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Effect of NPK levels and city compost on soil chemical and biological
properties, yield and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under system of
wheat intensification (SWI)

Article in The Pharma Innovation · November 2021

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 The Pharma Innovation Journal 2021; 10(11): 1230-1235

ISSN (E): 2277- 7695

ISSN (P): 2349-8242
NAAS Rating: 5.23
TPI 2021; 10(11): 1230-1235
Effect of NPK levels and city compost on soil chemical
© 2021 TPI
www.thepharmajournal.com
and biological properties, yield and quality of wheat
Received: 09-08-2021 (Triticum aestivum L.) under system of wheat
Accepted: 24-09-2021
intensification (SWI)
RM Muchhadiya
Department of Agronomy,
College of Agriculture, Junagadh
Agricultural University,
RM Muchhadiya, RB Thanki, HL Sakarvadia and PM Muchhadiya
Junagadh, Gujarat, India
Abstract
RB Thanki A field experiment was conducted on medium black calcareous soil at Junagadh (Gujarat) during rabi
Dry Farming Research Station, season of 2019-20 to study the effect of NPK levels and city compost on soil chemical and biological
Junagadh Agricultural properties, yield and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under and system of wheat intensification
University, Ratia-Ghed, (SWI). Total twelve treatment combinations, consisting of three system of sowing (S1: normal practice at
Gujarat, India
22.5 cm, S2: SWI at 20 cm × 20 cm and S3: SWI at 25 cm × 25 cm) were assigned to main plot and four
fertility levels (F1: city compost 10 t/ha, F2: 50% RDF + city compost 5 t/ha, F3: 75% RDF + city
HL Sakarvadia
Department of Agricultural compost 5 t/ha and F4: 100% RDF) were allotted to sub plots in a split plot design with three replications.
Chemistry and Soil Science, The results revealed that sowing of wheat under SWI recorded significantly higher values of protein yield
College of Agriculture, Junagadh (562.63 kg/ha) and total fungal, bacterial as well as Azotobacter count in soil. SWI at 20 cm × 20 cm
Agricultural University, produced significantly maximum grain yield (5070 kg/ha) and straw yield (8289 kg/ha). Application of
Junagadh, Gujarat, India 75% RDF (90-45-45 kg N- P2O5- K2O/ha) + city compost 5 t/ha enhanced almost all the quality
parameters viz., protein, gluten and fiber content in grain, protein yield, available N, P and K as well as
PM Muchhadiya organic carbon content in soil after harvest and soil microbial population viz., total fungal, bacterial,
Department of Biotechnology, actinomycetes, Azotobacter, PSB and KSB count in soil, and resultantly gave higher grain yield (5975
College of Agriculture, Junagadh kg/ha) and straw yield (8344 kg/ha).
Agricultural University,
Junagadh, Gujarat, India Keywords: Wheat, NPK, city compost, system of wheat intensification (SWI), soil properties, yield and
quality

