Comprehensive reviewer of concepts for 3rd Quarterly Assessment

 Work-Energy Conservation:
 The principle states that work done on an object equals the change in its kinetic energy,
exemplifying the conservation of mechanical energy.
 Example: A ball rolling down a hill converts potential energy into kinetic energy as
gravitational force does work on it.
 Example: A car accelerating on a straight road increases its kinetic energy through work
done after being fueled.
 Resistors in Series and Parallel
 Resistors connected end-to-end in a series circuit experience the same current flow.
(Series)
 Voltage across each resistor is identical due to conservation of electric charge. (Parallel)
 Total voltage applied to the circuit is distributed equally across all resistors. (Parallel)
 Situation: Think of a string of Christmas lights where each bulb acts as a resistor. When
one bulb burns out (increasing its resistance), the others in series remain lit with the same
brightness because they all receive the same voltage. (Parallel)
 Understanding Series Circuits:
 Series circuits consist of components connected end-to-end, affecting voltage and current
distribution.
 Example: Christmas tree lights are often wired in a series, so if one bulb burns out, the
entire string goes dark because the circuit is broken.
 Calculating Resistance of Bulb Filament:
 Ohm's Law determines resistance, where resistance equals voltage divided by current.
 Assesses how much the bulb resists the flow of current when connected to a battery.
 Example: When you plug in a lightbulb, its filament offers resistance to the flow of
electricity, causing it to glow and produce light.
 Electricity Flow Through Different Paths:
 Current flows through paths of least resistance in electrical circuits.
 Understanding these principles helps in designing efficient circuits for various
applications.
 Situation: In a circuit with multiple pathways, electricity flows preferentially through the
path with the least resistance, similar to water flowing through the path of least resistance
in a network of pipes.
  Characteristics and Applications of Circuits:
 Engineers utilize understanding of circuit configurations to design circuits tailored to
specific needs.
 Situation: Designing a series circuit for holiday lights ensures that if one bulb burns out,
the others remain lit.

Fundamentals of Electric Fields:

1. Definition of Electric Field: An electric field is a region around a charged object within which a
force would be exerted on other charged objects. It's defined as the force experienced by a test
charge per unit positive charge at that point.

 Electric fields are regions in space where electrically charged particles experience a force.
 They are characterized by both magnitude and direction, represented by vector quantities.
2. Calculation of Electric Field: The electric field intensity (E=F/q) at a point due to one or more-
point charges (Q) can be calculated using Coulomb's law: E=kQ/r^2 where k is Coulomb's
constant (9x10^9N.m^2/C^2) and r is the distance from the charge.
Electric Field Energy: Electric fields store energy in the form of electric potential energy. The work
done by an external agent in moving a charge against an electric field is stored as potential energy in
the field.

Vector Nature of Electric Field: Electric fields are vector quantities, meaning they have both
magnitude and direction. The direction of the electric field at any point is the direction of the
force that a positive test charge would experience at that point. Electric field lines can be used to
visualize the direction and magnitude of electric fields; they point away from positive charges
and towards negative charges, with the density of lines representing the field strength.

Properties and Behavior of Electric Fields:

Superposition Principle: According to the superposition principle, the net electric field at any point due
to multiple charges is the vector sum of the electric fields produced by each individual charge at that
point.

Uniform Electric Fields: Uniform electric fields have constant magnitude and direction throughout a
region of space. They are typically generated by uniformly charged parallel plates or infinite line charges.

Non-Uniform Electric Fields: Non-uniform electric fields vary in magnitude and/or direction throughout
a region of space. For example, the electric field near the surface of a charged conductor or within the
vicinity of a non-symmetric charge distribution would be non-uniform.
Electric Field Lines: Electric field lines are imaginary lines that depict the direction and relative strength
of an electric field. They are drawn such that the tangent to the line at any point gives the direction of the
electric field. The number of lines per unit area is proportional to the magnitude of the electric field.
 Scientific Inquiry into Odor Diffusion and Electric Fields:
 Scientific inquiry involves observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation, and
evidence-based conclusion drawing.
 Example: Studying how molecules diffuse in the air and applying principles of electric
fields to understand the movement of odor particles in different environments.
 Electric Field and Potential:
 Electric field represents force per unit charge at a point, while electric potential represents
potential energy per unit charge at a point.
 Magnitude of Electric Field:
 Represents force experienced by a positive test charge at a point due to other
charges in the vicinity.
 Factors affecting electric field strength include charge magnitude and distance
from the charge.
 Electric Field Lines Between Positive Charges:
 Like charges repel, causing electric field lines between positive charges to
diverge.
 Divergence indicates the direction of the repulsive force according to Coulomb's
law.
 Relationship Between Electric Field Strength and Distance:
 Electric field strength decreases inversely with the square of the distance from
the charge.
 Direction of Electric Field Around Positive Point Charge:
 Electric field around a positive point charge points radially outward,
pushing positive test charges away from the source charge.
 Work Done Against Electric Field:
 External work is required to move a positive test charge against the electric
field's direction.
 Work done increases the potential energy of the test charge and is proportional to
the distance moved against the field.
 Situation: Lifting a positive charge against the electric field is like lifting a ball
against gravity.
 Electric Potentials of Point Charges:
  Electric potentials around point charges in a uniform electric field exhibit characteristic
patterns.
 The electric potential decreases with distance from a positive charge and increases with
distance from a negative charge.
 Understanding the distribution of electric potentials aids in analyzing charge behavior
within the field.
 Situation: Imagine a positive charge at the center of a graph where electric potential is
highest, and as you move away from it, the potential decreases.
 Calculating Electric Field Strength with Superposition:
 Superposition principle allows for determining the net electric field at a point by
considering the contributions from multiple charges.
 Electric field vectors add vectorially to find the resultant field strength.
 Calculating electric field strength with superposition involves summing the individual
fields due to each charge.
 Situation: A classroom demonstration with multiple charged objects where students
calculate the resulting electric field at various points.
 Predicting Behavior of Charged Particles:
 Charged particles follow paths influenced by external forces and electric field strength.
 Understanding how forces and fields interact enables prediction of particle trajectories.
 Changes in particle motion reflect alterations in force or field strength.
 Situation: Predicting the path of an electron beam in a cathode ray tube under the
influence of electric and magnetic fields.

