Introduction to Information

● In the 21st century, everything

and Communication related to communication utilizes
Technology (ICT) technologyto ‘send out’ or
What is ICT? disseminate information to a wider
Information audience.
● facts provided or learned about ● Information can be ‘sent out’ in many
something or someone. ways.
● refers to the knowledge obtained ● The inventions of cellular phones,
from reading, investigation, study or television and other electronic
research. devices are important in enhancing
● We need information to make communication.
decisions and to predict the future.
● Information is knowledge and helps Technology
us to fulfill our daily tasks. ● machinery and equipment
developed from the application of
Communication scientific knowledge.
● The imparting or exchanging of ● Technology is the use of scientific
information or news. knowledge, experience and
● Communication is an act of resources to create processes and
transmitting messages. products that fulfill human needs.
● It is a process whereby information ● Technology is one of the most
is exchanged between individuals powerful agents of change in our
using symbols, signs or verbal society.
interactions. ● Change comes with technology and
● Previously, people communicated it is now moving at a faster pace
through sign or symbols, performing than ever.
drama and poetry. ● Technology is a body of knowledge
● with the advent of technology, these devoted in creating tools, processing
‘older’ forms of communication are actions and extracting of materials.
less utilized as compared to the use ● We apply technology in almost
of the Internet, e-mail or video everything we do in our lives, we use
conferencing. technology at work, communication,
● Communication is important in order transportation, learning,
to gain knowledge. With knowledge, manufacturing, creating artifacts,
we are more confident in expressing securing data, scaling businesses
our thoughts and ideas. and so much more.

