ALACAR, CHRISTIAN T.

BSMT 2A6

WEEK 1 REFLECTION

Cargo operation on tankers is the process of shipping a variety of liquid or gas

products by ship. There are many different kinds of tankers that are designed specifically
to transport this kind of cargo and are used for a variety of purposes. The following are
some of the most typical kinds of tankers:

Tankers for crude oil: The transportation of crude oil from oil fields to refineries
requires the largest class of tankers. They typically have a DWT (dead weight tons)
capacity of several hundred thousand. Tankers for product: These are used to transport
refined goods like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel and are smaller than crude oil tankers.
Their typical capacity is between 50,000 and 80,000 DWT. Tankers of chemicals:
Acids, bases, and organic chemicals, among others, are transported by means of these.
They typically have a capacity of between 20,000 and 30,000 DWT and are typically
smaller than product tankers. Tankers carrying LNG (liquefied natural gas) and LPG
(liquefied petroleum gas): Liquefied natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas are
transported by means of these, respectively. They are smaller than crude oil and product
tankers and have specialized tanks that maintain the pressure and temperature necessary
to keep the product in a liquid state. Their capacity ranges from 20,000 to 40,000 DWT.
Floating storage and offloading (FSO) units: These are used to transfer oil or gas to
another vessel after a brief storage period. They are typically crude oil tankers that have
been converted for use in situations in which there is neither a pipeline nor onshore
storage available. Knowing that I am familiar with the most common types of tankers
available is comforting. And this is essential. must be familiar with the various types of
tankers and the cargo they are designed to transport, as this can affect how the vessel is
built and used.
ALACAR, CHRISTIAN T.
BSMT 2A6

WEEK 2 REFLECTION

The design of a tanker has a significant impact on its capacity to safely and
efficiently transport cargo. Tankers are constructed with a particular set of features and
equipment for the kind of cargo they will transport. The hull of a tanker is constructed
to be robust enough to withstand the forces of the sea and to provide the buoyancy and
stability necessary to maintain vessel control. Tankers typically have a large, open cargo
hold that can be divided into multiple compartments to separate various types of cargo.
One of a tanker's most important pieces of equipment is the cargo tank system. This also
refers to the tanks themselves, which are typically constructed of steel and coated with
a substance to prevent corrosion. In addition to the pipes, pumps, and valves that are
required to load and unload the cargo, this also applies to the tanks. In addition, the
cargo tank system has sensors that regulate the cargo by measuring temperature,
pressure, and level. Additionally, the cargo tank system has controls and instruments for
monitoring.

Another essential component is the ballast system, which controls the tanker's
stability and trim. Ballast tanks, which are located in the ship's bottom, hold water until
needed. Pumps, valves, and controls can precisely control ballast tanks, allowing the
crew to alter the ship's stability and position. Additionally, the tanker should have safety
features like firefighting, security, navigation, and communication systems that are
necessary for the safety of the crew and the ship when it is in use.
ALACAR, CHRISTIAN T.
BSMT 2A6

WEEK 3 REFLECTION

The loading and unloading of oil tankers is a complicated process that must be
meticulously planned and carried out to safeguard the ship, crew, and environment. The
following steps are typically included in the procedure:

Inspections prior to loading: The tanker must pass a series of checks to make sure
it complies with safety regulations and that the cargo tanks and other equipment are in
good working order before loading can begin. This includes checking for leaks in the
cargo tanks, making sure the pumps and valves work right, and making sure the safety
gear is ready. Loading: Using specialized loading equipment like hoses, pumps, and
valves, the oil cargo is loaded into the cargo tanks on the tanker. A shore-based loading
facility or another ship are used to load the cargo into the ship. To make sure that the
cargo is loaded at the right rate and that the tanks are not overfilled, the loading process
is closely monitored. Transit: The cargo must be properly cared for while it is in transit
to maintain its quality and integrity. This includes keeping an eye on the cargo's
temperature and pressure to make sure they stay within safe limits and making any
necessary adjustments to the ship's stability and trim to reduce the risk of damage.
Unloading: To ensure that the cargo tanks and other equipment are in good condition
and ready for unloading, the unloading procedure begins with inspections.

