LPMC ORIENTATION

COMMON DEFECTS,
FINDINGS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS OF
ROAD PROJECTS
Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

POOR PREPARATION CRACKING OTHERS

SURFACE DEFECTS
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

POOR PREPARATION CRACKING OTHERS

- Presence of unsuitable - Longitudinal Cracks - Joint Issues
materials during preparation - Transverse Cracks - Honeycombs
- Undefined cross/side slope - Temperature Cracks
and no side ditch provisions - Improper Dowel Bars
- No roadway crown SURFACE DEFECTS - Oversized Aggregates
- Subgrade / Subbase not
- Scaling - Improper Side Forms
compacted
- Surface Marks
- Joint Sealant Issues
- Rain Damaged Surface
- Spoils of Hardened - Lush of Vegetation
Concrete
 Local Project Monitoring Committee Orientation
SESSION 7 COMMON DEFECTS, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF ROAD PROJECTS

IMPROPER SUBGRADE AND SUBBASE

PREPARATION

• Presence of unsuitable materials during

preparation
• Undefined cross/side slope and no side ditch
provisions
• No roadway crown
• Subgrade / Subbase not compacted
Possible causes
• Inadequate compaction / number of passes
not attained by road roller
• Unsuitable material were not removed during
preparation
• No watering during compaction
 Local Project Monitoring Committee Orientation
SESSION 7 COMMON DEFECTS, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF ROAD PROJECTS

Recommendations

• Conduct Field Density Test (FDT)

• Compaction for subbase must be done layer
by layer according to procedure
• If necessary, do scarifying and add some
water to achieve optimum moisture content
• Excavate and remove all unsuitable
materials below subgrade preparation and
stabilize by replacing with suitable granular
material and compact the same to the
required density
• Enforce proper materials quality control in the
project
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

CRACKING (PAGBIBITAK)

Longitudinal Cracks
(Pahaba)
Cracks that are predominantly parallel to the
pavement centerline

Possible causes
• Unsuitable materials were not removed
• The subbase/base course materials were not
incorporated
• The required degree of compaction of
subbase was not attained
• Poorly constructed subgrade and subbase
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

CRACKING (PAGBIBITAK)
Examples
Longitudinal Cracks
(Pahaba)

Recommendation
Remove and replace the affected
PCCP blocks
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

CRACKING (PAGBIBITAK)

- Transverse Cracks (Pahalang)

A crack running transversely across the pavement
block. Cracks are predominantly perpendicular to
the pavement.
a. Within 1.5 meters from
Weakened Plane Joints (WPJ)

Possible cause
• Late cutting of contraction joints or Weakened
Plane Joints (WPJ)
• Overload
• Failure of unstable foundations
No inspection, test results and
T i p s / M e as u res :
approval – “NO POURING”
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

CRACKING (PAGBIBITAK) Exam p lles

- Transverse Cracks (Pahalang)

a. Within 1.5 meters from
weakened plane joints

Recommendation

Remove and replace the noted 1/3

PCCP blocks from the WPJ
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

CRACKING (PAGBIBITAK)

- Transverse Cracks (Pahalang)

b. Within middle block

Possible cause

• Late cutting of contraction joints or

Weakened Plane Joints (WPJ)
• Overload
• Failure of unstable foundations

T i p s / M e as u res :
No inspection, test results and
approval – “NO POURING”
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

CRACKIING ((PAGBIIBIITAK)) Exam p lles

- Transverse Cracks (Pahalang)

b. Within middle block

Recommendation

Seal with concrete epoxy

D8
Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

CRACKING (PAGBIBITAK)

- Transverse Cracks (Pahalang)

c. Acting as Weakened Plane Joints

Possible cause
• Late cutting of contraction joints or Weakened
Plane Joints (WPJ)
• Overload
• Failure of unstable foundations
Slide 16

D8 Cause: over-sized aggregate, dealyed cutting of WPJ

DELL-USER-41, 25/03/2021
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

CRACKING (PAGBIBITAK) Examples

- Transverse Cracks (Pahalang)
c. Acting as Weakened Plane
Joints (WPJ)

Recommendation

Leave the transverse crack as is.

Do not cut using concrete saw.

Seal only with asphalt joint
filler/sealant.
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SURFACE DEFECTS
Hairline / Temperature Cracks
A series of cracks in pavement blocks running either in
longitudinal or transverse direction. Cracks are shallow
and short.

Possible causes

• Pouring at high temperature (hot weather)

• Improper or no concrete curing
• Immediate evaporation of water in concrete mix
after placement
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SURFACE DEFECTS Examples

Hairline / Temperature Cracks
A series of cracks in pavement blocks running either
in longitudinal or transverse direction. Cracks are
shallow and short.

