Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 1

STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD 409.3.5 — For post-tensioned anchorage zone design, a load 1. There are two or more spans,
(formerly Ultimate Strength Design) factor of 1.2 shall be applied to the maximum tendon jacking
force. 2. Spans are approximately equal, with the larger of two
Design Principle: adjacent clear spans not greater than the shorter by
Strength Strength Required to more than 20 percent,
2015 NSCP Load Combinations Summary
Provided  Carry Factored Loads From Table 405.3.1 3. Loads are uniformly distributed,
U = 1.4(D) (405.31a)
U = 1.2(D ) + 1.6(L) + 0.5(Lr or R) (405.31b) 4. Unfactored live load, L, does not exceed three times
Provisions from 2010 NSCP: U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (1.0L or 0.5W) (405.31c) unfactored dead load, D, and
409.3 — Required strength U = 1.2D + 1.0W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or R) (405.31d) 5. Members are prismatic.
409.3.1 — Required strength U shall be at least equal to the U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L (405.31e)
effects of factored loads in Eq. (409-1) through (409-7). The U = 0.9D + 1.0W (405.31f)
effect of one or more loads not acting simultaneously shall be U = 0.9D + 1.0E (405.31g) Positive Moment
investigated. End spans:
U = 1.4(D + F ) (409-1) Design strength Discontinuous end
U = 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or R) (409-2) Design strength provided by a member, its connections to unrestrained . . . . . . . . . . . …. . . . wuln²/11
U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W) (409-3) other members, and its cross sections, in terms of flexure, axial Discontinuous end integral
U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or R) (409-4) load, shear, and torsion, shall be taken as the nominal with support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... wuln²/14
U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L (409-5) strength calculated in accordance with requirements and Interior spans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ….. wuln²/16
U = 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H (409-6) assumptions of this Section, multiplied by the strength
U = 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H (409-7) reduction factor φ.
except as follows: Negative Moment at exterior face
1. The load factor on the live load L in Eq. 409-3 to 409-5 shall Values of φ: of first interior support
be permitted to be reduced to 0.5 except for garages, areas 2001 2010/2015 Two spans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……. wuln²/9
occupied as places of public assembly, and all areas where NSCP NSCP More than two spans . . . . . . . . . . . . …... wuln²/10
L is greater than 4.8 kN/m2. Flexure (tension-controlled) 0.9 0.9 Negative Moment at other faces of
Compression-controlled Section interior supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ….. . . . wuln²/11
2. Where wind load W has not been reduced by a directionality 0.75 0.75
with spirals Negative Moment at face of all
factor, it shall be permitted to use 1.3W in place of 1.6W in Other compression-controlled
0.70 0.65 supports for:
Eq. 409-4 and 409-6. Section Slabs with spans not exceeding
3. Where E, the load effects of earthquake, is based on service- Shear and torsion 0.85 0.75 3m; and Beams where ratio of
level seismic forces, 1.4E shall be used in place of 1.0E in Bearing on concrete (except sum of column stiffnesses to
0.70 0.65
Eq. 409-5 and 409-7. for post-tensioned anchorage) beam stiff-nesses exceeds eight
post-tensioned anchorage zones 0.85 0.85 at each
4. The load factor on H, loads due to weight and pressure of soil,
water in soil, or other materials, shall be set equal to zero 2010/2015 NSCP: For sections in which the net tensile strain end of the span . . . . . . . . . …….. . . . . . . . . wuln²/12
in Eq. 409-6 and 409-7 if the structural action due to H εt, is between the limits for compression-controlled and Negative Moment at interior face of
counteracts that due to W or E. Where lateral earth tension-controlled sections, φ shall be permitted to be linearly exterior supports for members built
pressure provides resistance to structural actions from increased from that for compression-controlled sections to integrally with supports
other forces, it shall not be included in H but shall be 0.90 as εt increases from the compression-controlled strain Where support is a spandrel
included in the design resistance. limit to 0.005. beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …….. . . . . . . . wuln²/24
409.3.2 — If resistance to impact effects is taken into account When support is a column………………. wuln²/16
in design, such effects shall be included with live load L.
409.3.3 — Estimations of differential settlement, creep, Shear in end members at face of
SHEAR AND MOMENT COEFFICIENTS First interior support . . . . . ……………….. . . . . 1.15wuln/2
shrinkage, expansion of shrinkage-compensating concrete, or
temperature change shall be based on a realistic assessment of Shear at face of all other supports . . . .... . . . wuln/2
408.4.3 As an alternate to frame analysis, the following
such effects occurring in service. approximate moments and shears shall be permitted to be
Note: ln = clear span for positive moment or shear and
409.3.4 — If a structure is in a flood zone, or is subjected to used in design of continuous beams and one-way slabs (slabs
forces from atmospheric precipitations, the flood loads and the average of adjacent clear spans for negative moment
reinforced to resist flexural stresses in only one direction),
appropriate load combinations of ASCE/SEI 7 shall be used. provided:

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 1
Summary of ACI moment coefficients: FLOOR LOAD DISTRIBUTION Load distribution for a two‐way slab:

Case 1:
Discontinuous end
If S/L < 0.5, one way slab.
unrestrained:

Spandrel: Supports to consider are on two opposite sides only. Loads

Column:
is distributed equally on the two supporting beams.

(a) beams with more than two spans

Discontinuous end
unrestrained:

Spandrel:

Column:
Equivalent uniform load carried by the shorter beam.

q𝑠
𝑤
(b) beams with two spans only 3

(c) slabs with spans not exceeding 3 meters Case 2: 𝑠

𝑠
If S/L ≥ 0.5, two way slab.
Slabs are supported on all four sides. In two way slabs,
load will be carried in both the directions.
Equivalent uniform load carried by the longer beam.
q𝑠 3 𝑚
𝑤
(d) beams in which the sum of column stiffnesses 3 2
exceeds 8 times the sum of beam stiffnesses at
each end of the span

𝐿 𝐿

Where:
S = shorter span
L = longer span
m = S/L
q = floor load per unit area

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 1
REINFORCED CONCRETE Problem 1 Problem 3
Concrete: Section 409.3.1 of the 2010 NSCP provides the calculation Reference: FIGURE RCF-002
f'c = compressive strength at 28 days of the required strength U as follows: DATA : Beam width = 300mm
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete U = 1.4(D + F ) Beam total depth = 500mm below the
𝑤 2,500 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 U = 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or R) 100mm thick slab
𝐸 𝑤 . 0.043 𝑓′ for U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W)
𝑤 1,500 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 All columns = 500mm x 500mm
For normal weight concrete, U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or R) Floor dead load = 3.2 kPa (superimposed on slab)
U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L Floor live load = 3.6 kPa
𝐸 4700 𝑓′ 𝑤 2,300 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 U = 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H Unit weight of concrete = 24 KN/m3
U = 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H Factored load, U = 1.2D + 1.6L
Reinforcing Steel
Results of the frame analysis of a certain structure provides the
Intermediate Grade (ASTM Gr.40) 𝑓 275 𝑀𝑃𝑎* following values of compressive loads for one of the critical All spans are referred to the centerline of the
High Carbon Grade (ASTM Gr.60) 𝑓 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎* members: columns. EI value is assumed constant. Use the
Es = modulus of elasticity of concrete 200,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎 Gravity loads: Dead load, D = 150 kN, Roof live load, Lr = 60 kN, tributary area method. For moment and shear
Floor live load, L = 240 kN calculations, use the NSCP Coefficients.
*In 2015 NSCP, the standard steel grades are Grade 280 Wind load : W = 50 kN
(280 MPa) and Grade 420 (420 MPa). 1. If S1 = 2.5m and L1 = L2 = 6.5m, find the factored shear
Seismic load : E = 40 kN (KN) at D of Beam DE.
Determine the critical factored load (kN) that will be used in A. 110.11 C. 126.63
410.4 — General principles and requirements (2010) the design of the member. B. 115.44 D. 12.32
410.4.1 — Design of cross sections subject to flexure or axial 2. If S1 = 2.5m and L1 = L2 = 6.5m, determine the factored
loads, or to combined flexure and axial loads, shall be based on Problem 2 moment (kN-m) at end D of Beam DE.
stress and strain compatibility using assumptions in 410.3 A. 0.00 C. 59.60
A continuous beam is to be subjected to a total uniform
410.4.2 — Balanced strain conditions exist at a cross section dead load of 10 kN/m and live load of 25 kN/m. Use NSCP B. 56.89 D. 89.47
when tension reinforcement reaches the strain corresponding coefficient method. Refer to Figure – 4. U = 1.2D + 1.6L.
to fy just as concrete in compression reaches its assumed 3. If S1 = 4.0m and L1 = L2 = 6.5m, determine the factored
ultimate strain of 0.003. 1. Find the factored moment at H. shear (KN) at H of Beam GH.
A. 166 C. 155
410.4.3 — Sections are compression-controlled if the net tensile 2. Determine the factored moment at C.
B. 143 D. 123
strain in the extreme tension steel, εt, is equal to or less than 3. Find the factored moment at I.
the compression-controlled strain limit when the concrete in
compression reaches its assumed strain limit of 0.003. The 4. Calculate the factored shear at G.
compression controlled strain limit is the net tensile strain in the
reinforcement at balanced strain conditions. For Grade 415*
5. Find the factored axial force at the second support
reinforcement, and for all prestressed reinforcement, it shall be from the right end.
permitted to set the compression-controlled strain limit equal to 0.5m x0.5m column (typ)
0.002.
Pu = 567 .2 kN
*Grade 420 in 2015 NSCP
410.4.4 — Sections are tension-controlled if the net tensile
strain in the extreme tension steel, εt, is equal to or greater than A B C D E F G H I
0.005 when the concrete in compression reaches its assumed
strain limit of 0.003. Sections with εt between the compression-
controlled strain limit and 0.005 constitute a transition region 7m 8m 7m
between compression-controlled and tension-controlled
sections. Figure – 4
410.4.5 — For nonprestressed flexural members and
nonprestressed members with factored axial compressive load
less than 0.10fc′Ag, εt at nominal strength shall not be less than
0.004. Figure RCF‐002

