR-ME

t i a l
on.
e q u a t i o n

y e - e - y - ve"
diterentia
a x + b y
e . g . 2 : = - 2

1+e
dr cr+ay g.2;
dx 2.xy
ydy V+e")
1+e
W
(oo r k i n gr u l e

bstitutex = v y w
where v is a tion of'y' and
1+e
V+e" dy;

Reduce t o

difterentalequation
rm of variable separable
edv-
of the diferential equation
E-6:
S o l u t i o n

( =log(f()+©
indy =| ysin -x |dt
is

VF-
log(v+e") =
-logy+c ; but
y sin-x
dy Put y = Vx
dx
ot We
have
x sin log = -logy +

=+a
So tha d dx iii) Non-homogeneous differential

Vsin -1-y- equation:

Hence, +x a
sin V Sin dy 4+6y*G
General form is dx azx +b2y +C2
dV 1
sin where a ,b,C,az,bz,C2 are constants
dx
Case i: If b =-a2
sin VdV = c
Working Rule: Arrange equation in the form
az xdy +bydy + c,dy=qxdr + bydr + c
> logx = cos+c
logr-cos =c
a (xdy + ydx) + b,ydy +C2dy

-a,xdr-cqdr =0
WE-7:Solve 1+e" dx + e Solution is

ayy +b,+C2ya
2 -x==k
dex-)e
1+e Case ii : 1f aa2 -a)
Working rule: Put ax+by =t and reduce
put x= vy: to the formofvariable separable DE
'dy =v+ y dy
ve-e
Case i : If b *-a2 and
a2 b2
y 1+e dy 1+e
Working rule:

ARAYANAGROU 129
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS JEE-ADV-SR-MATHS-vOL Im
1. Put x = X +h, y = Y +k toconvert given DE
as honogenous D.E. +2y'=x=2y
2. Take ah +hk +c =0,a,h + b,k +C =0
which is a linear differential equation in
and find h.k
iv) Linear differential equations:
Type(i): General form LF==e=ew= =elogy

+P(x)= Q(*). Then ro is the

integrating factor and the solution is
. Thesolution is X.=J2y,-dte

ye=o(r)ed +o
J e l r a

Type (ii): General Form:

:
=y+cx=y(c+y)
P(y)x =Q(y). Then integratingfactor v) Bernoulli's differential equation:
dy Type 1: General form
isJv. Then solution is
+P(x)y=Q(r),
d
ne Ris called
xe fo(y)edy+e Bernoulli's equation in y. Dividing by y" and
Note:Points to consider
Here the term andJwhich converts
substituting convertinto linear
the left hand expression of the equation into a
perfect differential is called an integrating differential equation.
factor.In short it is written as I.F Type 2: General form

W.E-8: Solve+2y = coSx.

dx 4P(y)x
dy =Q(y)x". neR is called
Sol: It is a linear equation ofthe form Bernoulli equation in x.
W.E-10: Solve (y logx-1)y dx=xdy
+Py
dr
o(x) where P=2 and Q= cos x Sol: The given differential equation can be written
as
Then IF =d=e e2x
Hence, the general solution is +y=y' logx
dx
y(IF) =So(IF) d*
- y_dv
Let
ye" = |e* cos xdr + C

dv

ye 2 cos x+sin x]+C

So that
d v=-log
which is the standard linear diferential
w.E-9: Solution of the differential equation equation, with
(x2)y is ax
P=-=-logx
IF=xd
Sol: We have (x+2 =y
e
Inr
ee*r"=
= n

The solution is given by

130 NARAYANAGROUP
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS JEE-ADV-SR-MATHS-VOL I

(a) Length ofSub-tangent(TM)=

log dr= O8 , L+C (b) Length ofSub-normal (MN)=|y

v=1+logx+Cr =log(ex) + Cx
dx
(c) Length ofTangent(PT)=|
or=log(ex) +Cx or y{log(exr)+Cx}=1

(d) Length ofnormal (PN)

=

Geometrical Applications: the curve for which the length ofnormal

We also use differential equations for findingWE-11: Find
is equal to the radius vector.
family of curves for which some conditions Sol Here radius vector = OP and length ofnormal
involving the derivatives are given.
=PN according to question PN=OP
Equation of tangent at a point (x,y) on the
curve y=f(x) is given by
P(x.y)
Y-y dx -x).
At theX-axis,Y-0,so that X=x-yand the X
ax
M

dy Hence the
y-axis X=0,so that Y =y-x.
dx
lengthofinterceptoftangent on the x-axis is x-