After that, specialized tools like hoses, pumps, and valves are used to unload the
cargo. After that, the tanks are thoroughly cleaned and inspected. During the loading
and unloading procedures, certain industry rules and regulations must be followed to
reduce the risk of accidents or spills. In addition, the crew and shore personnel must
have adequate training to handle the equipment and cargo and to act in an emergency.
ALACAR, CHRISTIAN T.
BSMT 2A6

WEEK 4 REFLECTION

I learned that the transportation of hazardous goods is governed by a number of

international standards, guidelines, and recommendations. Include the most significant
ones. Standards for the safe transportation of hazardous materials by sea are outlined in
the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code. It discusses how to
categorize, label, package, and handle these commodities, as well as the requirements
for how they should be stowed on ships and how to respond in an emergency.

The International Civil Aviation Organization's (ICAO TI) Technical Instructions

for the Safe Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Air include the following: Instructions for
the secure air transportation of dangerous goods are provided in this manual. It addresses
the handling, labeling, packaging, and classification of such goods as well as the
stowage requirements for such goods on aircraft. Additionally, it discusses emergency
response procedures. The United Nations' Recommendations on the

This document offers recommendations for the safe transportation of hazardous

materials via air, sea, road, rail, and other modes of transportation. It addresses the
requirements for the transportation of dangerous goods in addition to the classification,
labeling, packaging, and handling of such goods. The Regulations for the Safe Transport
of Radioactive Material of the International Atomic Energy Agency, or IAEA
Regulations: The safe transportation of radioactive materials via all modes of
transportation is outlined in these regulations. They cover the classification, labeling,
packaging, handling, and requirements for the transportation of radioactive materials.
ALACAR, CHRISTIAN T.
BSMT 2A6

WEEK 5 REFLECTION

A set of guidelines for the secure sea transportation of dangerous goods is the
International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code. Since its initial development
in 1965 by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), it has undergone numerous
revisions and adjustments. The most recent version is the IMDG Code, 2018 Edition,
which came into effect on January 1, 2020.

The IMDG Code is intertwined with two other significant international

agreements: the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships
(MARPOL) 73/78 and the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) Convention. The 1974
SOLAS Convention includes provisions for the transportation of dangerous goods and
establishes safety standards for ships and shipping. The provisions for the transportation
of hazardous materials and the pollution caused by ships are addressed in the MARPOL
Convention, which was first ratified in 1973 and later amended in 1978. There is a
correlation between the provisions pertaining to the transportation of hazardous
materials in the SOLAS Convention and the MARPOL Convention. The IMDG Code
is closely related to the SOLAS Convention's regulations, which protect ships, crew,
and the environment from the risk of fire, explosion, or hazardous material leakage; The
IMDG Code specifies specific guidelines and in-depth procedures for the secure sea
transportation of hazardous goods. The MARPOL Convention, on the other hand,
regulates pollution and covers the handling and shipping of hazardous and noxious
substances (HNS) by sea.

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) first developed the IMDG Code
in 1965, and it has undergone numerous revisions and amendments since then, as I have
learned. It is a set of guidelines for the secure sea transportation of hazardous goods. It
is closely related to the SOLAS and MARPOL Conventions, which both set regulations
for the transportation of hazardous materials and aim to safeguard the crew, the
environment, and safety.
ALACAR, CHRISTIAN T.
BSMT 2A6

WEEK 6 REFLECTION

I learned that the volumes of the IMDG Code are essential to the safety of life at
sea because they provide comprehensive instructions and procedures for the safe
transportation of dangerous goods by water. This includes information on how
dangerous goods ought to be handled, categorized, labeled, and packaged. It also
discusses emergency response procedures and stowing requirements for ships. By
adhering to the standards in the IMDG Code, which ship operators and crews can use to
ensure that dangerous products are transported safely, the risk of fires, explosions, and
other mishaps that could put the safety of the ship and its crew in danger can be reduced.
The United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, which
include guidelines for nine categories of dangerous goods, serve as the foundation for
the IMDG Code. Explosives of Class I, gases of Class II, flammable liquids of Class III,
flammable solids of Class IV; substances that can spontaneously burn; Oxidizing
substances and organic peroxides belong to Class 5; toxic and infectious substances
belong to Class 6; corrosives belong to Class 8; and miscellaneous dangerous goods
belong to Class 9.