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 1
PROBLEM for PRACTICE
Problem 6( Similar to CE BD NOV 2016 – Questions
Problem 4 Problem 7 (Reference : FIGURE 2)
1,2,3)
In accordance with the provisions of the 2010 NSCP, Use the tributary area method. EI value is assumed
the required strength U shall be at least equal to the effects Refer to FIGURE-1 . For shear and moment
constant. All spans are referred to the centerline of the
of the factored loads below where the effects of one or more calculations, use the NSCP coefficients (Section 408-4).
members.
loads not acting simultaneously shall be investigated: Given spans are referred to the centerline of the supporting
DATA : Beam width = 300mm
U = 1.4D columns.
Beam depth = 500mm below the 100mm thick slab
U = 1.2D+1.6L Given : L1 = L2 = 6 m L3 = 7.0 m S = 2.5 m
All columns = 500mm x 500mm
U = 1.2D+1.6L+0.8W Beam section (All beams), bxh = 350mm x 450mm
Floor dead load = 3.2 kPa
U = 1.2D+1.0E+1.0L Slab thickness, t = 100mm
U = 0.9D+1.6W Floor live load = 3.6 kPa
Use 350x350mm. dimensions for all columns.
Result from elastic analysis of a concrete beam yields the Unit weight of concrete = 24 KN/m3
following values of the un-factored (service) moments: Materials : fc’ = 27.5 MPa fy = 415 MPa Factored load, U = 1.2D + 1.6L
Dead load moment = 50 kN-m, Live load moment = 80 kN- 1. The equivalent uniform service dead load on beam DE
Loads : U = 1.2D+1.6L
m, Wind load moment = 60 kN-m, Earthquake moment = in KN/m if S = 2.5m and L1=L2=6.5m.
100 kN-m. Determine the value of the factored moment (kN- Dead load, wD = 5.0 kPa
Live load, wL = 3.6 kPa A. 8.0 B. 12.3 C. 14.0 D. 17.6
m) that will be used in designing the member.
A. 141 B. 188 C. 236 D. 240 1. What is the moment (kN-m) at end F of the beam EF ?
A. 144.1 B. 105.8 C. 93.8 D. 117.6 2. The equivalent uniform factored load on beam DE in
Problem 5 KN/m if S = 2.5m and L1 = L2 = 6.5m.
2. Find the moment (kN-m) at midspan of beam FG. A. 26.78 B. 29.18 C. 35.52 D. 36.38
Refer to Figure - 1. A reinforced concrete floor consists
A. 67.0 B. 58.7 C. 85.3 D. 117.3
of beams (b x h = 300 mm x 400 mm). Clear concrete cover
= 50 mm; L1 = 5.3m; L2 = 5.8m; L3 = 5.3m; Slab thickness, t 3. What is the shear (kN) at end F of beam EF? 3. The equivalent uniform factored load on beam EH in
= 100 mm; concrete strength, f’c = 30 MPa; steel strength, fy A. 83.0 B. 95.5 C. 101.4 D. 99.2 KN/m if S = 2.5m and L1 = L2 = 6.5m.
= 415 MPa; main reinforcement = 25 mm diameter; ties = A. 17.6 B. 3.2 C. 4.32 D. 9.0
4. Determine the maximum moment (kN-m).
12mm diameter. For shear and moment calculations, use
NSCP coefficient method. Assume 300x300 column A. 93.8 B. 111.2 C. 118.2 D. 130.01
dimensions. 5. Find the value of the maximum shear (kN).
1. Find the shear Vu (kN), at end J of span IJ if the total A. 112.4 B. 95.5 C. 97.7 D. 83.04
ultimate load wu = 36 kN/m. 6. Determine the maximum reaction (kN).
2. What is the moment, Mu (kN/m) at end J of span JK if A. 95.5 B. 112.4 C. 178.6 D. 195.5
the total ultimate load wu = 36 kN/m.

Figure – 2

Problem 8
A continuous beam is to be subjected to a total uniform
dead load of 10 kN/m and live load of 25 kN/m. Use NSCP
coefficient method. Refer to Figure – 4. U = 1.2D + 1.6L.

1. Calculate the factored moment at E.

Figure – 1
2. Calculate the factored moment at D.
3. Determine the factored shear at D.
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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 2

Flexural Members (Rectangular Beams)

Compression‐controlled Section (2010/2015 NSCP)
Nominal Flexural Strength:
𝛆𝒕 𝛆𝒚
𝑴𝒏 𝑪 𝒅 𝟎. 𝟓𝒂
𝑴𝒏 𝑻 𝒅 𝟎. 𝟓𝒂 𝒄 𝒄𝒃
𝒇 𝒚 𝒅𝒕
𝝆 𝝆𝒃𝒂𝒍
𝒇𝒚 𝒅 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒅𝒕 𝒅
Design Flexural Strength: or,
𝝆 𝝆𝒃𝒂𝒍 for single layer of tension bars
𝑴𝒖 𝝋𝑴𝒏
For f 415 MPa (2010); f 420 MPa (2015):
𝛆𝒕 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐
𝒄 𝟎. 𝟔𝒅𝒕

Values of ß1 (2010/2015 NSCP): Balanced Strain Condition:

ß1 = 0.85 for f’c < 28MPa For balance strain condition, 𝒇𝒔 𝒇𝒚 and 𝓔𝒔 𝓔𝒚 . Allowed Transition‐Zone Section Limits
ß1 = 0.85 – 0.05 (f’c-28)/7 > 0.65 for f’c > 28MPa 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝛆𝒕 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒
Therefore;
Values of fs : 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝒅𝒕 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒅𝒕 𝟑 𝟑
𝒄𝒃 or 𝒄𝒃 𝒅 𝒄 𝒅
1. 𝒇𝒔 𝒇𝒚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝓔𝒔 𝓔𝒚
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝓔𝒚 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒚 𝟖 𝒕 𝟕 𝒕
2. 𝒇𝒔 𝑬𝒔 𝓔𝒔 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 does not 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝓔𝒔 𝓔𝒚 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝛆𝒚 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝛆𝒚
and, 𝝆𝒃𝒂𝒍 𝝆 𝝆𝒃𝒂𝒍
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟕
or,
Basic General Relation: 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝒅𝒕 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇 𝒄 𝟑 𝒅𝒕 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇 𝒄 𝟑 𝒅𝒕
From Strain Diagram: 𝝆𝒃 𝜷𝟏 𝜷𝟏 𝝆 𝜷𝟏
𝒇𝒚 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝓔𝒚 𝒅 𝒇𝒚 𝟖 𝒅 𝒇𝒚 𝟕 𝒅
𝑐 𝑑 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝒅𝒕
→ 𝒄 or
0.003 0.003 ℰ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝓔𝒕 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒅𝒕
𝝆𝒃 𝜷𝟏
𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒅𝒕 𝒇𝒚 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒚 𝒅 Other Equations:
Multiplying E 200,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → 𝒄 Coefficient of resisting moment, Rn:
𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒔 𝒅𝒕
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠, 𝟏 𝑴𝒖
𝒅 𝑹𝒏
Steel ratio, 𝜌: 𝝋𝒃𝒅𝟐
𝐶 𝑇
0.85𝑓 𝑎𝑏 𝐴 𝑓 Tension‐controlled Section (2010/2015 NSCP) 𝒇𝒔 𝟐
0.85𝑓 𝛽 𝑐 𝑏 𝐴 𝑓 𝑹𝒏 𝝆𝒇𝒔 𝝆𝟐
𝟏. 𝟕𝒇′𝒄
𝐴 𝛆𝒕 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓
Let 𝜌 or 𝐴 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝑏𝑑 𝟑
0.003𝑑 𝒄 𝒅 Reinforcement Steel ratio, ρ:
0.85𝑓 𝛽 𝑏 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝑓 𝟖 𝒕
0.003 ℰ
𝑨𝒔
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝛆𝒚 𝝆
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝒅𝒕 𝝆 𝝆𝒃𝒂𝒍 𝒃𝒅
𝝆 𝜷𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖
𝒇𝒔 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝓔𝒕 𝒅 or,
Or, 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇 𝒄 𝟑 𝒅𝒕 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 𝟐𝑹𝒏
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒅𝒕 𝝆 𝜷𝟏 𝝆 𝟏 𝟏
𝝆 𝜷𝟏 𝒇𝒚 𝟖 𝒅 𝒇𝒔 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄
𝒇𝒔 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒔 𝒅

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 2
410.6 — Minimum reinforcement of flexural members Problem 3
REINFORCED CONCRETE 410.6.1 — At every section of a flexural member where 1. Determine the width of beam required to accommodate
Concrete: tensile reinforcement is required by analysis, except as all the 5-25mm tension bars in a single layer if bars are
f'c = compressive strength at 28 days provided in 410.6.2, 410.6.3, and 410.6.4, As provided
separate from each other. Use 10mm stirrups, clear
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete shall not be less than that given by
cover of 40mm. Refer to RC-006.
𝑤 2,500 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 𝑓𝑐
𝐸 𝑤 . 0.043 𝑓′ for 𝐴 𝑏 𝑑 𝟒𝟏𝟎 𝟑
𝑤 1,500 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 4𝑓
Problem 4 (Similar to Nov 2016 Exam)
For normal weight concrete, Refer to figure CBM 10.03.
and not less than 1.4bwd/fy.
𝐸 4700 𝑓′ 𝑤 2,300 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 Material strength:
410.6.2 — For statically determinate T-section with a flange in fc’ = 27.5 MPa
Reinforcing Steel tension, the area As,min shall be equal to or greater than the fy = 415 MPa
Intermediate Grade (ASTM Gr.40) 𝑓 275 𝑀𝑃𝑎* smaller value given either by: Clear concrete cover to 12 mm diameter stirrups is 40
High Carbon Grade (ASTM Gr.60) 𝑓 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎* 𝑓𝑐 mm.
𝐴 𝑏 𝑑 𝟒𝟏𝟎 𝟑
Es = modulus of elasticity of concrete 200,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎 2𝑓 1. Using 28 main reinforcement bars, which of the
following gives the required minimum width of the
or Eq. (410-3), except that bw is replaced by the width of the beam (mm) base on code requirements for concrete
*In 2015 NSCP, the standard steel grades are Grade 280
flange.
(280 MPa) and Grade 420 (420 MPa). cover of rebars?
A. 344 C. 356
B. 316 D. 304
410.4 — General principles and requirements (2010)
410.4.1 — Design of cross sections subject to flexure or axial Problem 1
loads, or to combined flexure and axial loads, shall be based on A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and
an effective depth of 618 mm. Compressive reinforcement (if PROBLEM for PRACTICE
stress and strain compatibility using assumptions in 410.3
required) will be placed at d’ = 60mm. f’c = 28 MPa and fy = Problem 5
410.4.2 — Balanced strain conditions exist at a cross section A 4.5m simply supported rectangular reinforced concrete
when tension reinforcement reaches the strain corresponding 415 MPa. The beam is to support a factored bending moment
of 600 kN-m. Use 2010 NSCP and 𝜙 = 0.90 for flexure. beam has a width of 300 mm, effective depth of 530 mm and
to fy just as concrete in compression reaches its assumed total depth of 600 mm. The beam is to be reinforced with
ultimate strain of 0.003. 1. Calculate the steel ratio for a balanced section, b. 20mmø bars. The concrete strength f’c = 21 MPa and the steel
410.4.3 — Sections are compression-controlled if the net tensile yield strength fy = 275 MPa. The beam carries a pre-cast 100-
2. Determine the theoretical steel ratio required () for the mm-thick concrete slab that is 4 m wide. The unit weight of
strain in the extreme tension steel, εt, is equal to or less than beam to support the given factored moment
the compression-controlled strain limit when the concrete in concrete is 24 kN/m3 . Floor live load is 2.4 kPa. At ultimate
compression reaches its assumed strain limit of 0.003. The 3. Following NSCP requirements, determine the required condition, U = 1.2D + 1.6L.
compression controlled strain limit is the net tensile strain in the area of steel reinforcement, As. 1. Calculate the factored moment.
reinforcement at balanced strain conditions. For Grade 415* 4. Determine the number of 28mm bars required as
reinforcement, and for all prestressed reinforcement, it shall be 2. Determine the governing steel ratio following the
tension reinforcement. requirements of NSCP.
permitted to set the compression-controlled strain limit equal to
0.002. 5. Determine the maximum number of 28mm bars that 3. Determine the minimum number of 20mm bars
can be used for given section, if it is singly-reinforced. required as tension reinforcement.
*Grade 420 in 2015 NSCP
410.4.4 — Sections are tension-controlled if the net tensile Problem 2 Problem 6
strain in the extreme tension steel, εt, is equal to or greater than A RC rectangular beam will be subjected to a factored A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and
0.005 when the concrete in compression reaches its assumed moment of 240kN. Steel protective covering is 75mm to an effective depth of 520mm to the centroid of tension
strain limit of 0.003. Sections with εt between the compression- the centroid of the steel group. fc’ = 28 MPa, fy = 415 MPa. reinforcements. The steel reinforcements will be placed in a
controlled strain limit and 0.005 constitute a transition region single layer arrangement. Concrete strength fc’=32 MPa.
Assume bars to be placed in one layer only.
between compression-controlled and tension-controlled Design as a singly-reinforced beam and use 2010 NSCP.
1. Determine the required beam dimensions using the
sections.
maximum allowable reinforcements ratio for tension 1. Determine the largest steel ratio allowed by the code for
410.4.5 — For nonprestressed flexural members and control. the given section if fy =345 MPa.
nonprestressed members with factored axial compressive load A. 300x450 C. 200x500
less than 0.10fc′Ag, εt at nominal strength shall not be less than B. 275x475 D. 250x400 2. Determine the maximum steel ratio of the section if the
0.004. beam is characterized as tension-controlled. Use fy = 345
MPa.
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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 2
3. If fy = 415 MPa, determine the maximum number of
25mm bars that can be used for the given section for it
to be tension-controlled.