THE EVOLUTION OF
COMMUNICATION
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF
Communication has improved and TECHNOLOGY?
evolved to facilitate our daily activities. Aiding Communication
 ● Telephone and fax machines are the ● The history of computers began with
devices used in extending primitive designs in the early 19th
communication. century and went on to change the
world during the 20th century.
Spreading Information ● The history of computers goes back
● To broadcast information such as over 200 years.
news or weather reports effectively. ● At first, theorized by mathematicians
Radio, television, satellites and the and entrepreneurs, during the 19th
World Wide Web (www) are century mechanical calculating
powerful tools that can be used. machines were designed and buit to
solve the increasingly complex
SO WHAT IS ICT? number-crunching challenges
● ICT is the technology required for ● The advancements of technology-
information processing, in particular, enabled over more complex
the use of electronic computers, computer by the early 20th century,
communication devices, and and computer became larger and
software applications to convert, more powerful.
store, protect, process, transmit, and
retrieve information from anywhere, History of Computers: A Brief
anytime.
timeline( early 19th century)
It consist of 3 technologies 1801
● Joseph Marie Jacquard, a French
1. Information Technology merchant and inventor invents a
2. Computer Technology loom that uses punched wooden
3. Communication Technology cards to automatically weave fabric
designs. Early computers would use
similar punch cards.
History of Computer 1821
What is a Computer? ● English mathematician Charles
● A computer is an electronic device Babbage conceives of a steam-
that manipulates information, or driven calculating machine that
data. would be able to compute tables of
● It can store, retrieve, and process numbers. Funded by the British
data. government, the project, called the
● You may already know that you can "Difference Engine" fails due to the
use a computer to type documents, lack of technology at the time,
send emails, play games, and according to the University of
browse the web. Minnesota.
● You can also use it to edit or create
spreadsheets, presentations, and 1848
even videos. ● Ada Lovelace, an English
mathematician and the daughter of
History of Computers: A brief timeline poet Lord Byron, writes the world's
first computer program.
 ● According to Anna Siffert, a ● Ada Lovelace, an English
professor of theoretical mathematics mathematician and the daughter of
at the University of Münster in poet Lord Byron, writes the world's
Germany, Lovelace writes the first first computer program.
program while translating a paper on ● According to Anna Siffert, a
Babbage's Analytical Engine from professor of theoretical mathematics
French into English. at the University of Münster in
Germany, Lovelace writes the first
1853 program while translating a paper on
● Swedish inventor Per Georg Babbage's Analytical Engine from
Scheutz and his son Edvard design French into English.
the world's first printing calculator.
The machine is significant for being 1853
the first to "compute tabular
differences and print the results," ● Swedish inventor Per Georg
Scheutz and his son Edvard design
1890 the world's first printing calculator.
● Herman Hollerith designs a punch- The machine is significant for being
card system to help calculate the the first to "compute tabular
1890 U.S. Census. The machine, differences and print the results,"
saves the government several years
of calculations 1890
● Herman Hollerith designs a punch-
1801 card system to help calculate the
● Joseph Marie Jacquard, a French 1890 U.S. Census. The machine,
merchant and inventor invents a saves the government several years
loom that uses punched wooden of calculations
cards to automatically weave fabric 1801
designs. Early computers would use ● Joseph Marie Jacquard, a French
similar punch cards. merchant and inventor invents a
loom that uses punched wooden
1821 cards to automatically weave fabric
● English mathematician Charles designs. Early computers would use
Babbage conceives of a steam- similar punch cards.
driven calculating machine that
would be able to compute tables of 1821
numbers. Funded by the British ● English mathematician Charles
government, the project, called the Babbage conceives of a steam-
"Difference Engine" fails due to the driven calculating machine that
lack of technology at the time, would be able to compute tables of
according to the University of numbers. Funded by the British
Minnesota. government, the project, called the
"Difference Engine" fails due to the
1848 lack of technology at the time,
 according to the University of ● Alan Turing, a British scientist and
Minnesota. mathematician, presents the
principle of a universal machine,
1848 later called the Turing machine, in a
● Ada Lovelace, an English paper called "On Computable
mathematician and the daughter of Numbers”.
poet Lord Byron, writes the world's ● Turing machines are capable of
first computer program. computing anything that is
1. According to Anna Siffert, a computable
professor of theoretical mathematics 1937
at the University of Münster in ● John Vincent Atanasoff, a professor
Germany, Lovelace writes the first of physics and mathematics at Iowa
program while translating a paper on State University, submits a grant
Babbage's Analytical Engine from proposal to build the first electric-
French into English. only computer, without using gears,
cams, belts or shafts.
1853
● Swedish inventor Per Georg 1939
Scheutz and his son Edvard design ● David Packard and Bill Hewlett
the world's first printing calculator. found the Hewlett Packard Company
The machine is significant for being in Palo Alto, California. The pair
the first to "compute tabular decide the name of their new
differences and print the results," company by the toss of a coin, and
Hewlett-Packard's first headquarters
1890 are in Packard's garage
● Herman Hollerith designs a punch-
card system to help calculate the 1941
1890 U.S. Census. The machine,
saves the government several years ● German inventor and engineer
of calculations Konrad Zuse completes his Z3
machine, the world's earliest digital
History of computers(Early computer
● Atanasoff and his graduate student,
20th century) Clifford Berry, design the first digital
1931 electronic computer in the U.S.,
● At the Massachusetts Institute of called the Atanasoff-Berry Computer
Technology (MIT), Vannevar Bush (ABC). This marks the first time a
invents and builds the Differential computer is able to store information
Analyzer, the first large-scale on its main memory, and is capable
automatic general-purpose of performing one operation every
mechanical analog computer, 15 seconds
according to Stanford University.
1945
1936
 ● Two professors at the University of 1954
Pennsylvania, John Mauchly and J. ● John Backus and his team of
Presper Eckert, designed and build programmers at IBM publish a paper
the Electronic Numerical Integrator describing their newly created
and Calculator (ENIAC). The FORTRAN programming language,
machine is the first "automatic, an acronym for Formula Translation,
general-purpose, electronic,
decimal, digital computer, 1958
● Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce unveil
1946 the integrated circuit, known as the
● Mauchly and Presper leave the computer chip. Kilby is later awarded
University of Pennsylvania and the Nobel Prize in Physics for his
receive funding from the Census work.
Bureau to build the UNIVAC, the first
commercial computer for business 1968
and government applications. ● Douglas Engelbart reveals a
prototype of the modern computer at
1947 the Fall Joint Computer Conference,
● William Shockley, John Bardeen and San Francisco. His presentation,
Walter Brattain of Bell Laboratories called "A Research Center for
invent the transistor. They discover Augmenting Human Intellect"
how to make an electric switch with includes a live demonstration of his
solid materials and without the need computer, including a mouse and a
for a vacuum. graphical user interface (GUI)

1949 1969
● A team at the University of ● Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and
Cambridge develops the Electronic a group of other developers at Bell
Delay Storage Automatic Calculator Labs produced UNIX, an operating
(EDSAC), "the first practical stored- system that made "large-scale
program computer," networking of diverse computing
systems — and the internet —
History of Computers(Late 20th practical,

century) 1970
1953 ● The newly formed Intel unveils the
● Grace Hopper developed the first Intel 1103, the first Dynamic Access
computer language, which Memory (DRAM) chip.
eventually became known as
COBOL, which stands for COmmon, 1971
Business-Oriented Language. ● A team of IBM engineers led by Alan
● Hopper is later dubbed the "First Shugart invents the "floppy disk,"
Lady of Software" in her enabling data to be shared among
posthumous Presidential Medal of different computers.
Freedom citation.
 ● Radio Shack began its initial
1972 production run of 3,000 TRS-80
● Ralph Baer, a German-American Model 1 computers — disparagingly
engineer, releases Magnavox known as the "Trash 80" — priced at
Odyssey, the world's first home $599, according to the National
game console, in September 1972 , Museum of American History.
according to the Computer Museum
of America. Months later, 1977
entrepreneur Nolan Bushnell and ● The first West Coast Computer
engineer Al Alcorn with Atari release Faire is held in San Francisco. Jobs
Pong, the world's first commercially and Wozniak present the Apple II
successful video game. computer at the Faire, which
includes color graphics and features
1973 an audio cassette drive for storage.
● Robert Metcalfe, a member of the
research staff for Xerox, develops 1978
Ethernet for connecting multiple ● VisiCalc, the first computerized
computers and other hardware. spreadsheet program is introduced.

1977 1979
● The magazine cover of the January ● MicroPro International, founded by
issue of "Popular Electronics" software engineer Seymour
highlights the Altair 8080 as the Rubenstein, releases WordStar, the
"world's first minicomputer kit to rival world's first commercially successful
commercial models." After seeing word processor. WordStar is
the magazine issue, two "computer programmed by Rob Barnaby, and
geeks," Paul Allen and Bill Gates, includes 137,000 lines of code
offer to write software for the Altair,
using the new BASIC language. On 1981
April 4, after the success of this first ● "Acorn," IBM's first personal
endeavor, the two childhood friends computer, is released onto the
form their own software company, market at a price point of $1,565,
Microsoft. according to IBM. Acorn uses the
MS-DOS operating system from
1976 Windows. Optional features include
● Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak co- a display, printer, two diskette
found Apple Computer on April drives, extra memory, a game
Fool's Day. They unveil Apple I, the adapter and more.
first computer with a single-circuit
board and ROM (Read Only 1983
Memory), ● The Apple Lisa, standing for "Local
Integrated Software Architecture"
1977 but also the name of Steve Jobs'
daughter, according to the National
 Museum of American History ongoing court case in which Apple
(NMAH), is the first personal accused Microsoft of copying its
computer to feature a GUI. operating system.

1983 1999
● The machine also includes a drop- ● Wi-Fi, the abbreviated term for
down menu and icons. Also this "wireless fidelity" is developed,
year, the Gavilan SC is released and initially covering a distance of up to
is the first portable computer with a 300 feet (91 meters) Wired reported.
flip-form design and the very first to
be sold as a "laptop." History of Computers (20th
1984 century)
● The Apple Macintosh is announced 2001
to the world during a Superbowl ● Mac OS X, later renamed OS X then
advertisement. The Macintosh is simply macOS, is released by Apple
launched with a retail price of as the successor to its standard Mac
$2,500, according to the NMAH. Operating System. OS X goes
through 16 different versions, each
1985 with "10" as its title, and the first nine
● Tim Berners-Lee, a British iterations are nicknamed after big
researcher at the European cats, with the first being codenamed
Organization for Nuclear Research "Cheetah,"
(CERN), submits his proposal for
what would become the World Wide 2003
Web. His paper details his ideas for ● AMD's Athlon 64, the first 64-bit
Hyper Text Markup Language processor for personal computers, is
(HTML), the building blocks of the released to customers.
Web
2004
1993 ● the Mozilla Corporation launches
● The Pentium microprocessor Mozilla Firefox 1.0. The Web
advances the use of graphics and browser is one of the first major
music on PCs. challenges to Internet Explorer,
owned by Microsoft. During its first
1996 five years, Firefox exceeded a billion
● Sergey Brin and Larry Page develop downloads by users,
the Google search engine at
Stanford University. 2005
● Google buys Android, a Linux-based
1997 mobile phone operating system
● Microsoft invests $150 million in
Apple, which at the time is struggling 2009
financially. This investment ends an ● Microsoft launches Windows 7 on
July 22. The new operating system
 features the ability to pin "Sycamore" in a paper that same
applications to the taskbar, scatter year in the journal Nature.
windows away by shaking another
window, easy-to-access jumplists, 2022
● The first exascale supercomputer,
History of Computers(21st and the world's fastest, Frontier,
went online at the Oak Ridge
Century) Leadership Computing Facility
2010 (OLCF) in Tennessee.
● The iPad, Apple's flagship handheld ● This machine ushered in the era of
tablet, is unveiled. exascale computing, which refers to
systems that can reach more than
2011 one exaFLOP of power – used to
● Google releases the Chromebook, measure the performance of a
which runs on Google Chrome OS. system

2015 HARDWARE VS SOFTWARE

● Apple releases the Apple Watch.
Microsoft releases Windows 10. Hardware
● Hardware is any part of your
2016 computer that has a physical
● The first reprogrammable quantum structure, such as the keyboard or
computer was created. "Until now, mouse. It also includes all of the
there hasn't been any quantum- computer's internal parts, which you
computing platform that had the can see in the image below.
capability to program new algorithms
into their system. What is an Input device? (hardware)

2017 ● An input device is a piece of

● The Defense Advanced Research hardware that allows the user to put
Projects Agency (DARPA) is data into a computer system.
developing a new "Molecular
Informatics" program that uses Keyboard
molecules as computers. ● A most common input device
● Accepts letters, numbers, and
2019 commands from the user
● A team at Google became the first to
demonstrate quantum supremacy — Mouse
creating a quantum computer that ● It lets user select options from on-
could feasibly outperform the most screen menus
powerful classical computer — albeit ● Used by moving it on a flat surface,
for a very specific problem with no pressing its two buttons and scrolling
practical real-world application. The the wheel in between
described the computer, dubbed
Trackball or tracpad What is an output devices?
(alternatives to using a mouse)
● Has the ball that can rotate using a (hardware)
finger on the palm of a hand to move ● An output device is a piece of
the pointer. hardware that allows the user to
● A touch-sensitive pad that lets the receive data from a computer
user move the pointer by touching system.
and dragging the finger on the pad.
Printer
Microphone ● Produces text and graphics on a
● Allow users to speak into the physical medium such as paper.
computer to input data and
instructions. There are 2 types of printer
1. Impact Printer
Flatbed Scanner 2. Non-Impact Printer
● is an optical scanner which makes
use of a flat surface for scanning Impact Printer
documents. The scanner is capable ● work by pressing a head or needle
of capturing all elements on the against an ink ribbon to make a
document and does not require mark on the paper
movement of the document

Non-Impact Printer
● does not operate by striking a head
against a ribbon
Barcode Scanner
● It is capable of reading a barcode
using a laser

Digital Camera
● Allows one to take pictures then
transfer the photographed images to
the computer

PC video camera
● Enables users to create a movie or
take still photographs electronically
● Users can see each other as they Monitor
communicate via the computer ● Displays text, graphics, and videos
on a screen and looks like a
television
 ● can take images generated by a
CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT) computer or Blu-ray player and
● a specialized vacuum tube in which reproduce them by projection onto a
images are produced when an screen, wall, or another surface.
electron beam strikes a
phosphorescent surface. What is a Storage device?
● A stream of intense high-energy ● This allows a user to install
electrons is used to form images on programs and save their files on a
a fluorescent screen. computer
● The device retains this information
when the power is switched off, this
means it is a permanent storage
● There are three categories of
storage devices.

Magenetic (categories of storage device)

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD) ● Works by magnetising and
● a flat-panel display that consists of a demagnetising the surface of a
layer of color or monochrome pixels spinning disk.

Optical(categories of storage device)

● Works by altering parts of a disc that
can or cannot reflect a laser beam.

LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE (LED)

● a flat-panel display that uses light-
emitting diodes for backlighting
● Use much lesser power than CRT
and LCD, considered as
environment-friendly.
Solid state (categories of storage device)
● Uses flash memory and has no
moving parts.

Speaker
● Allows one to hear music, voice, and SOFTWARE
other sounds.
WHAT IS A COMPUTER SOFTWARE?
Projector
 ● It is a combination of Instructions, software (also called end-user
Data, and Programs that the programs) include such things as
computer needs in order to do a database programs, word
specific task. processors, Web browsers and
● Another term used for computer spreadsheets.
software is computer programs. ● Application software may simply be
referred to as an application.
TWO TYPES OF SOFTWARE
1. System Software Examples of application software
2. Application Software
1) Word processing software -
System software ● This tool is used to create letters,
● is a platform comprised of Operating word sheets, type papers etc
System (OS) programs and Eg: MS Word, MS Works, AppleWorks
services, including settings and
preferences, file libraries and 2) Spreadsheet Software -
functions used for system ● A tool used to compute number
applications. intensive problems like forecasting,
● System software also includes budgeting etc.
device drivers that run basic Eg: MS Excel, Quattro Pro, Lotus 1-2-3, MS
computer hardware and peripherals. Works

Examples of System Software 3) Desktop Publishing Software -

● The BIOS (basic input/output ● This tool is used to create illustrative
system) gets the computer system worksheets, banners, newsletters,
started after you turn it on and signs, gift cards etc.
manages the data flow between the Eg: MS Word, MS Publisher, Adobe
operating system and attached PageMaker
devices such as the hard disk, video
adapter, keyboard, mouse and 4) Database Software -
printer. ● Used to store data like text
● The boot program loads the information, memberships, address
operating system into the computer's etc. which helps users to sort
main memory or random access information accordingly.
memory (RAM). Eg: MS Access, FileMaker Pro
● An assembler takes basic computer
instructions and converts them into a
pattern of bits that the computer's CLASSIFYING COMPUTERS
processor can use to perform its
basic operations. SUPERCOMPUTER
● Supercomputers are the biggest,
Application software fastest, most powerful, and most
● It is a program or group of programs expensive computers for processing
designed for end users. Applications data types; they are designed to
 process an immense amount of
data.
● A supercomputer can treat trillions of
instructions/directions in a second. It
has thousands of interconnected
processors.
● Supercomputers are especially used
in scientific and engineering
applications such as weather
forecasting, quantum mechanics, MINICOMPUTER
climate research, scientific ● These computers came into the
simulations, nuclear energy market in mid 1960s and were sold
research, etc where a high level of at a much cheaper price than the
performance is required. main frames, they were actually
designed for control,
instrumentation, human interaction,
and communication switching as
distinct from calculation and record
keeping, later they became very
popular for personal uses with
evolution.

MAINFRAMES EXAMPLE: LAPTOP, PC (PERSONAL

● Mainframe computers, also known COMPUTER), IPad, Tablets, Smartphones
as mainframes, are the most
commonly used type of digital MINICOMPUTER : TABLET PC
computer in large industries for ● Some people consider tablet PCs to
controlling processes as well as in be the best handy solution; as while
offices for maintaining networks and being small in size, they can run any
providing access to shared operating system.
resources. ● Tablet PC’s are one of the first
● IBM is estimated to control two- minicomputers and are often costlier
thirds of the mainframe market. than a standard laptop because of
● They are far more suitable for the touch screen technology.
intensive operation than ● On the contrary, to suffice the need
supercomputers. of this external hardware, tablet PC’s
● Many modern computers can have a touchscreen which you can
multitask; however, they are typically use for typing on the screen, and for
limited to eight or fewer processors. navigating instead of typing on a
● Megaflops (millions of floating-point keyboard or clicking on a mouse.
arithmetic operations per second)
are used to measure processor MINICOMPUTER : SMARTPHONES
speed. ● A smartphone is a mobile device
that combines the functionality of a
 traditional mobile phone with ● A desktop computer, also known as
advanced computing capabilities. a PC (Personal computer), is the
● There are mobile versions of your most common type of
desktop operating systems like microcomputer. It have CPU
Android, Windows Mobile, and iOS, (Central Processing Unit), a
which often come as an inbuilt keyboard and a mouse for input, and
feature in high-end cell phones. a monitor or display unit for output.
● It can conveniently update them and ● The CPU is made up of a
perform all your tasks on the microprocessor, main memory,
smartphones without the need for secondary storage unit such as a
any laptop or desktop. hard drive or optical drive, and a
power supply unit all housed in a
MINICOMPUTER : NOTEBOOK/LAPTOPS single cabinet.
● A netbook is as capable as a laptop,
and any operating system that you WORKSTATION
can run on the latter can be used in ● They are similar to PCs but with
a notebook, thus enabling you to more memory and a high-speed
perform all the tasks that you earlier processor
used to carry out on your laptop. ● They are intended to support
● The only single feature that you will network operating systems and
not get in it is an optical drive, but network applications.
that is also not going to disrupt ● They are used in architectural
anything as you can conveniently design, video editing, animations, et
connect an external drive using the
USB ports. SERVERS
● A server is a computer or system
MINICOMPUTER : TOUCH SCREEN that provides resources, data,
PADS services, or programs to other
● Touch Screen Pads are built computers, known as clients, over a
explicitly for graphic designers and network.
aim at making their lives easier. ● A server is one for which many PCs
● If you are a graphic designer or have are connected.
an interest in sketching and drawing, ● It has large capacity secondary
you must try out this type of storage and more memory
minicomputer. ● They host, workstations, network
● Without a mouse and keyboard, they servers, and operating systems
save a lot of space and are perfectly ● They avoid duplicate installation of
potable. They are easily applications and all users will have
manageable and highly compatible access to a common copy of the
with software like Adobe Photoshop program
and Adobe Illustrator.

MINICOMPUTER : PERSONAL
COMPUTER
CLASSIFICATION ON THE ● The processing units used in such
device work to those basic
BASIS OF FUNCTIONALITY requirements only and are different
01 from the ones that are used in
Servers personal computers- better known
● Servers are nothing but dedicated as workstations.
computers which are set up to offer
some services to the clients.
● They are named depending on the
CLASSIFICATION ON THE
type of service they offer. BASIS OF DATA HANDLING
● Eg: security server, database server.

02 01
Workstation Analog
● Those are the computers designed ● An analog computer is a form of
to primarily to be used by single user computer that uses the continuously-
at a time. changeable aspects of physical fact
● They run multi-user operating such as electrical, mechanical, or
systems. hydraulic quantities to model the
● They are the ones which we use for problem being solved.
our day to day personal / ● Any thing that is variable with
commercial work. respect to time and continuous can
be claimed as analog just like an
analog clock measures time by
03 means of the distance traveled for
Information Appliances the spokes of the clock around the
● They are portable devices that are circular dial.
designed to perform a limited set of
tasks like basic calculations, playing
multimedia, browsing internet etc.
● They are generally referred as
mobile devices. 02
● They have very limited memory and Hybrid
flexibility and generally run on “as-is” ● A computer that processes both
basis. analog and digital data, Hybrid
computer is a digital computer that
04 accepts analog signals, converts
Embedded computers them to digital and processes them
● They are the computing devices in digital form.
which are used in other machines to
serve limited set of requirements. 03
● They follow instructions from the Digital
non-volatile memory and they are ● A computer that performs
not required to execute reboot or calculations and logical operations
reset. with quantities represented as digits,
usually in the binary number system
of “0” and “1”, “Computer capable of
solving problems by processing
information expressed in discrete
form. from manipulation of the
combinations of the binary digits, it
can perform mathematical
calculations, organize and analyze
data, control industrial and other
processes, and simulate dynamic
systems such as global weather
patterns.