A set of guidelines for the safe sea transportation of hazardous materials is the
IMDG Code. There are four volumes in it: the original IMDG Code, a supplement, a
list of dangerous goods, and an instruction manual for emergency response procedures.
The nine classes of dangerous goods covered by the IMDG Code, which is based on
recommendations from the United Nations, each have specific transportation
instructions and detailed procedures. This is absolutely necessary to prevent incidents
that could jeopardize the safety of ships and their workers.
ALACAR, CHRISTIAN T.
BSMT 2A6

WEEK 7 REFLECTION

Liquefaction of cargo is the process by which solid bulk materials, like coal, iron
ore, and some concentrates, can change from a solid state to a liquid or semi-liquid state
under certain conditions, like a drop in air pressure or an increase in temperature. This
can happen during shipping, especially on ships, and it can lead to a lot of major
problems, like problems with stability, damage to cargo, and even the ship sinking.
Several common cargo categories are susceptible to liquefaction, including concentrates
of iron ore, nickel ore, bauxite, chromite, limestone, and coal.

I found out that before cargo is loaded onto a ship, various tests are done to make
sure it can be transported safely. The Transportable Moisture Limit (TML) test, for
instance, is used to determine the maximum moisture content at which a cargo shipment
is risk-free. Other tests that could be used to assess the risk of liquefaction include the
Proctor/Waterberg test, which measures a cargo's compaction characteristics, and the
Flow Moisture Point test, which measures the point at which a cargo will begin to
liquefy.

To lessen the likelihood of the cargo liquefying, it is absolutely necessary to load,

store, and secure it. And stored in a way that makes it less likely to move or compact
during transport. Additionally, the ship's crew should be trained to recognize the signs
of liquefaction, such as an increase in the vessel's trim or list, and to respond
appropriately to them.
ALACAR, CHRISTIAN T.
BSMT 2A6

WEEK 8 REFLECTION

Chemically hazardous materials include a wide range of compounds, including

poisonous substances, bases, oxidizing agents, and others. Because they may be harmful
to human health and the environment, transporting these items requires extra care.
Ammonium nitrate, sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, and sodium hydroxide are
examples of chemicals that pose a risk. Hydrogen peroxide, chlorine, methanol, sodium
cyanide, carbon dioxide, and urea are all present.

I discovered that, in order to lessen the likelihood of leaks and spills during a
move, it is essential to properly package, label, and store items containing chemicals.
Additionally, the ship's crew should be taught how to handle these items safely and react
in an emergency. Spill response kits and fire extinguishers, for example, should be
included in the ship's emergency supplies. The transportation of solid wastes comes with
its own set of dangers, as they can be flammable, poisonous, explosive, or reactive. Slag,
dross, and ashes from industries are examples of solid waste.

Materials containing chemicals and large quantities of solid waste can

significantly harm human health and the environment. They must be properly stored,
packaged, and labeled, and the crew must be instructed on safe handling and emergency
response strategies. When carrying such items, it's especially important to follow all
applicable federal, state, and local regulations.
ALACAR, CHRISTIAN T.
BSMT 2A6

WEEK 9 REFLECTION

The safe handling of hazardous cargoes is essential to the ship, its crew, and the
environment. When managing dangerous goods, some of the methods that are
frequently used are as follows: Packaging: Hazardous cargoes must be appropriately
wrapped to reduce the likelihood of leaks or spills. Most of the time, this means using
special containers like drums, intermediate bulk containers (IBCs), and bulk bags to
transport the item safely. The containers must be secure, closed correctly, and in good
condition to prevent accidental discharge during shipment.

Labeling and marking: The proper identification of the dangerous cargo and its
risks must be clearly displayed on all containers and packages. This includes any
relevant hazard labels or placards, as well as the appropriate shipping name, UN
identification number, class, or division. Additionally, the packing group number and
the phrase "Dangerous Cargo" ought to be stenciled on the containers. Documentation:
The dangerous goods declaration and other shipping documents, such as the bill of
lading, must be properly completed and included with the cargo. These documents must
include emergency response and handling instructions as well as comprehensive
information about the cargo, including its type, quantity, and hazards. Precautions for
loading, transporting, and unloading: The cargo ought to be loaded, stowed, and secured
in a way that reduces the likelihood of it shifting or compacting during transport to
reduce the risk of accidents.