Problem 7 RC-006
A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and Minimum bend diameters
an overall depth of 510 mm. The beam is simply supported Inside diameter of bend for stirrups and ties
over a span of 5.3 m. Steel strength fy = 415 MPa and concrete shall not be less than 4db for ø16mm bar and
strength fc’ = 28 MPa. Concrete cover is 70 mm from the smaller.
centroid of the steel area. Unit weight of concrete is 23.5
kN/m3. Other than the weight of the beam, the beam carries a
superimposed dead load of 19 kN/m and a live load of 15 Spacing limits for reinforcement
kN/m. Use U = 1.2D + 1.6L at ultimate condition. The minimum clear spacing between parallel
1. Determine the maximum factored moment on the bars in a layer shall be db, but not less than 25
mm.
beam.
Where parallel reinforcement is placed in two or
2. Determine the required number of 20 mm tension more layers, bars in the upper layers shall be placed
bars. directly above bars in the bottom layer with clear
3. If the beam will carry an additional factored load of distance between layers not less than 25mm.
20 kN at midspan, determine the required number of
25 mm tension bars.
Bundled Bars
Groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in
contact to act as a unit shall be limited to four
Problem 8 bars in one bundle.
Refer to RC-006 for minimum requirements.
A reinforced concrete beam has the following given Bars larger than 𝜙36 mm shall not be bundled
in beams.
data:
Beam depth, h = 600 mm Where spacing limitations and minimum
Tension steel reinforcements: concrete cover are based on bar diameter db, a
6-28mmϕ bars in 2-layers unit of bundled bars shall be treated as a single
with 3 bars per layer bar of a diameter derived from the equivalent
total area.
Clear bar covering = 40mm
Stirrups = 10mmϕ
Concrete, fc’ = 28 MPa
Steel bars, fy = 415 MPa
Determine the following:
1. If beam width is 300mm, determine the horizontal clear
spacing (mm) of the bars. Assume that bars in a layer are
perfectly aligned.
2. The value of the minimum width (mm) of the beam based
on code requirements for cover and spacing limits.
3. Determine the effective depth, d, and depth dt of the beam
in mm.
4. If the outer layer has 4 bars, and the other layer has 2
bars, determine the effective depth, d (mm) of the beam.

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 3

Design of Beam with Compression Steel

0.375𝑑

Tension Steel: Compression Steel:

1. Equate CC to T1 to solve A s1. 3. Solve A s2. 1. Determine the stress in the compression steel.
𝒅′
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 𝒂𝒃 𝑨𝒔𝟏 𝒇𝒚 𝑴𝒏𝟐 𝑨𝒔𝟐 𝒇𝒚 𝒅 𝒅′ 𝒇𝒔 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝟏 𝒇𝒚
𝒄
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 𝒂𝒃 𝑴𝒏𝟐
𝑨𝒔𝟏 𝑨𝒔𝟐 2. Equate Cs to T2 to solve A s’.
𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚 𝒅 𝒅′
𝑨𝒔 ′ 𝒇𝒔 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 𝑨𝒔𝟐 𝒇𝒚
𝑨𝒔𝟐 𝒇𝒚
2. Determine the excess moment, Mn2. 4. Finally, 𝑨𝒔 ′
𝑨𝒔 𝑨𝒔𝟏 𝑨𝒔𝟐 𝒇𝒔 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄
𝑴𝒖
𝑴𝒏𝟐 𝑴𝒏 𝑴𝒏𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝒏𝟐 𝑴𝒏𝟏
𝝋

DRB Balance Steel Ratio DRB Maximum Steel Ratio

𝑨𝒔𝟐 𝑨𝒔𝟐
𝝆𝒃𝒂𝒍 𝑫𝑹𝑩 𝝆𝒃𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝑹𝑩 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑫𝑹𝑩 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑺𝑹𝑩
𝒃𝒅 𝒃𝒅
𝒇𝒔 𝒇𝒔
𝝆𝒃𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝑹𝑩 𝝆 → 𝑖𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑺𝑹𝑩 𝝆 → 𝑖𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚
𝝆𝒃𝒂𝒍 𝑫𝑹𝑩 𝝆𝒃𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝑹𝑩 𝝆 → 𝑖𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑫𝑹𝑩 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑺𝑹𝑩 𝝆 → 𝑖𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠

𝑨𝒔
where: 𝝆
𝒃𝒅

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 3
2010 NSCP 2015 NSCP
Section 409.6 CONTROL OF DEFLECTIONS
407.7 SPACING LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT 409.6.1 Reinforced concrete members subject to flexure shall be 407.3.1 Minimum Slab Thickness
407.7.1 The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer designed to have adequate stiffness to limit deflections or any 407.3.1.1 For solid non-prestressed slabs not supporting or
shall be db, but not less than 25 mm. See also Section 403.4.2. deformations that adversely affect strength or serviceability of a attached to partition or other construction likely to be damaged
structure. by large deflections, overall slab thickness h shall not be less
407.7.5 In walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction,
409.6.2 One-Way Construction (Non-prestressed) than the limits in Table 407.3.1.1, unless the calculated
primary flexural reinforcement shall not be spaced farther apart
deflection limits of Section 407.3.2 are satisfied.
than three times the wall or slab thickness, nor farther than 450 409.6.2.1 Minimum thickness stipulated in Table 409-1 shall apply
mm. for one-way construction not supporting or attached to partitions Table 407.3.1.1 Minimum Thickness of Solid Non-Prestressed
or other construction likely to be damaged by large deflections, One-Way Slabs
407.13 SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMNT
unless computation of deflection indicates a lesser thickness can Support condition Minimum h
407.13.1 Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature stresses be used without adverse effects. Simply supported l/20
normal to flexural reinforcement shall be provided in structural
Table 409-1 – Minimum thickness of Nonprestressed Beams or One end continuous l/24
slabs where the flexural reinforcement extends in one direction
One-Way Slabs Unless Deflections are Computed
only.
Both ends continuous l/28
407.13.1.1 Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be Minimum thickness, h
provided in accordance with either Section 407.13.2 or 407.13.3 Cantilever 1/10
Simply One end Both ends Cantile-
below. ver Expression applicable for normal weight concrete and fy = 420
supported continuous continuous
407.13.2 Deformed reinforcement conforming to Section MPa. For other cases, minimum h shall be modified in accordance
403.6.3 used for shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall Member Members not supporting or attached to partitions with Sections 407.3.1.1.1 through 407.3.1.1.3, as appropriate.
be provided in accordance with the following: of other construction likely to be damaged by
large deflections 407.3.1.1.1 For f y other than 420 MPa, the expressions in Table
407.13.2.1 Area of shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall 407.3.l .l shall be multiplied by (0.4 + fy/700).
provide at least the following ratios of reinforcement area to Solid
gross concrete area, but not less than 0.0014:
one-way l/20 l /24 l /28 l /10 407.3.1.1.2 For non-prestressed slabs made of lightweight concrete
1. Slabs where grade 275 deformed slabs having wc in the range of 1440 to 1840 kg/m3, the expressions
bars are used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0020 in Table 407.3.1.1 shall be multiplied by the greater of (a) and
Beams or
(b):
2. Slabs where grade 415 deformed ribbed
l /16 l /18.5 l /21 l /8 a. 1. 65 - 0. 0003wc
bars or welded wire fabric (smooth one-way
b. 1.09
or deformed) are used . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0018 slabs

3. Slabs where reinforcement with yield 407.6 Reinforcement Limits

stress exceeding 415 MPa measured Values given shall be used directly for members with normal 407.6.1 Minimum Flexural Reinforcement in Non-Prestressed
at a yield strain of 0.35 percent is density concrete (wc = 2400kg/m3) and Grade 415 reinforcement. Slabs
used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0018x(415/fy) 407.6.1.1 A minimum area of flexural reinforcement As, min shall
For other conditions, the values shall be modified as follows:
be provided in accordance with Table 407.6.1.1.
(a) For structural lightweight concrete having unit weights
407.13.2.2 Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be in the range 1500-2000 kg/m3 , the values shall be multiplied
spaced not farther apart than five times the slab thickness, nor by (1.65 – 0.0003 wc ) but not less than 1.09, where wc is the Table 407.6.1.1 As,min for Non-Prestressed One-Way Slabs
450 mm. unit mass in kg/m3 Reinforcement
fy, MPa As,min
(b) For fy other than 415 MPa, the values shall be Type
multiplied by (0.4 + fy / 700). Deformed bars 420 0.002𝐴
Deformed bars 0.0018𝑥420
Greater 𝐴
or welded wire 420 𝑓
of:
reinforcement 0.0014𝐴𝑔

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 3
DRB
407.7.2.2 For non-prestressed and Class C prestressed slabs, Problem 4
spacing of bonded longitudinal reinforcement closest to the Problem 1 A three-span continuous one-way slab with clear
tension face shall not exceed s calculated in accordance with A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and a spans of 3.5 meters and thickness of 125mm is supported
Section 424.3. (Note: this is spacing based on flexure) total depth of 550 mm. Effective cover to centroid of tension on beams 300 mm wide (monolithic construction).
bars is 60mm. Compressive reinforcement (if required) will Effective depth of the slab is 99mm. The slab carries a floor
be placed at d’ = 60mm. f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 415 MPa. The live load of 2.4 kPa and a superimposed dead load of 1.5kPa.
407.7.2.3 Maximum spacing s of deformed reinforcement shall be Follow 2010/2015 NSCP provision and use 𝜙 = 0.90 for
the lesser of 3h and 450 mm.
Use f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 275 MPa. Unit weight of concrete
flexure. 24 kN/m3. For moment calculation, refer to RC-04. Use
1. Determine the required area of steel reinforcement, As, if 2010 NSCP. Considering exterior panel:
407.7.2.4 Spacing of reinforcement required by Section 407.5.2.3 the beam carries a factored moment of 79 kN-m. 1. Calculate the maximum negative moment
shall not exceed the lesser of 5h and 450 mm. considering a 1 m strip.
2. Determine the required area of steel reinforcement, As, if
the beam carries a factored moment of 193 kN-m. 2. Calculate the maximum positive moment
considering a 1 m strip.
Strength Reduction factor in Transition‐Zone 3. Determine the required area of steel reinforcement, As, if
For sections in which the net tensile strain ε , is between the beam carries a factored moment of 402 kN-m. 3. Calculate the spacing of 12mm main reinforcing
t
bars for negative bending.
the limits for compression-controlled and tension-controlled
sections, φ shall be permitted to be linearly increased from 4. Calculate the spacing of 12mm main reinforcing
Problem 2
that for compression-controlled sections to 0.90 as ε increases bars for positive bending.
t A RC beam section which is 375 mm wide and 500
from the compression-controlled strain limit to 0.005. mm deep must resist a service live load moment of 105 kN- 5. Find the spacing of 10mm temperature bars.
m and a service dead load moment of 210 kN-m. f’c = 21
MPa, fy = 415 MPa, and effective concrete cover of 65 mm.
At ultimate condition, U = 1.2D + 1.6L. Use φ = 0.90.
RC-05
1. Determine the required nominal flexural strength of
the section. Minimum thickness, h

2. Determine the maximum design moment capacity for a Simply One end Both ends Cantile
Member
singly-reinforced beam section. supported continuous continuous -ver

Solid
3. Find the number of 28mmØ tension steel.
one-way
4. Calculate the stress in compression steel. slabs l/20 l /24 l /28 l /10

5. Find the number of 28mmØ compression steel. Values given shall be used directly for members with normal
density concrete (wc = 2400kg/m3) and Grade 415 reinforcement.
For other conditions, the values shall be modified as follows:
(a) For structural lightweight concrete having unit
ONE‐WAY SLAB weights in the range 1500-2000 kg/m3 , the values shall be
Problem 3 multiplied by (1.65 – 0.0003 wc ) but not less than 1.09,
where wc is the unit mass in kg/m3
A two-span continuous one-way slab with clear spans
of 4.2 meters is supported on beams 300 mm wide. In (b) For fy other than 415 MPa, the values shall be
addition to its dead weight, the slab carries a liveload of multiplied by (0.4 + fy / 700).
2500 Pa. f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 275 MPa. Unit weight of
concrete 23.5 kN/m3. Refer to RC-05.
1. Determine the minimum depth of slab if deflection is
not to be computed.