1. Introduction
Wheat is also called as ‘King of Cereals’. It is the third most produced cereal after maize and
rice in the world. It is the second most important crop grown in India after rice, both in terms
of area and production. Mexican Dwarf Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) presently grown in India
everywhere is called common bread wheat and belongs to Dinkale series (Hexaploid, 2n = 6x
= 42), it was evolved by Dr. N. E. Borlaug at CIMMYT, Mexico. Its origin is South West
Asia. Wheat is a C3 plant, thermo sensitive cool season crop, self-pollinated and long day plant
(LDP). The preeminence of bread wheat in baking industry is mainly due to the presence of a
unique viscoelastic gluten protein complex that makes it the best cereal grain suitable for the
manufacture of leavened bread. Wheat is harvested in the world at different times of the year.
It can be grown on a variety of soils (sandy loam to clay soil) but clay loam soil is most
suitable (Hossain et al., 2006) [12]. In Gujarat, comparatively lower productivity of wheat is
due to several constraints like low soil fertility, moisture stress due to low water holding
capacity of soil, lack of irrigation facilities, lack of required soil depth, imbalanced use of
fertilizers, no or very low use of organic manures and lack of knowledge of modern agro
techniques.
Plant nutrient management is one of the key components of intensive agriculture. Intensive
agriculture involves the dwarf varieties of wheat having great potential but due to exhaustive
nature they require more nutrients and have posed a great threat to long-term sustainability of
crop production. The farmers are using high analyzed inorganic fertilizers to get higher yield
Corresponding Author: of wheat. But continuous and uncontrolled use of these chemical fertilizers lead to
RM Muchhadiya environmental pollution and ultimately deteriorate the soil health or physical, chemical and
Department of Agronomy, biological properties. The organic carbon status of soil is depleted year by year due to less
College of Agriculture, Junagadh supply of organic matter. Furthermore, the availability of fertilizer at higher economic price is
Agricultural University,
Junagadh, Gujarat, India another problem for the country.
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Under these circumstances one should not depend on single was sown on November 07, 2019 at the rate of 120 kg/ha at
source of plant nutrients like chemical fertilizers. The need of row spacing 22.5 cm in respect of normal sowing. However,
the ours is to evolve an integrated plant nutrient supply under system of wheat intensification (SWI) two to three
system comprising balanced use of chemical fertilizers, seeds per hill (20-25 kg/ha) were sown as per row-to-row and
organic manures and biofertilizers. Nowadays, composted plant-to-plant spacing of the treatments. General depth of
municipal solid waste (MSW) known as ‘city compost’ is sowing was 4-5 cm from the soil surface.
being popular in agriculture as a soil conditioner and SWI cultivation is a system rather than a technology in which
fertilizer. City compost is enriched with certain strains of different seed treatment techniques are adopted. For 10 kg
bacteria, algae or fungi, as a single or composite culture. They seed treatment, 20 litres of water heated, up to 60 °C in an
produce hormones and anti-metabolites which promote root earthen vessel then seeds were poured in the hot water.
growth. They decompose organic matter and help in Floating seeds were removed from the hot water, 2.25 kg
mineralization in soil. Beneficial microorganisms help in vermicompost, 1100 g jaggery and 4 litre cow urine were
nutrient acquisition by plants through fixation of nitrogen, added and kept for 8 hours. Separate seed mixture from the
solubilization and mobilization of other nutrients. It also solution and treated with 2 g of Bavistin powder per kg seed.
improves the yield, stabilize C:N ratio, improve structure, Treated seeds were kept in wet jute bag for 8-10 hours, which
bulk density and water holding capacity of soil. Use of city are then dried in shade for about an hour. Two seeds of wheat
compost in agriculture promotes ‘Swachh Bharat Mission’ to were dibbled in the field at a depth of 5 cm by maintaining
create a clean India. different spacings i.e. 20 cm x 20 cm & 25 cm x 25 cm.
System of wheat intensification (SWI) popularly known ‘Sri Nutrient application was done as per the treatment.
Vidhi Gehun’ is a methodology for wheat cultivation. Its root KRIBHCO (Krishak Bharati Cooperative Limited) enriched
goes in system of rice intensification (SRI) principle being city compost was used. The compost was already enriched
practiced in paddy. SWI is mainly based on the two principles with specific strains of N fixers, PSB and cellulolytic
of crop production: principle of root development and microorganisms. City compost was applied one day before
principle of intensive care. Method of sowing play very sowing and incorporated into the top 20-25 cm soil manually.
important role providing for the proper space required by Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was applied through
plant for efficient utilization of air, water, solar energy and Urea (46% N), Single super phosphate (16% P 2O5) and
nutrients, which altogether improve the crop yield and quality Muriate of potash (60% K2O). 1/3 of nitrogen and full dose of
of the produce. In India, farming has traditionally been family phosphorus and potash is applied at sowing and rest 2/3 of
based small holdings. The average size of an operational nitrogen is applied in two equal spilts at 25 and 45 days after
holding has been steadily declining in the country. The system sowing. The crop was harvested at physiological maturity on
of wheat intensification (SWI), based on low-tech methods, March 06, 2020. Grain and straw yield were recorded from
may be more labor-intensive than traditional techniques, but it the net plot area and converted into kg per hectare base.
requires less seeds, water, pesticide and fertilizer. Yield Protein content in grain was determined as suggested by Gassi
obtained in SWI is double than that of obtained conventional et al., 1973 [10]. Gluten content in grain was determined by
methods (Abraham et al., 2014) [2]. System of wheat NIR spectroscopy instrument (Haraszi et al., 2011) [11]. Fibre
intensification technique has high potential in providing content in grain was determined by fiber thermal instrument
higher yields, increase productivity which ultimately (Prosky, 1990) [20]. The protein yield was computed by using
contributes to the household level food security of marginal the following formula:
farmers. Keeping above points in view, a field experiment
was conducted to study the effect of NPK levels and city
compost on soil chemical and biological properties, yield and
quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under and system of
wheat intensification (SWI).
Soil available nitrogen was determined by alkaline KMnO4
2. Materials and Methods method (Subbiah and Asija, 1956) [28]. Soil available
A field experiment was conducted on a medium black phosphorus was determined by Olsen’s method (Olsen et al.,
calcareous soil at College of Agriculture, Junagadh 1954) [19]. Soil available potassium was determined by flame
Agricultural University, Junagadh (Gujarat) in rabi season of photometer method (Jackson, 1974) [14]. Soil organic carbon
2019-20. The experimental soil was clayey in texture and content determined by chromic acid oxidation method
slightly alkaline in reaction with pH2.5 8.0 and EC2.5 0.43 (Walkley and Black, 1934) [31].
dS/m. The soil was low in organic carbon content (0.45%). The soil microbial analysis was carried out by using serial
The soil was low in available nitrogen (242 kg/ha) and dilution method (Aneja, 2005) [6]. Microbial count in soil was
medium in available phosphorus (33.15 kg/ha) and potassium done by general colony formation unit count per gram (cfu/g).
(230 kg/ha). Microbial count of total fungus, bacteria, actinomycetes,
Total twelve treatment combinations, consisting of three Azotobacter, PSB and KSB population in the soil samples
system of sowing [S1: normal practice at 22.5 cm, S2: SWI at were made by the plate count method as described by Ismail
20 cm × 20 cm and S3: SWI at 25 cm × 25 cm] were assigned and Yup (1994) [13]. Fungal growth study was done by using
to main plot and four fertility levels [F1: city compost 10 t/ha, Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media. Bacterial study was done
F2: 50% RDF (60-30-30 kg N- P2O5- K2O/ha) + city compost by using Nutrient Agar (NA) media. Actinomycetes count
5 t/ha, F3: 75% RDF (90-45-45 kg N- P2O5- K2O/ha) + city study was done using Rose Bengal Agar (RBA) media.
compost 5 t/ha and F4: 100% RDF (120-60-60 kg N- P2O5- Azotobacter count study was done by using Ashby’s mannitol
K2O/ha)] were allotted to sub plots in a split plot design with media. PSB count study was done using Pikovaskaya’s Agar
three replications. media. KSB count study was done using glucose, yeast
The wheat variety ‘Gujarat Junagadh Wheat 463’ (GJW 463) extract, calcium carbonate (GYC) media.