I learned that when handling dangerous goods, proper packing, marking, and
labeling are necessary. Extra precautions must be taken when loading, transporting, and
unloading to ensure safety and regulatory compliance. A thorough evaluation is also
required to determine whether the cargo shipment is secure. In addition, the crew of the
ship must receive sufficient training in order to recognize signs of instability and
respond appropriately when necessary.
ALACAR, CHRISTIAN T.
BSMT 2A6

WEEK 10/11 REFLECTION

When dangerous cargoes are properly stowed during shipping, they ensure the
safety of the cargo, the crew, and the vessel. To ensure everyone's safety, the procedures
for stowing risky cargoes require a number of preventative measures. The first step in
stowing dangerous goods is determining the kind of cargo and the threats it carries. This
includes determining the kind, weight, and dimensions of the cargo, as well as whether
or not it contains any hazardous materials. Once the kind of cargo has been identified,
the next step is to select the best storage method. In order to store the goods, among
other things, the right containers, pallets, and other materials need to be chosen.

The next step is to ensure that the cargo is adequately secured. Using the
appropriate straps, chains, and other tools, the cargo must be held in place for this to
happen. It is critical to adhere to all required safety measures in addition to properly
labeling the cargo. As the final step in stowing dangerous goods, the cargo must be
inspected before being loaded onto the ship. This entails checking for signs of damage
or degradation, ensuring that every safety precaution has been taken, and more.

I've found that the methods for storing hazardous goods are an important part of
shipping. It is essential to verify that all safety procedures have been followed, that the
cargo has been adequately secured, and that the labeling is correct. Before loading the
cargo onto the ship, it is essential to check that everything is in good condition and that
all necessary safety precautions have been taken.
ALACAR, CHRISTIAN T.
BSMT 2A6

WEEK 12 REFLECTION

Special precautions are required for the handling and transportation of dangerous
cargoes. Straps, chains, and other materials are used to fasten the items during the
lashing and unlashing process. The merchandise to the ship or another mode of
transport. This procedure is necessary to safeguard both the goods and the personnel
handling them.

When lashing and unlashing the items, I discovered that The Cargo Securing
Manual (CSM) must be followed. The CSM provides a description of the rules and
guidelines for the secure and safe handling of cargo. It explains how to tension the
lashing materials, how many points should be used, and what kinds of lashing materials
should be used. It also lists the requirements for testing and maintaining the lashing
supplies. A crucial part of cargo handling is securing and unsecuring the cargo. It's
critical to make sure the lashing materials are the right kind and properly tensioned. The
lashing materials must also be checked on a regular basis to ensure that they are intact
and have not been damaged or worn.
ALACAR, CHRISTIAN T.
BSMT 2A6

WEEK 13 REFLECTION

I learned that there are a lot of important considerations when choosing which
cargo damage and theft reports to send to the person in charge. Incident reporting is the
first step in the process. This means keeping track of any incidents that happen on the
ship, such as operational damage, taint, theft, discharge, and discard. It is essential to
emphasize that any occurrence should be reported to the person in authority as soon as
possible to ensure that it is appropriately addressed and that any necessary corrective
action is taken.

In addition to reporting incidents, it is essential to consider the risks associated

with sea travel. This includes any potential dangers that might be on the ship, like floods,
fire, and substances that could be harmful. It is essential to identify any potential dangers
and take the necessary precautions to mitigate them. Implementing safety measures,
performing routine checks, and instructing crew members are all examples of this.
ALACAR, CHRISTIAN T.
BSMT 2A6

WEEK 14/15 REFLECTION

The enhanced survey program is the topic of the lesson for week 14. In order to
ensure the safety of the vessel while it is at sea or in a port, the enhanced survey
programme is a guide for shipping companies and owners on how to prepare their
vessels for special surveys. The owner is responsible for developing a survey program,
which is a planning document for surveying and paperwork. It must be submitted to
recognized authorities, like classification societies, six months prior to the survey.

The Enhanced Survey program is designed to integrate with other surveys that
are carried out at the following intervals: annual, intermediate, dry dock, and renewal.

This lesson is important to us because, in order to advance in rank on the ship, we

need to know about it.
ALACAR, CHRISTIAN T.
BSMT 2A6

WEEK 16 REFLECTION

The topic of this lesson is ship-to-shore communication. I am familiar with this

lesson because it is covered in our IMO SMCP course, so I believe it will expand our
understanding of ship-to-shore communication. In the past century, radio
telecommunications at sea had undergone a radical transformation. Radio
revolutionized marine communication at sea after the days of semaphores and flags,
which are still relevant in some cases today. Communication between ships and between
ships, as well as networking. At the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, the topic of
shipboard communication is computer networking between ships and shore facilities.
This lesson is very helpful because, as future seafarers, we should be able to
communicate onboard ships. It takes into consideration various communication links,
such as satellites and VHF radio.