and the y-axis is y-xsimilar

dx
information can be obtained for normals by
writing its equation as W.E-12: Find the curve for which the intercept cut
offby any tangent on y-axis is proportional to
(y-+(X-x)=0
ax
the square of the ordinate of the point of
Let P(x, y) be any point on the curve y=f{x). tangency.
Let the tangent and normal at P(x, y) to the | Sol. Let P(x, y) be any point on the curve
curve meets x-axis and y-axis at T and N| , dy
: Length ofintercept on y-axis = y - x
respectively. dx
Now draw perpendicular from P on x-axis. (according to question)
PM=y Length of intercept on y-axis oc y
Tf tangent at P makes angle y with positive

tany -Y-x=ky?
direction ofx-axis, then=
dx
dx
where k is constant of proportionality
|y=f) dy yky
Px,y) or dy_ky
dx X X dx X

y dy dv
Put yl=v dx dx
N

131
NARAYANAGROUP
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
W.E-14: A Curve yIO pases throuo.
gh the
dvY origin. Through any point (,p)e
thenx or

which is linear differential equation

curve, lines are drawn parallel

axes.1f the curve

to the
coordinate
areaformed by these lines and coordin. the
divides
LF=e/kd = e * =X
axes in the ratio m:n, find the curua
T h e solution is v.x =
x dx +c
Sol: Area of OBPO:areaof OPAP=m:n
X

Vx =kx +c = kx +c y-ycdr
n y (m +n)| yd
=

0
lwhere=c, and ds
Differentiating with respect to x, we get
w.E-13: A normal is drawn at a point P(xy)
ofa curve. It meet the x-axis at Q.IfPQis
of constant length k,then show that the B
p(x, y
differential equation describing such

curves is y-tR-y.
dx Findthe
equation of such a curve passing through
(0,k).
Sol: Equation ofthe normal at a point P(xy) is
given by

Y-y= X-x)
nx+y)=(m+n)y
Let the point Q at the x-axis be (x,,0). from
dy my d yy=
*
dy
y ca*
(1). weget y dx X...(2) Orthogonal trajectory:
> Any curve which cuts every member of
Now given that PO? k =
curve at right angle is called an orthogonal
we have trajectory ofthe family.
Procedure for finding the orthogonal
(x-x+y =* or x-x =tyk -y?
Hence using
trajectory:
Let f(x,y,c) =0 be the equation, where 'e
(2) we obtain k-y .() is an
arbitrary parameter.
(3) is the required differential equation for such Differentiate the given equation w.r.t. xandthen
curves eliminate 'c'.
Now solving (3) we get,J -dx
) Substitute for i n the equation
dy dx
or x +y =k',which passesthrough (0,k) obtained in (i)
ired
B y solving the D.E. we get the requir
orthogonal trajectory, for example, e
straight line passing

132 NARAYANAGROUP
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS JEE-ADV-SR-MATHS-VOL I
through the origin i.e y = mx is an
orthogonal trajectory of the family of
circles x+y' =a
y.E-15: Find the orthogonal trajectory of the
circles x +y' -ay = 0
ol: Here x+y-ay = 0. )
Differentiating, we get
2x+2-ay =0
a= 2(x+) substituting'a'in
Eqi) we get

r+2+),=0
(x-y)y-2xy=0
This is the differential equation of the
family of circles given in Eq.(i)
The differential representing the
orthogonal trajectory is obtained by
dy dx
replacing
ie,-r-y)-2xy=0
2xydy-ydr=-x*d
xdy)-y'd--dx
=-dx

Integrating both the sides, we get

+=Cx, is required family of

orthogonal trajectories.

NARAYANAGROUP 133
 JEE-ADV-SR-MATHS-VOI
L -Ill
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
GENERAL SOLUTION 2-(+a2 )} +aa,y=0

= Ae + Ae**
(41, Aare arbitraryconsta nts) - ( , + a , + a , ) Y t+

= Ae" +A,e"\+ A,e"

(a,a, +a,a, tu,K) -aa,a,y=0
4,A,4, are arbitraryconstants) - ( a + 1 ) y , +ay=00
y=e" (4,x +4,)
(4, A are arbitrary cons ta nts)
xy-m +n -1)y, +mny = 0
= Ax" +A,x"
(A4, A, are arbitrary cons ta nts)
y=e" (4, cosBx +A, sinBx) -2ay +(a*+p*)y=0
(A, A are arbitrary consta nts)
2+m'y =0
y= A cos(mx+ 4)
| (4,, 4, are arbitrary consta nts)

DIFFERENTIAL DIFFERENTIAL
SOLUTION
EQUATION EQUATION SOLUTION
xdy + ydx =0 y = C
ydx-xdy=0
x+y
tan =C
y
ydx-xdy-0
y xdy + ydx
= 0 logxy= C
xy
xdy-ydx = 0 =c
xdy-yax=0
xy og-c
ye' dx-e' dy - 0
dx -

xdy -0
xe'dy-e' dx xy o-c
-c xdx + ydy
=0
logx + y ' =C
xdy-
ya -0 x+y
tan =c

134
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONs JEE-ADV-SR-MATHS-VOL I
ADVANCED POINTS N, =20,000/ 2/2 7071

OF Illustration 2: A certain radioactive material is

APPLICATIONS FIRST-ORDER known to decay at a rate proportional to the
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS amount present. If initially there is 50 mg. of
(1) GROWTH AND DECAY the material present and after two hours it is
PROBLEMS observed that the material has lost 10 percent
Let N() denotes the amount of substance (or ofits original mass, find (a) and expression for
population) that is either growing or decaying. the mass ofthe material remaining at any time
Ifwe assume that dN/dt, the time rate of change t, (b) the mass ofthe material after four hours,
and (c) the time at which the material has
ofthis amount of substance, is proportional to
the amount ofsubstance present, then decayed to one half of its initial mass.
dN/dt = kN,
Sol. (a) Let N denote the amount ofmaterialpresent
at time t. Then, from equation

or
d-N=0... (a)
dt (a)
dN
-kN = 0
dt
Where k is the constant of proportionality. WNe This differential equation is separable and linear,
are assuming that N(t) is a differentiable, hence its solution is N=cek 1)
Att=0, we are given that N= 50. Therefore,
continuous, functionoftime. from(i), 50 = cek), or c = 50. Thus,

Tllustration 1: The population ofa certain country N 50 ek )

is known to increase at a rate proportional to Att 2, 10 percent of the original mass of
50mg. or 5mg, has decayed. Hence, at t = 2,
the number of people presently living in the
N=50-5=45. Substituting these values into
country. Ifafter two years the population has
(i) and solving for k,
doubled, and after three years the population
is 20,000, estimate the number ofpeople initially we have 45 50eh or k=: 50
living in the country. Substituting this value into (ii), we obtain the
2=1.4142) amount ofmass present at any time t as
N= 50e2 n .9t...(ii) wheret is measured in
Sol Let N denote the number of people livingin hours
the country at any time t, and let N, denote the
(b) We require N at t = 4. S
number of people initially living in the country.
ubstitutingt=4 into (iü) and then solving for
dN - kN = 0 N, we find
Then, fromequation (a) dt
N= 50e-2In.9
(c) We require t when N 50/2 = 25.
which has the solution Substituting N= 25 into (ii) and solving for t,
N= ce we find 25 = 50e- 2 In.9t

Att=0, N=N; hence, it follows from (1) that = t=In 1/2/(-1/2 In.9). hr
N=ceo, or that c =
N, Thus,
(2) TEMPERATURE PROBLEMS
N N.e
Newton's law of cooling, which is equally
Att 2 , N= 2N Substituting these values
applicable to heating, states that the time rate
into (ii), we have of change of the temperature of a body is
proportional to the temperature difference
2N,- Ne from which k in 2 =
between the body and its surrounding medium.
Let T denote the temperature of the body and
Substituting this value into () gives let T. denote the temperature ofthe
N = N e 2 In 2 surrounding
1) medium. Then the time rate of change
At t=3, N=20,000. Substituting these values
dT
into (ii), we obtain temperature of the body is,and
20, 000 N.e32 In2
= Newton's law of cooling can be formulated as

ARYAN GROLP 135

 dT
=-k(T-Tm)
dt
dT
or as kTkT, .
=
)
dt
wIere k isa positive constant ofproportionality.
Once k is chosen positive, the minus sign 1S

requiredin Newton'slawto makenegative

dt

ina
cooling process, when T is greater than
a n d positive in a heating process, when T
is less than T
llustration 3: A metal bar at a temperature of
100° F is placed in a room at a constant
temperature of 0° F. If after 20 minutes the
temperature of the bar is 50° F, find (a) the
time it will take the bar to reach a temperature
of 250 F and (b) the temperature of the bar
after 10 minutes.
Sol. Use equation (a) with T =0;the medium here
is the room which is being held at a constant
temperature of 0 F. Thus we have
dT
+kT =0
dt
whose solution is T= ce*
Since T= 100 at t= 0 (the
.....)
bar is initially 100° F), ittemperature of the
follows (i) that
100 ceO) or 100= c. Substituting this value
into (), we obtain T=100 e*"
At t=20, we areg ...i)
iven that T =50; hence,
from (2), 50 100e-20k from which
=

k=-Ln
k= 20 50
100
Substitut ing this value into (i), we
obtain the
temperature of the bar at any time t as
T 100e/20 In 1/2t
....(ii)
(a) We require t when T=25.
25 into (1i), Substituting T=
we have 25 100el/20 In12t
we find that t= 39.6 min. Solving,
(b) We require Twhent= 10.
10 into (ii) and then Substituting t=
solving for T, we
T 100el/20 In 1/2. 10 0F find that
Itshould be noted that since Newton's law
valid only for small temperature is
the above calculations representdifferences,
only a first
approximation to the physical situation.