Recommendation

• Schedule pouring during early morning and late afternoon

• Observe correct method of concrete curing
Corrections:
• Seal the cracks with pressurized injectable concrete epoxy
• Require the concern Project Engineer to monitor all pavement blocks
with temperature and hairline cracks and if further deterioration occurs
within the warranty period, remove and replace the affected block
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SURFACE DEFECTS Classified as:

Scaling – It is the deterioration of
the upper concrete slab surface. Major Scaling

Minor Scaling
Possible causes

• Overworking of the surface during construction

• Poor quality aggregate (Oversized)
• Improper (mali) Concrete Design Mix
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Examples
SURFACE DEFECTS
Major Scaling
Deterioration of the upper slab surface of
more than *10 mm

Recommendations

• Conduct Test if passed re-grout surface.

• If fail, Remove and replace the affected

PCCP blocks noted with major scaling

*DPWH DO 41 s2016
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SURFACE DEFECTS Examples

Minor Scaling
Deterioration of the upper slab surface of
*10 mm or less

Recommendation

Strictly monitor the PCCP blocks noted

with minor scaling and if further
deterioration occurs within the defects
liability period, require the concerned
contractor, at his own expense, to remove
and replace the affected blocks.
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SURFACE DEFECTS Examples

Tire Marks / Scratches

Possible cause

• No traffic/ warning signs to secure project

site especially during and right after concrete
pouring

Recommendation

Measure the depth of scratches/marks. If the

depth of marks is more than 1 cm, seal all
marks with concrete epoxy mortar.
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SURFACE DEFECTS Examples

Pock Marks
are tiny holes in the pavement surface caused by
loss of aggregates or foreign materials such as
wood splits and dirty or soft aggregates from the
pavement surface.

Possible causes

• Presence of wood splits, dirty or soft aggregates on

sand and gravel
• Quarrying of sand and gravel during flood at river

Recommendation
Seal with concrete epoxy mortar
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SURFACE DEFECTS Examples

Foot Marks / Paw Marks
Human and animal footprints left on the surface during
the curing period of the newly placed concrete pavement.

Recommendation
• Provide adequate warning signs, bollards, barricades,
construction caution tape, and watchmen all around
the concrete pavement
• Request households to restrain their pets during
concrete pouring
Corrections:
If the width and depth of marks are more than 1 cm,
seal all marks with concrete epoxy mortar / grout
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SURFACE DEFECTS E x a m p le
Rain Damage Surface
Smooth, polished or glassy appearance associated
with damaged finished brooming of the completed
pavement surface.
Possible cause

• No/wrong placement covering protection provided

against rain to the unhardened concrete
Recommendation

Require the implementing office to monitor the noted

defective surface areas that been damaged by rain. If
further deterioration occurs within the warranty period of
one year, remove and replace the noted affected areas.
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SURFACE DEFECTS Exxamplless

Spoils of Hardened Concrete

Possible cause

• No mixing board was provided for

the mixing of concrete grout for
stone masonry.

Recommendation

• Provide watertight mixing board for the

mixing of concrete grout
• Proper Housekeeping
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

OTHERS – JOINT ISSUES

Examples

• No Cutting – no early saw-cutting was done between

4-8 hours on the Weakened Plane Joint (WPJ)
• Shallow Cutting - concrete cutting on the pavement
is not done in full depth

Possible causes

• No available / defective equipment (concrete saw

cutter) on-site
• Contractor has no project engineer on-site during the
activity
• Improper methodology / poor workmanship
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

OTHERS – JOINT ISSUES

Examples
• No Cutting – no early saw-cutting was done between
4-8 hours on the Weakened Plane Joint (WPJ)
• Shallow Cutting - concrete cutting on the pavement
is not done in full depth

Recommendations
• Ensure that the contractor provides equipment (concrete
saw cutter) on-site
• Ensure that the contractor has a designated project
engineer on-site to supervise the activity
Corrections:
Redo the cutting of PCCP joints with concrete saw to the required depth
of 50 mm (2”) to conform with specifications
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

OTHERS – JOINT ISSUES Examples

Skewed cutting on WPJ
Skewed cutting of weakened plane joint (WPJ)
was noted on the completed concrete pavement

Possible causes

• Concrete saw was operated by an ordinary

laborer
• Contractor has no project engineer on-site to
supervise the scheduled activity/ lack of
supervision
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

OTHERS – JOINT ISSUES Examples

Skewed cutting on WPJ
Skewed cutting of weakened plane joint (WPJ)
was noted on the completed concrete pavement

Recommendations

• Provide skilled and knowledgeable personnel to

operate the concrete cutter
• Ensure that the contractor has a designated
project engineer on-site to supervise the major
activities
• Strictly observe proper construction of weakened
plane joint in the succeeding concrete paving
works
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

OTHERS Examples

- Honeycombs (Ampaw) - is a void left in

concrete due to the failure of the mortar to effectively
fill the spaces among coarse aggregate particles

Possible causes
• Absence of concrete vibrator and screeder
• Poor or improper use of concrete vibrators
• Contractor has no project engineer on-site
to supervise the concrete pouring activity
• Over-size aggregates
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

OTHERS C o n c r e t e SVcibreraetdoerrs

- Honeycombs (Ampaw) - is a void left in

concrete due to the failure of the mortar to effectively
fill the spaces among coarse aggregate particles