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 3
RC-04 Problem 6 Problem 8
SHEAR AND MOMENT COEFFICIENTS GIVEN : Continuous solid one-way slab A reinforced concrete beam has total depth limited to
Unit weight of concrete = 24 KN/m3 500mm due to architectural clear floor height requirement.
Positive Moment Clear spans: All End Spans , Ln1 = 3.5 m Effective concrete cover is 65mm, f’c = 28 MPa and fy = 415
End spans: All Interior Spans , Ln2 = 4.0 m MPa. Total factored moment is 260 kN-m
Discontinuous end Beam width = 300mm 1. Determine the approximate required value of As if the
unrestrained ....................................................... wuln²/11 architect also wishes to have the smallest possible beam
Materials: fc’ = 21 MPa , fy = 280 MPa
Loads: Live load, wL = 2.4 kPa width. Design a singly-reinforced, tension-controlled
Discontinuous end integral section based on 2010 NSCP.
with support ....................................................... wuln²/14 U = 1.2D+1.6L
Refer to RC-04 and RC-05. 2. If the width is 350mm, determine the maximum number
Interior spans .............................................................. wuln²/16 Determine the following; of 25mm that can be used for a tension-controlled,
singly-reinforced section based on 2010 NSCP.
Negative Moment at exterior face of first interior support 1. The appropriate uniform thickness for the slab in
Two spans ......................................................... wuln²/9
mm. Problem 9
More than two spans ......................................... wuln²/10
A. 100 B. 120 C. 130 D. 140 A rectangular reinforced concrete beam has a width of
Negative Moment at other faces of 300 mm and an effective depth of 450 mm to centroid of the
interior supports ................................................ wuln²/11 2. The design factored moment of the slab in kN-m. tension bars. The beam is reinforced with six 32 mm ɸ tension
A. 10.27 B. 10.67 C. 11.03 D. 14.6 bars placed in two layers with the outer layer having a depth
Negative Moment at interior face of exterior supports for of 478 mm , and two 28 mm ɸ compression bars with centroid
members built integrally with supports 3. If the clear bar cover is 20 mm, determine the spacing 65 mm from the extreme concrete fiber. Use the 2010 NSCP, fc’
Where support is a spandrel beam .................... wuln²/24 = 34.5 MPa and fy = 345 MPa. Assume that the concrete
When support is a column ................................. wuln²/16
of the 12 mm ϕ flexural steel bars required at the
critical moment section, in mm. displaced by the compression steel shall not be neglected and
that the compression steel yields. Det. the following:
Shear in end members at face of first A. 100 B. 150 C. 200 D. 250
interior support .................................................. 1.15 wuln/2 1. The balanced steel ratio if the beam is singly reinforced.
Shear at face of all other 4. Determine the spacing of the 10 mm ϕ temperature 2. The maximum steel ratio for a singly-reinforced section
supports ............................................................. wuln/2 reinforcements, in mm. in tension control.
A. 100 B. 150 C. 200 D. 300 3. The maximum steel ratio for a doubly-reinforced section
Note: ln = clear span for positive moment or shear and
average of adjacent clear spans for negative moment in tension control.
Problem 7
A two-span, 150mm thick continuous one-way slab Problem 10
PROBLEM for PRACTICE
with clear spans of 4.2 meters is supported on beams 300 A rectangular concrete beam having a width of 250mm
and effective depth of 350mm will be designed to carry the
Problem 5 mm wide. In addition to its dead weight, the slab carries a factored design loads as stated. The steel yield strength fy = 275
The section of a solid one-way slab is shown in the liveload of 2500 Pa. f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 275 MPa. Unit MPa and concrete strength fc’ = 20.7 MPa. If the compression
figure. The concrete is a normal density concrete with a unit weight of concrete 23.5 kN/m3. Refer to RC-04. steel is found necessary, it will be placed 60mm from the
weight of 2400 kg/m3 . The reinforcing steel used has a 1. Determine the total factored uniform load carried by extreme compression fiber of the beam. Neglect the effect of
strength of fy = 276 MPa. the slab per 1 m strip if the depth of slab is 150mm. the displaced concrete and use the 2010 NSCP.

B1 B2 B3 2. Calculate the moment at the most critical section of the 1. Determine the number of pieces of 20mm tension steel
slab considering a 1 m strip if the depth of slab is for a singly-reinforced section reinforced with maximum
4m 8m 6m 150mm. steel for tension control.
A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7
3. Calculate the spacing of 12mm main reinforcing bars
1. Calculate the minimum thickness of slab B1 in at the most critical section of the interior slab. 2. Determine the number of pieces of 20mm tension
millimeters. reinforcements if beam is to carry a factored design moment
of 80 kN-m.
2. Calculate the minimum required thickness of slab B2 in
A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6
millimeters.
3. Calculate the minimum required thickness of slab B3 in
millimeters.
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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 3

3. Determine the number of pieces of 20mm tension

reinforcements if beam is to carry a factored design moment
of 135 kN-m.
A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7

4. Determine the number of pieces of 20mm compression

reinforcements if beam is to carry a factored design moment
of 135 kN-m.
A. 2 B. 3 C. 3 D. 4

Problem 11
A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm
and an effective depth of 600 mm. Compressive
reinforcement (if required) will be placed at d’ = 60mm.
f’c = 27.5 MPa and fy = 415 MPa. Use 2010 NSCP. The beam
is to support a factored bending moment of 670 kN-m.
1. Determine the area of steel required as tension
reinforcement if the minimum strain in the extreme
tension steel is permitted to be 0.004.
2. Determine the area of steel required as tension
reinforcement if the minimum strain in the extreme
tension steel is limited to 0.005.
3. Determine the number of 28mm bars required as
tension reinforcement if the reduction factor, 𝜙 =0.90.

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 4

INVESTIGATION OF RECTANGULAR BEAM SECTIONS

Or,
1. Equate C to T (to solve for a or c)
1. Compute the steel reinforcement ratio, ρ.
𝑪 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 𝒂𝒃 𝑻 𝑨𝒔 𝒇 𝒔
𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒔 As
𝒂 
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 𝒃 bd
𝒂 2. Calculate resisting moment coefficient, R .
n
𝒄
𝜷𝟏 𝒇𝒔 𝟐
𝑹𝒏 𝝆𝒇𝒔 𝝆𝟐
𝟏. 𝟕𝒇′𝒄
2. Calculate nominal flexural strength, Mn
𝒂 𝒂
𝑴𝒏 𝑪 𝒅 𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝒏 𝑻 𝒅
𝟐 𝟐 3. Calculate the flexural strength of the beam.
𝑴𝒖 𝝓𝑹𝒏 𝒃𝒅𝟐
3. Apply Strength Reduction Factor, 
𝝆𝒇𝒔
Strength =  Mn 𝑴𝒖 𝝓𝝆𝒇𝒔 𝟏 𝒃𝒅𝟐
𝟏. 𝟕𝒇𝒄 ′
where  = 0.90 if tension controlled
= use linear interpolation for
transition region
Section Classification:
Tension-controlled Compression-controlled
Transition-zone Section
Section Section
using Strain 𝛆𝒕 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝛆𝒕 𝛆𝒚 𝛆𝒕 𝛆𝒚
𝟑 𝟑
using 𝒄 𝒄 𝒅 𝒅 𝒄 𝒄𝒃 𝒄 𝒄𝒃
𝟖 𝒕 𝟖 𝒕
using Steel Ratio 𝝆 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑻𝑪 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑻𝑪 𝝆 𝝆𝒃 𝝆 𝝆𝒃