Work, Energy, and Power:

WORK
 Work involves the transfer of energy, and power measures how quickly this transfer
occurs.
 Work done on an object changes its energy, and power determines the speed of this
change.
 This relationship aids in analyzing scenarios involving energy transfer and
transformation.
 Example: Lifting a weight requires work, which transfers energy to the weight, increasing
its potential energy. The rate at which you lift the weight (power) determines how quickly
this energy transfer occurs.
  Work (W) is done when a force is applied to an object, causing it to move through a
distance (d) in the direction of the force.
ENERGY

 Energy exists in various forms, including kinetic energy (KE) associated with motion
and potential energy (PE) associated with position or configuration.
 Kinetic energy is given by KE=1/2mv2, where m is the mass of the object and v is its
velocity. Potential energy can take different forms, such as gravitational potential
energy (PE=mgh) or elastic potential energy.
Conservation of Energy

 The principle of conservation of energy states that the total energy of a closed system
remains constant over time, regardless of internal energy transformations.
 In a mechanical system without external forces, the sum of kinetic and potential
energy remains constant, demonstrating the conservation of mechanical energy.
POWER

 Power (P) is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred, measured in watts (W).
 Mathematically, power is calculated as P=W/t, where W is the work done and t is the time
taken.
 Higher power outputs enable faster energy transfer, leading to increased performance or
efficiency.
 Machines with higher mechanical advantage can accomplish tasks with less input power,
highlighting the trade-off between force and distance in mechanical systems.
Sample inference question:
1. Question: A person lifts a box vertically with a constant speed. What can be inferred about the
work done by the person and the change in the box's potential energy?
Answer: Since the box is lifted with constant speed, the net force exerted by the person is equal to the
gravitational force acting on the box. Therefore, the work done by the person is equal to the change in the
box's potential energy, given by ΔPE=mgh, where m is the mass of the box, g is the acceleration due to
gravity, and h is the height lifted.
2. Question: A car accelerates from rest to a certain speed. How does the kinetic energy of the car
change during this process?
Answer: As the car accelerates, its kinetic energy increases according to the equation KE=1/2mv2, where
m is the mass of the car and v is its velocity. The increase in kinetic energy corresponds to the work done
on the car by the engine.
3. Question: Two identical objects are lifted to the same height in different time intervals. How do
the power outputs compare for the two scenarios?
Answer: The power output is the rate at which work is done, given by P=w/t. Since both objects are lifted
to the same height, the work done is the same in both scenarios. However, the object lifted in a shorter
time interval requires a higher power output, as power is inversely proportional to time.
  Car Acceleration and Engine Power:
 When a car accelerates, the engine must produce power to overcome inertia and increase
speed over a specific distance.
 Power reflects the rate at which work is done, indicating how quickly the car's engine can
propel it forward.
 Understanding the relationship between acceleration, engine power, and distance traveled
helps in analyzing vehicle performance.
 Example: When a car accelerates from 0 to 60 mph in a certain amount of time, the
engine's power output determines how quickly it achieves that acceleration.
 Concept of Work:
 Work is the result of applying a force to an object, causing it to move in the direction of
the force.
 Understanding work helps in quantifying the effort needed to perform various tasks.
 Situation: Pushing a heavy box across the floor requires work because a force is applied
to move the box in the direction of the push.
 Mountain Biking Routes and Energy Expenditure:
 Different biking routes require varying levels of power output and energy expenditure.
 Knowledge of these factors aids bikers in planning routes and managing energy levels
effectively.
 Situation: Riding up a steep hill requires more power output and energy expenditure
compared to riding on a flat road.
DIFFERENTIATE THE FOLLOWING:
Node/Junction
Loop
Mesh

FORMULAS NEEDED: (Ito nadin yung pointers add lang natin basic ng circuits)
Work
Energy
Power
Electric Fields
Electric Potential
Electric Potential Energy
Force