Possible causes
• Absence of concrete vibrator and screeder
• Poor or improper use of concrete vibrators
• Contractor has no project engineer on-site
to supervise the concrete pouring activity
• Over-size aggregates
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

OTHERS

- Honeycombs (Ampaw)

Recommendations

• Observe proper concrete vibration methodologies

• Ensure that the contractor has a designated project
engineer on-site to supervise the activity
• Patch the noted honeycombs on the PCCP with
epoxy mortar
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

OTHERS – IMPROPER USE OF DOWEL BARS AND TIE Examples

BARS

Deformed bars on Construction Joints

Deformed bars instead of plain round bars were
used as dowel bars in the termination of concrete
pouring for construction joints of the PCCP which
does not conform to the specifications

Possible causes

• No available materials on site during

concrete pouring
• No pouring permit secured prior to
concrete pouring
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

OTHERS – IMPROPER DOWEL BARS E x a m p le

Deformed bars on Construction Joints

Recommendations

• Ensure that the contractor has a

designated project engineer on-site to
supervise the major activities
• Provide sleeves on the installed deformed
bars used as dowel bars in the contraction
joint of PCCP
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

OTHERS – DOWEL BARS ANIMATION

 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

OTHERS – OVERSIZED AGGREGATES Examples

Oversized aggregates
Oversized aggregates were noted on the stockpile
of aggregate base course materials
Possible causes
• Materials on the stockpiles were not
screened before delivery at the job site
Recommendations

• Ensure that the materials being delivered are in accordance with approved
plans and specifications with test results
• Handpick oversized aggregates on the stockpiled aggregate base course
• Screening
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

OTHERS – IMPROPER USE OF FORMS Examples

Improper side forms
Wooden instead of steel forms were noted used on the
PCCP which does not conform to the requirements
Possible causes
• Insufficient steel forms on site
• Contractor has no project engineer on-site to
supervise the major activities

Recommendations

• The contractor must have a designated project

engineer on-site to supervise the major activities
• Use steel forms in the succeeding works to conform to
the requirements
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

OTHERS – JOINTS SEALANT ISSUES

Examples

Excessive application of asphalt joint

filler/sealant on joints
Possible causes
• Contractor has no project engineer on-site to
supervise the rectification
• Poor workmanship/construction methodology

Recommendations

Remove the excess asphalt joint filler/sealant from

the weakened plane joint and longitudinal joint
D32

Local Project Monitoring Committee

SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

DUE TO LACK OF ROAD PROJECT

MAINTENANCE
Slide 41

D32 please add routine and periodic maintenance

DELL-USER-41, 25/03/2021
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

OTHERS – JOINT SEALANT ISSUES Examples

- No / insufficient amount of asphalt sealant on joints

Possible causes
• No available approved material during concrete cutting
activity
• Contractor has no project engineer on-site during the
activity
• Joint sealant deterioration over time
Recommendations
• Ensure that the contractor provide the approved
materials on-site
• Ensure that the contractor has a designated project
engineer on-site to supervise the activity
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

OTHERS E x a m p le

• Lush of vegetation
• Reshaping of road shoulders
• Road and Drainage clearing
Possible causes

• Grass, weeds and bushes have been

allowed to grow unchecked

Recommendations
• Vegetation control
• During DLP period contractor are still responsible on the
maintenance of completed roads prior to acceptance
Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

NON-COMPLIANCE TO
CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS,
PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

No weakened plane
joints

Non-provision of road
shoulders

Major scaling
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

GANITO ANG TAMA

Free from Major scaling

Road Shoulders provided

Weakened Plane Joints

provided

Free from Cracks

 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Non-provision of road
shoulders

One Lane Only

Presence of
Longitudinal Cracks
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

GANITO ANG TAMA

Road Shoulders provided

Two way lane

Free from Longitudinal

Cracks
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Transverse Crack within

1.5M from WPJ (or
Sawed Contraction
Joints)

Improper rectification
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

GANITO ANG TAMA

Remove and replace of the

noted 1/3 PCCP blocks
Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The installed project

signboard is not in
conformance with
COA Circular 2013-004
D37
Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

GANITO ANG TAMA

Tarpaulin: White,8 ft x 8 ft
Resolution: 70 dpi
Font: Helvetica
Font S ize: M ain Information – 3”
S ub – information – 1”
Font Color: Black
Slide 52

D37 DELL-USER-41, 25/03/2021

D38
D39
Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Presence of Electric Post

with in the ROW

Non-provision of PPEs for

the workers
Slide 53

D38 - no mixing board

DELL-USER-41, 25/03/2021

D39 no warninngs signs

DELL-USER-41, 25/03/2021
 Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

GANITO ANG TAMA Mandatory wearing of Personal

Protective Equipment (PPEs) [DOLE
DO No. 198 s2018]
Relocation of the affected Electrical
Facilities (DOE & DPWH Joint
Circular No. 1 Series of 2017)
Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 : SAMPLE TEMPLATES
Local Project Monitoring Committee
SESSION 7 COMMON FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

END OF SESSION 7
COMMON FINDINGS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS