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Normalization Notes

This document provides an overview of normalization in SQL databases. It defines normalization as a process to eliminate data redundancy and enhance integrity by organizing data into tabular form and removing duplicated data. The document then explains the three normal forms - 1NF requires each cell contain a single value, 2NF removes partial dependencies, and 3NF removes transitive dependencies for non-prime attributes. Examples are provided for each normal form.

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8 views

Normalization Notes

This document provides an overview of normalization in SQL databases. It defines normalization as a process to eliminate data redundancy and enhance integrity by organizing data into tabular form and removing duplicated data. The document then explains the three normal forms - 1NF requires each cell contain a single value, 2NF removes partial dependencies, and 3NF removes transitive dependencies for non-prime attributes. Examples are provided for each normal form.

Uploaded by

jugaljaisingani5
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Network / Hierarchical/

1. What Is Normalization in SQL?

2. 1 NF

3. 2 NF

4. 3 NF

13-01-2024 Created by - Tahir Mansuri Sir 2


❖ NORMALIZATION

➢ What Is Normalization in SQL?


▪ Normalization is the process to eliminate data redundancy and enhance data integrity in the table.
▪ Normalization also helps to organize the data in the database.
▪ It is a multi-step process that sets the data into tabular form and removes the duplicated data from
the relational tables.
▪ In 1970 Edgar F. Codd defined the First Normal Form.
▪ Now let's understand the types of Normal forms with the help of examples
❖ 1ST NORMAL FORM (1NF)

▪ A table is referred to as being in its First Normal Form if atomicity of the table is 1.
▪ Here, atomicity states that a single cell cannot hold multiple values. It must hold only a single-
valued attribute.
▪ The First normal form disallows the multi-valued attribute, composite attribute, and their
combinations.
▪ In the studentsrecord table, you can see that the course
column has two values.
▪ Thus it does not follow the First Normal Form.

Table in 1 Normal Form


❖ CANDIDATE KEY
▪ A candidate key is a set of one or more columns that can identify a record uniquely in a table, and
YOU can use each candidate key as a Primary Key.

❖ SUPER KEY
▪ Super key is a set of over one key that can identify a record uniquely in a table, and the Primary Key
is a subset of Super Key.
❖ 2ND NORMAL FORM (2NF)

▪ The first condition for the table to be in Second Normal Form is that the table has to be in First
Normal Form.
▪ The table should not possess partial dependency.
▪ The partial dependency here means the proper subset of the candidate key should give a non-
prime attribute.
❖ 3RD NORMAL FORM (3NF)

▪ The first condition for the table to be in Third Normal Form is that the table should be in the
Second Normal Form.
▪ The second condition is that there should be no transitive dependency for non-prime attributes,
which indicates that non-prime attributes (which are not a part of the candidate key) should not
depend on other non-prime attributes in a table. Therefore, a transitive dependency is a functional
dependency in which A → C (A determines C) indirectly, because of A → B and B → C (where it is
not the case that B → A).
▪ The third Normal Form ensures the reduction of data duplication. It is also used to achieve data
integrity.

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