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3. Results and Discussion presented in Table 1 showed that available nitrogen (285.82
3.1 Effect of system of sowing kg/ha), phosphorus (43.01 kg/ha) and potassium (299.64
3.1.1 Effect on post-harvest nutrient status of soil kg/ha) were significantly higher with application of 75% RDF
The data furnished in Table 1 indicated that soil fertility status + city compost 5 t/ha. The improvement in nitrogen,
after harvest of wheat was not significantly influenced due to phosphorus and potassium status of the soil with integrated
different system of sowing. After harvest of crop available use of chemical fertilizers and city compost might be due to
soil nutrients viz., nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium status increased physico-chemical and biological properties of the
as well as organic carbon content were slightly increased by soil. One thing was also noticed that increased uptake of
improved rooting, root exudates and litter fall under SWI over nutrients by wheat crop due to combined use of chemical
normal practice but cannot reach the levels of significant due fertilizers and city compost did not decreased available soil
to the losses of decomposed materials and immobilization nutrients as compared to sole treatments of city compost and
with wider C: N ratio. Similar results were also reported by 100% RDF. This might be due to subsequent decomposition
Dhar et al. (2016) [9]. of city compost in soil released the plant nutrients slowly
throughout the crop growth and thus improved supply of
3.1.2 Effect on quality parameters and yield nutrients and reduced nutrients losses. Data presented in
The data presented in Table 2 revealed that different system Table 1 revealed that varying levels of NPK & city compost
of sowing did not impart their significant influence on quality exerted their significant effect on organic carbon content in
parameters viz., protein, gluten and fiber content in grain. An soil after harvest. Wheat fertilized with city compost 10 t/ha
assessment of data showed that sowing of wheat under SWI at significantly improved organic carbon content (0.84%) in soil,
20 cm × 20 cm recorded significantly higher protein yield which was found statistically at par with application of 50%
(562.63 kg/ha) and it was remained statistically at par with RDF + city compost 5 t/ha and 75% RDF + city compost 5
SWI at 25 cm × 25 cm. Whereas, significantly the lowest t/ha. This might be due to use of city compost as a source of
protein yield (400.45 kg/ha) was recorded under normal organic fertilizer in combination with chemical fertilizers.
practice at 22.5 cm. Higher protein yield under SWI at 20 cm City compost added huge amount of organic matter to soil and
× 20 cm may be due to moderate plant population, resulting in itself act as an excellent source of organic carbon and various
availability of more nitrogen per plant and higher yield per nutrients. The results confirm the findings of Shiralipour et al.
unit area over SWI at 25 cm × 25 cm and normal practice at (1992) [24], Bhandari et al. (2002) [8], Yuksel (2004) [32],
22.5 cm. Banwasi and Bajpai (2006) [7], Tabassum et al. (2010) [30],
The data presented in Table 2 revealed that grain yield and Scotti et al. (2016) [22] and Meena et al. (2016) [17].
straw yield of wheat were significantly influenced by different
system of sowing. Highest grain yield (5070 kg/ha) and straw 3.2.2 Effect on quality parameters and yield
yield (8289 kg/ha) were recorded under SWI at 20 cm × 20 Data mentioned in Table 2 revealed that different levels of
cm. Grain yield and straw yield of wheat increased NPK & city compost exhibited their significant influence on
significantly from SWI at 25 cm × 25 cm to SWI at 20 cm × protein, gluten and fiber content in grain. Significantly higher
20 cm. This was mainly due to the fact that wider spacing protein (11.67%), gluten (8.54%) and fiber (6.07%) content in
under SWI at 25 cm × 25 cm could not compensate the drastic grain were recorded when wheat was fertilized with 75%
decrease in plant population and effective tillers resulting in RDF + city compost 5 t/ha, which were found statistically at
severe decrease in number of ear head per unit area. The par with application of 50% RDF + city compost 5 t/ha.
higher yields under SWI was due to adequate supply of Significantly the highest protein yield (697.22 kg/ha) was also
resources which contributed towards higher dry matter recorded under 75% RDF + city compost 5 t/ha. The
accumulation and better partitioning of photosynthates improvement in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium status of
resulting in higher yield traits and ultimately the yield. This the soil with integrated use of chemical fertilizers along with
was in conformity with the finding of Suryawanshi et al. city compost, enabled the crop for efficient metabolism of
(2013) [29], Singh et al. (2016) [26] and Singh et. al. (2018) [27]. absorbed nutrients and carbon dioxide from the soil and
atmosphere, respectively. Generally, nitrogen plays a major
3.1.3 Effect on soil microbial count role in the metabolism of the crop plants. It enters into the
Among the soil microbial population studied (Table 3) total structure of chlorophyll, amino acids, amides, alkaloids,
fungal, bacterial and Azotobacter count at 60 DAS and at protein and protoplasm of the plant parts, such as leaves and
harvest were significantly increased under SWI at 25 cm × 25 grains and ultimately improved the quality parameters of
cm which was statistically comparable with SWI at 20 cm × wheat crop. The findings are in close conformity with the
20 cm. This can be due to seed treatment techniques are results reported by Abedi et al. (2010) [1], Amin et al. (2011)
[5]
adopted under SWI using vermicompost, jaggery and cow and Jat et al. (2013) [15]. The data furnished in Table 2
urine which contains plant growth regulator that promote root indicated that application of 75% RDF + city compost 5 t/ha
growth and also favorable for soil microorganisms. With the to wheat produced significantly higher grain yield (5975
improved aeration and light transmission condition, soil kg/ha) and straw yield (8344 kg/ha). Whereas, for straw yield,
microbial population were significantly increased under SWI treatments 75% RDF + city compost 5 t/ha and 50% RDF +
as compared to normal practice at 22.5 cm. These results are city compost 5 t/ha were found statistically at par. Integrated
in accordance with the findings of Namdeo and Sharma use of chemical fertilizers with city compost supplied
(2020) [18]. nutrients in balanced quantity throughout the various growth
stages might have enabled the plants to assimilate sufficient
3.2 Effect of fertility levels photosynthetic product and thus increased the yield. The
3.2.1 Effect on post-harvest nutrient status of soil results obtained in present study are in close agreement with
Results on soil fertility status after harvest of wheat crop as those reported by Ram et al. (2005) [21], Akhtar et al. (2007)
[3]
influenced by different levels of NPK & city compost , Sefidkoohi et al. (2012) [23] and Aktar et al. (2018) [4].

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Table 1: Effect of different system of sowing and fertility levels on nutrient status and organic carbon content of soil after harvest of wheat
Available Available phosphorus Available potassium Organic carbon
Treatments
nitrogen (kg/ha) (kg/ha) (kg/ha) (%)
System of sowing- (S)
S1- Normal practice at 22.5 cm 232.61 34.20 250.84 0.72
S2- SWI at 20 cm × 20 cm 234.38 35.30 254.33 0.73
S3- SWI at 25 cm × 25 cm 239.43 37.84 264.62 0.75
S.Em.± 7.69 0.98 10.10 0.03
C.D. at 5% NS NS NS NS
C.V.% 11.31 9.51 13.64 12.69
NPK & city compost- (F)
F1- City compost 10 t/ha 184.55 27.19 212.24 0.84
F2- 50% RDF + City compost 5 t/ha 264.81 39.41 277.76 0.80
F3- 75% RDF + City compost 5 t/ha 285.82 43.01 299.64 0.80
F4- 100% RDF 206.70 33.51 236.75 0.49
S.Em.± 6.24 0.73 4.79 0.02
C.D. at 5% 18.53 2.18 14.22 0.05
C.V.% 7.95 6.14 5.60 6.39
Interaction (S X F)
S.Em.± 10.80 1.27 8.29 0.03
C.D. at 5% NS NS NS NS

3.2.3 Effect on soil microbial count and other soil properties, soil microbial population were
The data furnished in Table 3 revealed that soil microbial significantly increased because city compost also adds
population at 60 DAS and at harvest were significantly sufficient amount of humic substances to soil, which keeps
affected due to different levels of NPK & city compost. the soil pH within favourable range. This component of city
Significantly maximum total fungal, bacterial, actinomycetes, compost was also responsible to increase the efficiency of
Azotobacter, PSB and KSB count in soil were recorded with microbial activity by producing amino acids, growth
the application of city compost 10 t/ha, which were found promoting substances, antibiotics, etc. These results
statistically at par with application of 50% RDF + city corroborate with the findings of Kavitha and Subramanian
compost 5 t/ha and 75% RDF + city compost 5 t/ha. In (2007) [16], Shyamala and Belagali (2014) [25] and Meena et al.
contrast, significantly the lowest soil microbial counts were (2016) [17].
recorded with 100% RDF. KRIBHCO city compost was
already enriched with specific strains of N fixers, PSB and 3.3 Interaction effect
cellulolytic microorganisms. The microbial population The interaction effect between levels of NPK & city compost
increased under the integrated use of city compost with and system of sowing was found non-significant for all the
chemical fertilizers due to increased physico-chemical and parameters studied.
biological properties of the soil. With the improved aeration

