Diploma in pharmacy 1st year Experiment Pharmaceutical Chemistry
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Diploma in Pharmacy 1st Year
Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Experiment
To determine the melting point of organic compounds like
naphthalene and benzoic acid.
Aim:
To determine the melting point of organic compounds like
naphthalene and benzoic acid.
Reference :
‘ Dr. Gupta G.D. , Dr. Sharma Shailish , Kaur Baljeet ’ “Practical Manual of
Pharmaceutical Chemistry” Published by Nirali Prakashan, Page no 52 - 55
Apparatus and Material Required :
Capillary tube, paraffin, laboratory thermometer with clamp, capillary tube,
tripod, kerosene burner, naphthalene, benzoic acid, the aluminium block, and
stand.
Theory:
Melting is the process of a compound changing from a solid to a liquid state
when heated, and the melting point is the temperature at which a solid in its pure form
melts. Because every pure solid has a distinct melting point, determining the melting
point help in the identification of the compound. The melting point of a material is
lowered when impurities are present. As a result, melting point can also be used as a
criterion for a compound's purity.
The temperature at which a compound changes from liquid to a gas is the boiling point
of a compound. The temperature at which a vapour pressure of liquid becomes equal to
atmospheric pressure is known as its boiling point. It is a property that is frequently
used to determine the purity of a chemical.
Procedure:
Determining the Melting Point of Naphthalene
1) One end of the capillary tube should be closed by heating one end in the flame.
Then it should be rotated for 2-3 minutes.
2) Naphthalene should be taken on a tile and crushed into a fine powder.
3) The closed end of the capillary tube should be placed between finger and thumb
as shown in figure below.
4) The open end of the capillary tube should be dipped in the finely powdered
naphthalene.
5) The capillary tube should be drained on the table to fill it with the compound to
a length of about 1-2 cm.
6) The capillary tube should be attached to a thermometer with the help of a thread
as shown in the figure below.
7) The capillary tube should be placed in the groove of the aluminium block.
8) It should be confirmed that the naphthalene-holding capillary tube is centred in
the groove.
9) The aluminium block should be placed on the tripod and with the help of
kerosene burner the block should be heated.
10) The temperature should be continuously monitored and noted as soon as the
substance starts to melt.
11) The temperature (t₁) should be noted as soon as the compound starts to melt.
12) The temperature (t2) should be noted as soon as the compound starts to melt.
13) The average of the two readings gives the correct melting point of the substance.
Determining the Melting Point of Benzoic Acid
1) Benzoic acid should be taken on a tile and crushed into a fine powder.
2) Capillary tube should be closed at its one end through heating.
3) The closed end of the capillary tube should be placed between finger and thumb
as shown in above figure (a).
4) The open end of the capillary tube should be dipped in the finely powdered
Benzoic acid.
5) The capillary tube should be gently drained to fill it with the compound to a
length of about 1-2 cm.
6) The capillary tube should be attached to a thermometer with the help of a thread
as shown in the above figure (b).
7) The capillary tube should be placed in the groove of the aluminium block.
8) It should be confirmed that the naphthalene-holding capillary tube is centred in
the groove.
9) The aluminium block should be placed on the tripod and with the help of
kerosene burner the block should be heated.
10) The temperature should be continuously monitored and noted as soon as the
substance starts to melt.
11) The temperature (t₁) should be noted as soon as the compound starts to melt.
12) The temperature (t2) should be noted as soon as the substance has completely
melted.
13) The average temperature of de substance is determined.
Precautions
1) It should be confirmed that the samples of Naphthalene and Benzoic acid are dry
and powdered.
2) The capillary tube and thermometer should be kept at the equal level.
3) The powder should be tightly packed into the capillary tube without any air gaps.
Observation Table
Temperature Observation of Naphthalene
Temperature t1 60.06
Temperature t2 100.56
The melting point of Naphthalene (t₁+t₂/2) 80.31
Temperature Observation of Benzoic acid
Temperature t1 110
Temperature t2 136.6
The melting point of Benzoic acid ( t₁+t₂/2) 123.3
Calculation
The melting point of Naphthalene is given by = t₁+t₂/2
Where,
t₁ = Initial melting point at which compound starts melting
t₂ = Final melting point at which compound completely melts.
60.06+100.56 160.62
So, melting point of Naphthalene = = = 80.31
2 2
The melting point of Benzoic acid is given by = t₁+t₂/2
Where,
t1 = Initial melting point at which compound starts melting.
t2 = Final melting point at which compound completely melts.
110 + 136.6
So, melting point of Benzoic acid =
2
246.6
= = 123.3 °C
2
Uses
It is useful for establishing the identity of a compound as well as providing a good
estimate of the relative purity of the sample.
Result: The melting point of given organic compound naphthalene 80.26 °C is
about and benzoic acid to be 122.3 °C
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