Table 2: Effect of different system of sowing and fertility levels on quality parameters and yield of wheat
Protein content in Gluten content in Fiber content in Protein yield Grain yield Straw yield
Treatments
grain (%) grain (%) grain (%) (kg/ha) (kg/ha) (kg/ha)
System of sowing- (S)
S1- Normal practice at 22.5 cm 10.11 7.25 5.20 400.45 3870 6815
S2- SWI at 20 cm × 20 cm 10.80 8.03 5.80 562.63 5070 8289
S3- SWI at 25 cm × 25 cm 10.78 8.23 5.97 502.91 4537 7434
S.Em.± 0.45 0.26 0.24 23.22 135 204
C.D. at 5% NS NS NS 91.16 529 801
C.V.% 14.81 11.50 14.43 16.46 10.39 9.40
NPK & city compost- (F)
F1- City compost 10 t/ha 8.77 7.10 5.19 225.97 2574 5857
F2- 50% RDF + City compost 5 t/ha 11.19 8.16 5.99 568.07 5050 8174
F3- 75% RDF + City compost 5 t/ha 11.67 8.54 6.07 697.22 5975 8344
F4- 100% RDF 10.63 7.54 5.38 463.40 4370 7677
S.Em.± 0.33 0.23 0.22 18.81 124 158
C.D. at 5% 0.98 0.69 0.66 55.88 370 470
C.V.% 9.38 8.89 11.86 11.55 8.31 6.32
Interaction (S X F)
S.Em.± 0.57 0.40 0.39 32.58 215 274
C.D. at 5% NS NS NS NS NS NS

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Table 3: Effect of different system of sowing and fertility levels on soil microbial count (Total microbial count)
Actinomycetes Azotobacter PSB count at
Fungal count at Bacterial count at KSB count at
count at count at (× 104 cfu/g
(× 104 cfu/g soil) (× 106 cfu/g soil) (× 104 cfu/g soil)
Treatments (× 105 cfu/g soil) (× 104 cfu/g soil) soil)
Harves 60 60
60 DAS Harvest 60 DAS Harvest 60 DAS Harvest 60 DAS Harvest Harvest
t DAS DAS
System of sowing- (S)
S1- Normal practice at 22.5 cm 16.48 14.55 34.19 44.05 5.08 6.37 5.02 7.47 4.80 6.16 2.42 6.07
S2- SWI at 20 cm × 20 cm 21.59 16.88 40.44 53.50 5.48 6.64 5.46 8.19 5.10 6.60 2.75 6.93
S3- SWI at 25 cm × 25 cm 23.31 19.26 44.72 57.72 5.83 7.00 6.12 8.69 5.24 6.81 2.88 7.40
S.Em.± 0.60 0.87 1.67 1.81 0.29 0.34 0.20 0.23 0.22 0.27 0.12 0.39
C.D. at 5% 2.35 3.40 6.55 7.10 NS NS 0.80 0.92 NS NS NS NS
C.V.% 10.15 17.77 14.52 12.11 18.51 17.44 12.83 9.97 15.15 14.09 15.93 19.91
NPK & city compost- (F)
F1- City compost 10 t/ha 26.27 22.08 51.04 66.97 6.60 7.71 6.57 9.63 6.37 8.03 3.14 8.36
F2- 50% RDF + City compost 5 t/ha 24.96 20.08 48.25 63.97 5.93 7.14 6.20 9.06 5.95 7.81 2.91 7.98
F3- 75% RDF + City compost 5 t/ha 24.71 19.57 48.06 62.83 5.80 7.06 6.16 9.03 5.93 7.74 2.89 7.73
F4- 100% RDF 5.90 5.86 11.77 13.26 3.50 4.77 3.21 4.73 1.93 2.51 1.80 3.13
S.Em.± 0.54 0.85 1.01 1.40 0.27 0.22 0.14 0.21 0.15 0.11 0.09 0.22
C.D. at 5% 1.60 2.51 2.99 4.15 0.81 0.67 0.42 0.61 0.45 0.34 0.26 0.65
C.V.% 7.92 15.01 7.59 8.10 14.91 10.11 7.62 7.63 8.91 5.24 9.62 9.68
Interaction (S X F)
S.Em.± 0.94 1.46 1.74 2.42 0.47 0.39 0.24 0.36 0.26 0.20 0.15 0.38
C.D. at 5% NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS

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