using Stress 𝒇𝒔 𝒇𝒚

Note:
0.85𝑓 600 𝑑
𝜌 𝛽
𝑓 600 𝑓 𝑑

0.85𝑓 3 𝑑
𝜌 𝛽
𝑓 8 𝑑
0.003 ε
𝜌
0.008

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 4
ANALYSIS/INVESTIGATION OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS Problem 4 Problem 6
Given data of a concrete beam: Given Beam Data:
Problem 1
Beam width, bw = 300mm Beam width, bw = 300mm
A reinforced concrete beam is 250 mm wide with an
Effective depth, d = 500mm Tension steel bars = 8 – ϕ25mm equally-placed
effective depth of 400 mm. Use f’c= 21 MPa and fy = 275
Concrete strength , fc’ = 28 MPa in 2 layers
MPa. The section is reinforced with 4 – ϕ25mm bars. U =
Steel yield strength, fy = 415 MPa Effective depth to centroid
1.2D + 1.6L.
of entire reinforcement, d = 512.5 mm
The beam has 2 – ϕ25mm bars at the compression side
1. Compute for the nominal flexural strength. Effective depth to centroid
having an effective cover of 65mm. If said bars are found of outer layer reinforcement, dt = 537.5 mm
2. Calculate the design flexural strength of the section. necessary to resist the loads, the effect of the concrete
Concrete strength, fc’ = 42 MPa
3. Calculate the safe service live load moment if the displaced by said reinforcements shall not be neglected.
Steel yield strength, fy = 415 MPa
service moment from total dead load is 96 kN-m. Use the 2010/2015 NSCP.
4. If the beam is 5m long with a moment from total dead 1. What is the design moment capacity of the beam in kN- 1. Determine the location of the neutral axis of the section.
load of 96 kN-m, find the maximum moving m if the tension steel As = 4 – ϕ28mm placed in one 2. Determine the value of strength reduction factor 𝜙 for
concentrated service live load that can be supported layer only. flexure in accordance with the 2010 NSCP.
by the beam. 2. What is the design moment capacity of the beam in kN- 3. Determine the design flexural strength of the section in
m if the tension steel As = 6 – ϕ28mm placed in two kN-m.
layers with the outmost layer placed under a depth of
Problem 2
530mm.
A reinforced concrete beam is 300 mm wide with an
effective depth of 400 mm. Use f’c= 21 MPa and fy = 415 3. What is the stress (MPa) in the 2- ϕ25mm bars if the Problem 7
MPa. The section is reinforced with 5– ϕ28mm bars. tension steel As = 6 – ϕ28mm bars placed in two layers Given Beam Data:
with the outmost layer placed under a depth of Beam width, bw = 300mm
1. Determine the stress in the tension steel. 530mm. Concrete strength , fc’ = 24 MPa
2. Determine the total tensile force in the steel at Steel yield strength, fy = 415 MPa
nominal strength. Use 2010/2015 NSCP.
PROBLEM for PRACTICE
3. Calculate the nominal flexural strength of the section. 1. Determine the flexural strength of the section in kN-m if
Problem 5 beam is reinforced with 4 – ϕ25mm bars placed in a
A reinforced concrete beam is 300 mm wide with an single layer under an effective depth of 550mm.
Problem 3
A 4m reinforced concrete cantilever beam has a width of effective depth of 525 mm to centroid of reinforcement. 2. Determine the actual stress (MPa) in the extreme
300 mm and a total depth of 560mm with an effective depth of Use f’c= 21 MPa and fy = 415 MPa. The section is reinforced reinforcements if beam is reinforced with 6 – ϕ25mm
490 mm. It is reinforced with 5 - φ28mm tension bars. f’c = with 3 – ϕ28mm bars single layer. bars placed equally in two layers having an effective
30 MPa and fy = 415 MPa. In addition to live load and its depth of 520mm to centroid of the total tension steel
own weight, the beam carries a 150-mm-thick concrete slab 1. Which of the following gives the classification of the and 550mm to the centroid of outer layer
(casted monolithically with the beam) with a tributary section. reinforcements.
width of 4 m. The unit weight of concrete is 24 kN/m3 Use A. Tension- controlled 3. Determine the flexural strength of the section in kN-m if
2010/2015 NSCP. B. In transition but still in compliance with the NSCP. beam is reinforced with 6 – ϕ25mm bars placed
C. In transition and not in compliance with the NSCP. equally in two layers having an effective depth of
1. Determine the net tensile strain in the extreme tension
D. Compression-controlled 520mm to centroid of total tension reinforcement and
steel.
550mm to the centroid of outer layer reinforcements.
2. Determine the value of neutral axis to depth dt ratio. 2. Determine the stress in the tension reinforcements at
failure.
3. Determine the value of strength reduction factor for
determining the design flexural strength. 3. Determine the value of strength reduction factor 𝜙 for
flexure in accordance with the 2010/2015 NSCP.
4. Calculate the design moment capacity of the beam, in kN-
m. 4. What is the design flexural strength of the section kN-m.
5. Find the maximum uniform service live load acting over
the entire span that can be supported by the beam.
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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 4
Problem 8
A 6 m concrete beam is simply supported at the ends.
The beam has a width b = 300 mm and a total depth h =
450 mm. It is reinforced with 4 - 25mm ø at the tension side
and 2 - 25mm ø at the compression side with 70 mm cover
to centroid of reinforcements. fc’ = 35 MPa, fy = 415 MPa.
To simplify the solution, ignore compression steel when
steel ratio ρ < ρmax. At ultimate condition, U = 1.2D + 1.6L.

1. Determine the depth of the rectangular stress block.

2. Determine the nominal flexural strength, Mn.
3. Determine the total factored uniform load including
the beam’s weight, the beam could safely support.
4. If the beam spacing is 3m, determine the safe service
floor live load (kPa) if the beam already carries 24.7
kN/m total factored dead load.

Problem 9
Given Beam Data:
Beam width, bw = 300mm
Concrete strength , fc’ = 24 MPa
Steel yield strength, fy = 415 MPa
Use 2010/2015 NSCP.

The beam has 3 – ϕ25mm bars at the compression side

having an effective cover of 60mm. If said bars are found
necessary to resist the loads, the effect of the concrete
displaced by said reinforcements shall not be neglected.
Use the 2010/2015 NSCP.

1. Determine the flexural strength of the section in kN-m if

beam is reinforced with 4 – ϕ25mm bars placed in a
single layer under an effective depth of 570mm.
2. Determine the actual stress (MPa) in the reinforcements
if beam is reinforced with 8 – ϕ25mm bars placed
equally in two layers having an effective depth of
540mm to centroid of the total tension steel and
570mm to the centroid of outer layer reinforcements.
3. Determine the flexural strength of the section in kN-m if
beam is reinforced with 8 – ϕ25mm bars placed
equally in two layers having an effective depth of
540mm to centroid of total tension reinforcement and
570mm to the centroid of outer layer reinforcements.

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 5
Problem 1
The floor system shown in the given figure is composed of
2010 NSCP 2015 NSCP parallel beams with span length of 4m is 300mm wide having an
effective depth of 460 mm casted monolithically with the concrete
406.3.2 T-beam Geometry slab 100 mm thick. Steel yield strength fy=415 MPa and concrete
408.11 T-BEAM CONSTRUCTION
strength f’c=24 MPa. If section is reinforced for tension only,
408.11.1 In T-beam construction, the flange and web shall be built 406.3.2.1 For non-prestressed T-beams supporting monolithic or determine the following if the beam carries a total factored load of
integrally or otherwise effectively bonded together. composite slabs, the effective flange width bf shall include the 68 kN/m:
beam web width bw plus an effective overhanging flange width
in accordance with Table 406.3.2.1, where h is the slab thickness
408.11.2 Width of slab effective as a T-beam flange shall not and Sw is the clear distance to the adjacent web.
exceed one fourth the span length of the beam, and the effective
overhanging flange width on each side of the web shall not
exceed: Flange Effective overhanging flange width,
location beyond face of web
1. eight times the slab thickness; 1. The effective flange width for a T-beam based on NSCP 2010
8h
2. one-half the clear distance to the next web. Each side of provision.
Least of: sw/2
web
ln/8 2. The effective flange width for a T-beam based on NSCP 2015
408.11.3 For beams with a slab on one side only, the effective Least of: 6h provision. Assume 300x300mm column dimension.
overhanging flange width shall not exceed: One side of
sw/2
web 3. The depth of compression block of the T-beam in order for
1. one-twelfth the span length of the beam; ln/12
the reinforcement reach the strain corresponding to fy just as
2. six times the slab thickness; the concrete in compression reaches its assumed crushing
3. one-half the clear distance to the next web. strain of 0.003, if effective flange width is 900 mm.
406.3.2.2 Isolated nonprestressed T-beams in which the flange is
408.13.4 Isolated beams, in which the T-shape is used to provide a used to provide additional compression area shall have a flange 4. The tension reinforcement area in order for the
flange for additional compression area, shall have a flange thickness greater than or equal to 0.5bw and an effective flange reinforcement reach the strain corresponding to fy just as the
thickness not less than one-half the width of web and an width less than or equal to 4bw. concrete in compression reaches its assumed crushing s rain
effective flange width not more than four times the width of web. of 0.003 if positive bending moment is considered and if
effective flange width is 900 mm.

Problem 2
A T-beam section has a flange width of 600 mm, flange
thickness of 100 mm, width of web of 350 mm, effective depth
Minimum Flexural Reinforcement: of 535 mm and a total depth of 600 mm. Use f’c = 21 MPa and
fy = 415 MPa. The section is required to resist a total service
𝑓𝑐 dead load moment of 260 kN-m and a service live load moment
𝐴 𝑏 𝑑
4𝑓 of 142 kN-m. Use 𝜙 = 0.90 and U = 1.2D + 1.6L.
1.4 1. Determine the required nominal strength for the
𝐴 𝑏 𝑑 concrete beam section.
𝑓
2. Determine the maximum height of the rectangular stress
If flange is in tension, bw is replaced by either block for a tension-controlled section.
2bw or the width of the flange, whichever is smaller.
3. Calculate the required depth of the concrete rectangular
stress block.
4. Calculate the required reinforcement area.
5. Determine the number of 28mm required as tension
reinforcement.

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 5
Problem 3 Problem 6 Problem 8
A pre-cast concrete T-beam section has a flange width of Given: Slab thickness, t = 175mm Given: Slab thickness, t = 100 mm
600 mm, flange thickness of 100 mm, width of web of 300 Effective depth, d = 300 mm Effective depth, d = 550 mm (from slab surface)
mm, effective depth of 580 mm and a total depth of 650 mm. Web width, bw = 250 mm Web width, bw = 300 mm
Use f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 415 MPa. The section is reinforced Beam spacing = 2.0m on centers
with 4 - 25mmØ bars in tension. Materials: Concrete, fc’ = 24 MPa Simple span = 4.8 m.
Steel bar, fy = 415 MPa
1. Calculate the depth of compression block. 𝜙 = 0.90 Materials: Concrete, fc’ = 28 MPa
2. Compute for the strain in the tension steel. Concrete slab casted monolithically with the beam. The steel bars Steel bar, fy = 415 MPa
will be distributed in one layer only.
3. Calculate the design flexural strength of the section. 1. If the equivalent width of the concrete flange from the slab bf The slab is casted monolithically with the beam and steel
4. If the beam is 8m long, find the maximum concentrated = 600mm, determine the value of the balanced steel area of bars to be placed in one layer only. Determine the
service live load acting at midspan that can be supported the section following:
by the beam if it already carries a total service uniform 2. The number of pcs. of 32mmΦ bars required for the
dead load of 24kN/m. U = 1.2D + 1.6L. beam to resist a design moment of 600 kN-m.
Problem 7
Given beam cross section shown in Figure - 2 3. If the effective flange width is 600mm determine the
Problem 4 number of pcs. of 32mmΦ bars required for the beam to
A pre-cast concrete T-beam section has a flange width of resist a design moment of 700 kN-m.
550 mm, flange thickness of 100 mm, width of web of 350 mm,
effective depth of 580 mm and a total depth of 650 mm. Use f’c
= 21 MPa and fy = 415 MPa. The section is reinforced with 5 - Problem 9
28mmØ bars in tension. Concrete beams 8 meters long and spaced 4m center-to-
1. Calculate the depth of rectangular stress block. center are used to support a concrete slab 115 mm thick
constructed monolithically with the beams. The beams were
2. Compute for the strain in the tension steel.
designed for tension only in positive bending and has an
3. Calculate the design flexural strength of the section. effective depth of 650 mm measured from the slab surface, bw
4. Determine the total factored uniform load including the = 300 mm. Steel yield strength fy = 415 MPa and concrete
beam’s weight, the beam could safely support if the beam strength fc’ = 21 MPa. USE THE 2010 NSCP TO SOLVE THE
is 8m. REQUIREMENTS.
1. Which of the following most nearly gives the width of
slab effective as T-beam, in mm?
PROBLEM for PRACTICE
Concrete, fc’ = 28 MPa
2. Which of the following most nearly gives the ultimate
Problem 5 Steel bar, fy = 415 MPa
moment capacity of the beam in kN-m if reinforced with
Given: Slab thickness, t = 100 mm USE 2010 NSCP
six 28mm bars?
Effective depth, d = 550 mm (from slab surface) Determine the following:
Web width, bw = 300 mm
Beam spacing = 2.0m on centers 1. The depth of the compression stress block in mm.
Column = 300x300mm
2. The ultimate negative moment capacity of the section.
Column spacing = 4.8 m on centers
Materials: Concrete, fc’ = 28 MPa
Steel bar, fy = 400 MPa
The slab is casted monolithically wit the beam and steel bars to
be placed in one layer only. Determine the following:
1. The effective width of the slab (mm) acting as concrete flange
in the design of the beam for positive bending. 2010 NSCP
2. The effective width of the slab (mm) acting as concrete flange
in the design of the beam for positive bending. 2015 NSCP

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 6

PROVISIONS FROM 2015 NSCP:

Table 409.6.3.1 Table 409.7.6.2.2
409.4.3 FACTORED SHEAR Cases where 𝑨𝒗,𝒎𝒊𝒏 is not required if Maximum Spacing of Shear Reinforcement
409.4.3.1 For beams built integrally with supports, Vu at the 𝟎. 𝟓𝝓𝑽𝒄 𝑽𝒖 𝝓𝑽𝒄
support shall be permitted to be calculated at the face of Maximum s, mm
support. Beam Type Conditions
𝑽𝒔 Non-
Prestressed
409.4.3.2 Sections between the face of support and a critical Shallow Depth ℎ 250 𝑚𝑚. prestressed
beam
section located d from the face of support for non- beam
prestressed beams and h/2 from the face of support for ℎ 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 2.5𝑡 𝑜𝑟 0.5𝑏
Integral with Slab 𝑑 3ℎ
prestressed beams shall be permitted to be designed for ℎ 600𝑚𝑚.
Vu at that critical section if (a) through (c) are satisfied: 0.33 𝑓 ′𝑏 𝑑 Lesser of: 2 4
Constructed with steel 600
a. Support reaction, in direction of applied shear, fibered reinforced
introduces compression into the end region of the normal-weight concrete ℎ 600𝑚𝑚. 𝑑 3ℎ
beam; conforming to Sections 4 8
and 0.33 𝑓 ′𝑏 𝑑 Lesser of:
b. Loads are applied at or near the top surface of the 426.4.1.5.1(a), 300
beam; 426.4.2.2(d), and 𝑉 0.17𝜙 𝑓 ′𝑏 𝑑
426.12.5.1(a) and with
c. No concentrated load occurs between the face of 𝑓 40 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
support and critical section.
One-way joist system in accordance with Section 409.8
409.5.3.1 Vn shall be calculated in accordance with Section 422.5 ONE‐WAY SHEAR STRENGTH
422.5. 422.5.1 GENERAL
422.5.1.1 Nominal one-way shear strength at a section, Vn ,
Table 409.6.3.3 shall be calculated by:
409.5.3.2 For composite concrete beams, horizontal shear
Required 𝑨𝒗,𝒎𝒊𝒏 .
strength Vnh shall be calculated in accordance with Section 𝑽𝒏 𝑽𝒄 𝑽𝒔 (422.5.l.l)
416.4. Beam Type 𝑨𝒗,𝒎𝒊𝒏 /𝒔
422.5.1.2 Cross-sectional dimensions shall be selected to
Non-prestressed; 𝑏 satisfy Eq. 422.5.1.2.
409.6.3 MINIMUM SHEAR REINFORCEMENT 0.062 𝑓 ′ a
𝑓

Greater of:
409.6.3.1 A minimum area of shear reinforcement, Av,min , shall Prestressed with 𝑽𝒖 𝝓 𝑽𝒄 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕 𝒇𝒄 ′𝒃𝒘 𝒅 (422.5.1.2)
be provided in all regions where Vu > 0.5𝜙Vc except for 𝐴 𝑓
the cases in Table 409.6.3.1, where at least Av.min shall be 𝑏 422.5.1.3 For non-prestressed members, Vc shall be calculated
0.40 𝐴 𝑓 0.35 b
provided where Vu > 0.5𝜙Vc. 𝐴 𝑓 𝑓 in accordance with Sections 422.5.5, 422.5.6, or 422.5.7.

409.6.3.2 If shown by testing that the required Mn and Vn can 𝑏

0.062 𝑓 ′ c
be developed, Section 409.6.3.1 need not be satisfied. Greater 𝑓 422.5.5 VC FOR NON‐PRESTRESSED MEMBERS WITHOUT
Such tests shall simulate effects of differential settlement, Prestressed with AXIAL FORCE
of: 𝑏
Lesser of:

creep, shrinkage, and temperature change, based on a 𝐴 𝑓 0.35 422.5.5.1 For non-prestressed members without axial force,
d
realistic assessment of these effects occurring in service. 0.40 𝐴 𝑓 𝑓 Vc shall be calculated by:
𝐴 𝑓 𝑽𝒄 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕λ 𝒇𝒄 ′𝒃𝒘 𝒅 (422.5.5.1)
409.6.3.3 If shear reinforcement is required and torsional 𝐴 𝑓 𝑑
effects can be neglected according to Section 409.5.4.1, e
80𝑓 𝑑 𝑏 unless a more detailed calculation is made in accordance
Av,min shall be in accordance with Table 409.6.3.3.
with Table 422.5.5.1.

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 6

Table 422.5.5.1 422.5.7 VC FOR NON‐PRESTRESSED MEMBERS WITH 422.5.10.5.5 For each rectangular tie, stirrup, hoop, or
Detailed Method for Calculating Vc SIGNIFICANT AXIAL TENSION crosstie, Av shall be the effective area of all bar legs or
4422.5.7.1 For non-prestressed members with significant wires within spacing s.
𝑽𝒄 axial tension, Vc shall be calculated by:
422.5.10.5.6 For each circular tie or spiral, Av shall be two
𝑉𝑑 𝑵𝒖 times the area of the bar or wire within spacing s.
0.16λ 𝑓 ′ 17𝜌 𝑏 𝑑 (a) 𝑽𝒄 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕 𝟏 λ 𝒇𝒄 ′𝒃𝒘 𝒅 422.5.7.1
𝑀 𝟑. 𝟓𝑨𝒈
Least of (a),
(b) and (c): 0.16λ 𝑓 ′ 17𝜌 𝑏 𝑑 (b) where Nu is negative for tension, and Vc shall not be less
than zero.
0.29λ 𝑓 ′𝑏 𝑑 (c)

422.5.10.5 One‐way Shear Strength Provided by

Transverse Reinforcement
422.5.10.5.1 In non-prestressed and prestressed members,
422.5.6 VC FOR NON‐PRESTRESSED MEMBERS WITH shear reinforcement satisfying (a), (b), or (c) shall be
AXIAL COMPRESSION permitted:
422.5.6.1 For non-prestressed members with axial
compression, Vc shall be calculated by; a. Stirrups, ties, or hoops perpendicular to longitudinal
axis of member;
𝑵𝒖
𝑽𝒄 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕 𝟏 λ 𝒇𝒄 ′𝒃𝒘 𝒅 422.5.6.1 b. Axial welded wire reinforcement with wires located
𝟏𝟒𝑨𝒈
perpendicular to longitudinal axis of member;
unless a more detailed calculation is made in accordance
c. Spiral reinforcement.
with Table 422.5.6.1, where Nu is positive for
compression. 422.5.10.5.2 Inclined stirrups making an angle of at least 45
degrees with the longitudinal axis of the member and
Table 422.5.6.1
crossing the plane of the potential shear crack shall be
Detailed Method for Calculating Vc
permitted to be used as shear reinforcement in non-
𝑽𝒄 prestressed members.
422.5.10.5.3 Vs for shear reinforcement in Section
𝑉𝑑 422.5.10.5.1 shall be calculated by:
0.16λ 𝑓 ′ 17𝜌 𝑏 𝑑 (a)
4ℎ 𝑑
𝑀 𝑁 8 𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚𝒕 𝒅
𝑽𝒔 422.5.10.3
Least 𝒔
of Equation not applicable if:
where s is the spiral pitch or the longitudinal spacing of
(a), 4ℎ 𝑑 the shear reinforcement and Av is given in Section
(b) 𝑀 𝑁 0 (b)
8 422.5.10.5.5 or 422.5.10.5.6.
and
(c): 422.5.10.5.4 Vs for shear reinforcement in Section
422.5.10.5.2 shall be calculated by:
0.29𝑁
0.29λ 𝑓 ′𝑏 𝑑 1 (c) 𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 𝒅
𝐴 𝑽𝒔 422.5.10.4
𝒔
where 𝜶 is the angle between the inclined stirrups and the
longitudinal axis of the member, s is measured parallel to
the longitudinal reinforcement, and Av is given in Section
422.5.10.5.5.

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 6
PROVISIONS FROM 2010 NSCP: 411.6 SHEAR STRENGTH PROVIDED BY SHEAR
REINFORCEMENT
411.2 SHEAR STRENGTH 411.4.1.3 For members subject to significant axial tension,
shear reinforcement shall be designed to carry total shear, 411.6.1 Types of Shear Reinforcement.
411.2.1 Design of cross section subject to shear shall be 411.6.1.1 Shear reinforcement consisting of the following
based on unless a more detailed calculation is made using Section
shall be permitted:
411.4.2.1 through 411.4.2.3.
1. Stirrups perpendicular to axis of member
𝝋𝑽𝒏 𝑽𝒖 (411-1)
411.4.2 Detailed calculation for Vc. Shear strength Vc shall 2. Welded wire fabric with wires located perpendicular to
where Vu is factored shear force at section considered and Vn be permitted to be computed by the more detailed calculation axis of member.
is nominal shear strength computed by of Section 411.4.2.1 through Sec. 411.4.2.3.
3. Spirals, circular ties, or hoops.
𝑽𝒏 𝑽𝒄 𝑽𝒔 (411-2) 411.4.2.1 For members subject to shear and flexure only, 411.6.1.2 For non-prestressed members, shear reinforcement
𝑽𝒖 𝒅 shall be permitted to also consist of:
where Vc is nominal shear strength provided by concrete in 𝑽𝒄 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕λ 𝒇𝒄 ′ 𝟏𝟕𝝆𝒘 𝒃 𝒅 411_ 5
𝑴𝒖 𝒘 1. Stirrups making an angle of 45 degrees or more with
accordance with Sec. 411.4 or Sec. 411.5 and Vs is nominal
longitudinal tension reinforcement.
shear strength provided by shear reinforcement in accordance but not greater than 0.29λ 𝑓 ′bwd. Quantity Vu d / Mu shall
with Sec. 411.6.6. 2. Longitudinal reinforcement with bent portion making an
not be taken greater than 1.0 in computing Vc by Equation angle of 30 degrees or more with the longitudinal tension
411.2.3 Computations of maximum factored shear force Vu at (411-5), where Mu is factored moment occurring reinforcement.
supports in accordance with Sec. 411.2.3.1 or Sec. 411.2.3.2 simultaneously with Vu at section considered.
3. Combination of stirrups and bent longitudinal
shall be permitted when both of the following conditions are 411.4.2.2 For members subject to axial compression, it shall reinforcement.
satisfied: be permitted to compute Vc using Equation (411-5) with Mm 411.6.2 Design yield strength of shear reinforcement shall
1. Support reaction, in direction of applied shear, introduces substituted for Mu and Vu d / Mu not then limited to 1.0, where not exceed 415 MPa, except that the design yield strength of
compression into the end regions of member, and 𝟒𝒉 𝒅 welded deformed wire fabric shall not exceed 550 MPa.
𝑴𝒎 𝑴𝒖 𝑵𝒖 411_ 6
2. Loads are applied at or near the top of the member; and 𝟖 411.6.3 Where the provisions of Section 411.6 are applied to
3. No concentrated load occurs between face of support and prestressed members, d shall be taken as the distance from
However, Vc shall not be taken greater than
location of critical section defined in Sections 411.2.3.1 or extreme compression fiber to centroid of the prestressed and
411.2.3.2. non-prestressed longitudinal tension reinforcement, if any, but
𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝑵𝒖 need not be taken less than 0.80h.
𝑽𝒄 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗 𝟏 λ 𝒇𝒄 ′𝒃𝒘 𝒅 411_ 7
411.2.3.1 For non-prestressed members, sections located less 𝑨𝒈
than a distance d from face of support shall be permitted to be 411.6.4 Stirrups and other bars or wires used as shear
designed for the same shear Vu as that computed at a distance reinforcement shall extend to a distance “d” from extreme
Quantity Nu/Ag shall be expressed in MPa. When Mm as
d. compression fiber and shall be anchored at both ends
computed by Equation (411-6) is negative, Vc shall be according to Section 412.14 to develop the design yield
computed by Equation (411-7). strength of the member.
411.4 SHEAR STRENGTH PROVIDED BY CONCRETE FOR 411.4.2.3 For members subject to significant axial tension,
NON‐PRESTRESSED MEMBERS 411.6.5 Spacing Limits for Shear Reinforcement
𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝑵𝒖
𝑽𝒄 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕 𝟏 λ 𝒇𝒄 ′𝒃𝒘 𝒅 411_ 8 411.6.5.1 Spacing of shear reinforcement placed
411.4.1Simplified calculation for Vc. Shear strength Vc shall 𝑨𝒈 perpendicular to axis of member shall not exceed d/2 in non-
be computed by provisions of Sections 411.4.1.1 through prestressed members and 0.75h in prestressed members or
But not less than zero, where Nu is negative for tension.
411.4.1.3 unless a more detailed calculation is made in 600 mm.
Quantity Nu/Ag shall be expressed in MPa.
accordance with 411.4.2.
411.6.5.2 Inclined stirrups and bent longitudinal
411.4.1.1 For members subject to shear and flexure only, 411.4.3 Circular Members reinforcement shall be so spaced that every 45-degree line
For circular members, the area used to compute Vc shall be extending toward the reaction from mid-depth of member d/2
𝑽𝒄 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕λ 𝒇𝒄 ′𝒃𝒘 𝒅 (411-3) to longitudinal tension reinforcement, shall be crossed by at
taken as the product of the diameter and the effective depth of
least one line of shear reinforcement.
411.4.1.2 For members subject to axial compression. the concrete section. It shall be permitted to take the effective
depth as 0.8 times the diameter of the concrete section. 411.6.4.3 When Vs exceed 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 𝒇𝒄 𝒃𝒘𝒅, maximum spacing
𝑵𝒖
𝑽𝒄 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕 𝟏 λ 𝒇𝒄 ′𝒃𝒘 𝒅 411_ 4 given in Section 411.6.5.1 and Section 411.6.5.2 shall be
𝟏𝟒𝑨𝒈 reduced by one-half.
Quantity Nu/Ag shall be expressed in MPa.
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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 6
411.6.5 Minimum Shear Reinforcement 411.6.7.4 When inclined stirrups are used as shear
411.6.5.1 A minimum area of shear reinforcement, 𝐴 , reinforcement,
shall be provided in all reinforced concrete flexural members 𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚 𝒅
(prestressed and non-prestressed) where Vu exceeds 0.5ØVc, 𝑽𝒔 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 411_ 16
𝒔
except in members satisfying one or more of (1)
through (6): 411.6.7.9 — Shear strength Vs shall not be taken greater than
Solid slabs and footings: 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔 𝒇𝒄 ′𝒃𝒘 𝒅.
1. Hollow-core units with total unstopped depth not greater
than 300mm and hollow-core units where; SUMMARYOF PROVISIONSFORWEBREINFORCEMENT(2010 NSCP)
2. Vu is not greater than 0.5ϕVcw;
Vc
3. Concrete joist construction defined by Section 408.14; 1. when Vu  , stirrups are not required
4. Beams with total depth not greater than 250mm;
2
𝐴 𝑓
5. Beams integral with slabs with total depth h not greater 𝑠 , or Base on
than 600mm, and not greater than 2.5 times thickness of 0.062 𝑓 𝑏 minimum
flange or 0.50 the width of web;
Vc 𝐴 𝑓
shear area
6. Beams constructed of steel fiber-reinforced, normal 2. when  Vu  Vc , requirement
2 𝑠
weight concrete with fc’ not exceeding 40 MPa, not greater 0.35𝑏
than 600mm, and Vu not greater than 𝜙0.17 𝑓 𝑏 𝑑.
𝑑
411.6.6.3 Where shear reinforcement is required by Section 𝑠 or 600mm
2
411.6.6.1 or for strength and where Section 411.7.1 allows
torsion to be neglected, the minimum area of shear
reinforcement for prestressed (except as provided in Section 𝐴 𝑓
𝑠 , or Base on
411.6.6.4) and non-prestressed members shall be computed by 0.062 𝑓 𝑏 minimum
𝒃𝒘 𝒔
𝑨𝒗,𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟐 𝒇𝒄 ′ 411_ 13 shear area
𝒇𝒚𝒕 𝐴 𝑓
𝑠 requirement
but shall not be less than (0.35bws)/fyt, where bw and s are in 3. when 𝑉 0.33 𝑓 𝑏 𝑑 0.35𝑏
millimeters. 𝑉 3𝜙𝑉 * Base on
𝐴 𝑓 𝑑
𝑠 → strength
411.6.7 Design of Shear Reinforcement 𝑉
requirement
411.6.7.1 Where factored shear force Vu exceed shear
𝑑
strength Vc, shear reinforcement shall be provided to satisfy 𝑠 or 600mm
Equations (411-1) and (411-2), where shear strength Vs shall 2
be computed in accordance with Sections 411.6.7.2 through
Section 411.6.7.9. 𝐴 𝑓 𝑑
𝑠
4. when 0.33 𝑓 𝑏 𝑑 𝑉 0.66 𝑓 𝑏 𝑑 𝑉
411.6.7.2 When shear reinforcement perpendicular to axis of
member is used, 3𝜙𝑉 𝑉 5𝜙𝑉 * 𝑑
𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚 𝒅 𝑠 or 300mm
𝑽𝒔 411_ 15 4
𝒔
where Av is the area of shear reinforcement within a distance s.
411.6.6.3 When circular ties, hoops, or spirals are used as Beam is too small to accommodate
shear reinforcement, Vs shall be computed using equation 5. when 𝑉 0.66 𝑓 𝑏 𝑑 shear reinforcements.
(411-15) where d shall be taken as the effective depth defined Revise by increasing beam
in Section 411.4.3. Av shall be taken as two times the area of 𝑉 5𝜙𝑉 * dimensions.
the bar in a circular tie, hoop, or spiral at a spacing s, and fyh is
the specified yield strength of circular tie, hoop, or spiral
*for members subject to shear and flexure only.
reinforcement.

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 6
Problem 1 Pu 3. Calculate the required stirrup spacing if the factored shear at
A simply supported beam 6 meters long is 300 mm wide critical section is Vu = 350 kN.
with an effective depth of 500 mm. It supports a total factored Mu
uniform load of 120 kN/m. f’c= 28 Mpa, fy = 415 MPa and fyt = Vu
275 MPa. Use 2010/2015 NSCP. 400 PROBLEM for PRACTICE
1. Calculate the factored shear at the critical section. Problem 5
Given data of a reinforced concrete beam:
2. Find the nominal shear strength provided by concrete. 600 Clear span = 5.5m
3. When the shear reinforcement is required, determine the Factored uniform load = 30 kN/m
Beam width = 300mm
minimum reinforcement area, Av,min set by the code, if Vu
Overall depth = 600mm
spacing is 250mm. Effective depth = 510mm
Mu
4. Find the distance from supports where stirrups are no Pu Materials: fc’ = 24 MPa
longer required. fy t= 275 MPa (for shear reinforcement)
1. Determine the concrete nominal shear strength (kN) for Strength reduction factor = 0.75
5. Calculate the theoretical spacing of 10mmØ stirrups using the (+)X-direction of WL using simplified calculation. 1. Find the factored shear (kN) at the critical section if the
the shear at the critical section. 2. Determine the concrete nominal shear strength (kN) for beam is supported by a 500mmx500mm column.
the (-)X-direction of WL using simplified calculation.
2. Find the factored shear (kN) at the critical section if the
Problem 2 (Similar to Nov. 2016 Exam) 3. Determine the required spacing (mm) of the shear
beam is framed to a 400mmx600mm girder.
Refer to figure CCM-10.05 and RC-02 for simplified reinforcements. Apply code provisions on spacing limits
calculation for shear. of reinforcement where applicable. 3. if the beam is reinforced with 3-legs of 10mm𝜙 vertical
Given: bxh = 400mm x 600mm 4. If the spacing of the lateral reinforcements is 150mm, shear reinforcements spaced at 100mm on centers,
Ast = 8x32mm𝜙 bars determine the value of the factored shear strength capacity determine the shear strength Vu of the sections.
Clear cover to 12mm𝜙 lateral ties = 40mm (kN) if the section is subjected to a significant axial tensile
Concrete (normal weight), fc’ = 28 MPa load Nu = 450 KN 4. If the beam carries the given factored uniform load only,
Steel fy = 415 MPa find the location from face of support (m) where the shear
Shear strength reduction factor = 0.75 reinforcements will be theoretically terminated.
Due to reversal lateral force, the design axial load due to Problem 3
combined effect of DL, LL, and WL change as follows: A concrete beam section with f’c = 25 MPa is 250 mm
For WL to the (+)X direction: Mu=-420 kN-m; Vu=+370kN; wide, 500 mm deep has a 435 mm effective depth. It is Problem 6
Nu=+1,320 kN reinforced with 1902 mm2 of tension steel with fy = 275 MPa. Given data of a reinforced concrete beam:
Using the more detailed calculations of Section 411.4.2 of the Beam width = 300mm
For WL to the (-)X direction: Mu=+420 kN-m; Vu=-370kN;
Nu=+450 kN 2010 NSCP, determine Vc, the nominal shear strength of Effective depth = 600mm
RC‐02 concrete considering the following cases: Stirrups = 2-legs 10mm𝜙
Materials: fc’ = 21 MPa (Normal weight concrete)
411.4.1 Simplified calculation for Vc. Shear strength Vc shall be
1. Vu = 270 kN, Mu = 100 kN-m fy t= 275 MPa (for shear reinforcement)
computed by provisions of Sections 411.4.1.1 through 411.4.1.3
unless a more detailed calculation is made in accordance with 2. Vu = 270 kN, Mu = 100 kN-m and axial compression Nu = Strength reduction factor = 0.75, use 2010 NSCP.
411.4.2. 180 kN 1. Determine the required spacing of stirrups if Vu = 50 kN
411.4.1.1 For members subject to shear and flexure only, 3. Vu = 270 kN, Mu = 100 kN-m and axial tension Nu = -180 2. Determine the required spacing of stirrups if Vu = 100 kN
kN
Vc  0.17  f c bw d (411‐3)
3. Determine the required spacing of stirrups if Vu = 200 kN
411.4.1.2 For members subject to axial compression.
4. Determine the required spacing of stirrups if Vu = 550 kN
Problem 4
 N 
Vc  0.17 1 u   fcbw d (411‐4) A reinforced concrete beam is 300 mm wide with an
 14A  effective depth of 500 mm. f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 275 MPa. The
 g  Problem 7(Similar to Nov. 2016 Exam)
Quantity Nu/Ag shall be expressed in MPa. section is to be reinforced for shear using 10mm stirrups. Use Given:
 = 0.75. Apply necessary provisions on spacing limit. Beam dimensions, b × h = 350 mm × 450 mm
411.4.1.3 For members subject to significant axial tension, shear Effective cover of steel reinforcement = 75 mm
reinforcement shall be designed to carry total shear, unless a 1. Calculate the required stirrup spacing if the factored shear
Concrete, fc’ = 27.5 MPa
more detailed calculation is made using Section 411.4.2.1 through at critical section is Vu = 60 kN.
Main reinforcing steel, fyl = 415 MPa
411.4.2.3. 2. Calculate the required stirrup spacing if the factored shear at Stirrups, fyv = 275 MPa
critical section is Vu = 215 kN. Shear strength reduction factor = 0.75

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 6
Beam is subjected to shear and flexure only.
1. If the beam is reinforced with 3 legs of 10 mm diameter
stirrups spaced at 90 mm on center, determine the shear
strength, Vu (kN), of the beam?
2. To develop shear strength of 375 kN, find the spacing
(mm) of 16 mm diameter stirrups, consisting of 3 legs.
3. Determine the allowable maximum spacing (mm) of 2
legs of 10 mm diameter stirrups?

Problem 8
Refer to RC-02 for simplified calculation for shear.
Given: Column diameter, D = 600mm
Longitudinal steel, Ast= 8x28mm𝜙 bars w/ fy = 415 MPa
Lateral ties, 12mm𝜙 with fyt = 275 MPa
Concrete (normal weight), fc’ = 27.5 MPa
Shear strength reduction factor = 0.75
Factored axial compression force = 3,000 kN
600
1. What is the shear stress area of concrete, in mm2?
2. What is the design shear strength capacity of the concrete
along the x-direction, in kN.
3. What is the design shear strength capacity of ties, in kN, if 450
the spacing of the ties is 75mm.

Problem 9 Figure 2
Refer to RC-02 simplified calculation for shear and
FIGURE-2.
Data of a concrete column are as follows :
Dimensions, b x h = 450mm x 600mm
Ast = 16-25mmϕ bars with fy = 415 MPa
Lateral ties = 12mmϕ spaced at 100mm on centers
Effective cover to centroid of vertical
steel bars on each side = 65 mm
Concrete (normal-weight) , fc’ = 27.5 MPa with λ = 1.0
Lateral ties, fyt = 275 MPa
Shear strength reduction factor = 0.75
Factored axial compression force, Nu = 3560 KN
1. Determine the shear capacity of the concrete, Vc (KN),
along the y-axis.
2. Determine the shear capacity of the concrete, Vc (KN),
along the x-axis.
3. Determine the shear capacity of the tie reinforcements, Vs
(KN), along the x-axis.

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 7
2010 NSCP
SPIRALS and TIES 410.4 GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND 410.9 DESIGN DIMENSIONS FOR COMPRESSION
407.11 LATERAL REINFORCEMENT FOR REQUIREMENTS MEMBERS
COMPRESSION MEMBERS
410.4.1 Design of cross section subject to flexure or axial 410.9.4 Limits of section
407.11.1 Lateral reinforcement for compression members shall loads or to combined flexure and axial loads shall be based For a compression member with a cross section larger than
conform to the provisions of Sections 407.11.4 and 407.11.5 on stress and strain compatibility using assumptions in required by considerations of loading, it shall be permitted
and, where shear or torsion reinforcement is required, shall Section 410.3. to base the minimum reinforcement and design strength on a
also conform to provisions of Section 411. reduced effective area Ag not less than one-half the total area.
410.4.2 Balanced strain conditions exist at a cross section This provision shall not apply to special moment frames or
407.11.4 Spirals. when tension reinforcement reaches the strain corresponding special structural walls in Seismic Zone 4 that are designed
Spiral reinforcement for compression members shall conform to its specified yield strength fy just as concrete in in accordance with Section 421.
to Section 410.10.3 and to the following: compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain of 0.003.
410.10 LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT OF
407.11.4.2 For cast-in-place construction, size of spirals shall 410.4.6 Design axial load strength Pn of compression COMPRESSION MEMBERS
not be less than 10 mm diameter. members shall not be taken greater than the following:
410.10.1 Area of longitudinal reinforcement, Ast, for non-
407.11.4.3 Clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 75 composite compression members shall not be less than
410.4.6.1 For nonprestressed members with spiral
mm, nor be less than 25 mm. See also Section 403.4.2. 0.01Ag nor more than 0.08Ag.
reinforcement conforming to Section 410.11.4 or composite
members conforming to Section 410.14:
410.10.2 Minimum number of longitudinal bars in
407.11.5 Ties. compression members shall 4 for bars within rectangular or
Tie reinforcement for compression members shall conform to  Pn (max)  0.85 0.85f c  Ag  Ast   fy Ast  (410-1) circular ties, 3 for bars within triangular ties, and 6 for bars
the following: enclosed by spirals conforming to Section 410.10.3.

407.11.5.1 All nonprestressed bars shall be enclosed by lateral 410.10.3 Volumetric spiral reinforcement ratio, s, shall not
410.4.6.2 For nonprestressed members with tie
ties, at least Ø10 mm in size for longitudinal bars Ø32 mm be less than the value given by
reinforcement conforming to Section 407.11.5:
or smaller, and at least Ø12 mm in size for Ø36 mm, Ø42
mm, Ø58 mm bars and bundled longitudinal bars. Deformed 𝑨𝒈 𝒇𝒄
wire or welded wire fabric of equivalent area shall be  Pn (max)  0.80 0.85f c  Ag  Ast   fy Ast  (410-2) 𝝆𝒔 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓
𝑨𝒄𝒉
𝟏
𝒇𝒚𝒕
410 5
permitted.
410.4.7 Members subject to compressive axial load shall be where the value of 𝑓 used in Eq. 410-6 shall not exceed
407.11.5.2 Vertical spacing of ties shall not exceed 16 designed for the maximum moment that can accompany the 700 MPa. For 𝑓 greater than 415 MPa, lap splices
longitudinal bar diameters, 48 tie bar or wire diameters, or axial load. The factored axial load Pu at given eccentricity according to Section 407.11.4.5(1) shall not be used.
least dimension of the compression member. shall not exceed that given in Section 410.4.6. The
maximum factored moment Mu shall be magnified for
407.11.5.3 Ties shall be arranged such that every corner and slenderness effects in accordance with Section 410.11.
alternate longitudinal bar shall have lateral support provided
by the corner of a tie with an included angle of not more than
135 degrees and no bar shall farther than 150 mm clear on
each side along the tie from such a laterally supported bar.
Where longitudinal bars are located around the perimeter of
a circle, a complete circular tie shall be permitted.

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 7
2015 NSCP
410.6 Reinforcement Limits Table 422.4.2.1 425.7.2.3.1 Anchorage of rectilinear ties shall be provided by
410.6.1 Minimum and Maximum Longitudinal Maximum Axial Strength standard hooks that conform to Section 425.3.2 and engage
Reinforcement Transverse a longitudinal bar. A tie shall not be made up of interlocking
410.6.1.1 For non-prestressed columns and for prestressed Member Pn,max headed deformed bars.
Reinforcement
columns with average 𝒇𝒑𝒆 𝟏. 𝟔 𝑴𝑷𝒂, area of Ties conforming to
longitudinal reinforcement shall be at least 0.01Ag but shall 0.80Po (a) 425.7.2.4 Circular ties shall be permitted where longitudinal
Section 422.4.2.4
not exceed 0.08Ag. Non-prestressed bars are located around the perimeter of a circle.
Spirals conforming to
0.85Po (b)
Section 422.4.2.5
410.7.2 Reinforcement Spacing Ties 0.80Po (c) 425.7.3 Spirals
410.7.2.1 Minimum spacing s shall be m accordance with Prestressed
Spirals 0.85Po (d)
Section 425.2. 425.7.3.1 Spirals shall consist of evenly spaced continuous bar
Composite steel
or wire with clear spacing conforming to (a) and (b ):
410.7.3 Longitudinal Reinforcement and concrete All 0.85Po (e)
410.7.3.1 For non-prestressed columns and for prestressed column section a. At least the greater of 25 mm and (4/3)dagg ;
columns with average 𝒇𝒑𝒆 𝟏. 𝟔 𝑴𝑷𝒂, the minimum b. Not greater than 75 mm.
number of longitudinal bars shall be (a), (b ), or (c): 422.4.2.2 For non-prestressed members and composite steel
and concrete members, Po shall be calculated by: 425.7.3.2 For cast-in-place construction, spiral bar or wire
a. Three within triangular ties; diameter shall be at least 10 mm.
Po  0.85f c  Ag  Ast   fy Ast (422.4.2.2)
b. Four within rectangular or circular ties; 425.7.3.3 Volumetric spiral reinforcement ratio s, shall satisfy
c. Six enclosed by spirals or for columns of special where Ast is the total area of non-prestressed longitudinal Eq. 425.7.3.3.
moment frames enclosed by circular hoops. reinforcement. 𝑨𝒈 𝒇𝒄
𝝆𝒔 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 𝟏 425.7.3.3
𝑨𝒄𝒉 𝒇𝒚𝒕
410.7.6 Transverse Reinforcement 425.7.2 Ties
where the value of f yt shall not be taken greater than 700
410.7.6.1 General 425.7.2.1 Ties shall consist of a closed loop of deformed bar or MPa.
410.7.6.1.1 Transverse reinforcement shall satisfy the most deformed wire with spacing in accordance with (a) and (b):
restrictive requirements for reinforcement spacing. a. Clear spacing of at least (4/3)dagg;
410.7.6.1.2 Details of transverse reinforcement shall be in b. Center-to-center spacing shall not exceed the least of
accordance with Section 425.7.2 for ties, Section 425.7.3 for 16db of longitudinal bar, 48db of tie bar, and smallest
spirals, or Section 425.7.4 for hoops. dimension of member.
425.7.2.2 Diameter of tie bar or wire shall be at least (a) or (b):
422.4 Axial Strength or Combined Flexural and Axial a. 10 mm𝜙, enclosing 32 mm𝜙, or smaller longitudinal
Strength bars;
422.4.1 General b. 12 mm𝜙, enclosing 36 mm𝜙, or larger longitudinal bars
422.4.1.1 Nominal flexural and axial strength shall be or bundled longitudinal bars.
calculated in accordance with the assumptions of Section
425.7.2.3 Rectilinear ties shall be arranged to satisfy (a) and
422.2.
(b):
422.4.2 Maximum Axial Compressive Strength a. Every comer and alternate longitudinal bar shall have
422.4.2.1 Nominal axial compressive strength, Pn, shall not lateral support provided by the comer of a tie with an
exceed Pn.max, in accordance with Table 422.4.2.1, where Po included angle of not more than 135 degrees;
is calculated by Eq. 422.4.2.2 for non-prestressed members
and composite steel and concrete members, and by Eq. b. No unsupported bar shall be farther than 150 mm clear on
422.4.2.3 for prestressed members. each side along the tie from a laterally supported bar.

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 7
SHORT COLUMN WITH AXIAL LOAD PLASTIC CENTROID Problem 6
- the location of the resultant load when the column is A 360mm x360mm concrete tied column is to be designed for
Problem 1 compressed uniformly a factored axial load of 2200 kN. Capacity reduction factor, ϕ =
An axially loaded rectangular tied column is to be 0.65. Use the 2010 NSCP.
designed for the following service loads: - the reference point for eccentricity of loads
Dead Load, D = 1,500 kN - the plastic centroid (PC) is at the geometrical center for Materials: Concrete, fc’ = 28 MPa
Live Load, L = 835 kN symmetrical column section Steel , fy = 400 MPa
Required Strength, U = 1.2 D + 1.6 L 1. The number of pcs. 20mmØ bars for the longitudinal
Capacity Reduction Factor, Ø = 0.65 reinforcements is nearest to.
Effective Cover to Centroid of Steel Reinforcement = Problem 4 (Similar to CE Bd. Nov 2013) A. 6 B. 7 C. 8 D. 10
70 mm The section of a column is shown in the Figure-2. For this
problem, b1 = 300 mm, b2 = 180 mm, d1 = 250 mm, d2 = 350 2. The maximum allowable spacing (mm) for the 10mmØ
Concrete, fc’ = 27.5 MPa lateral reinforcements is nearest to:
Steel, fy = 415 MPa mm. f’c = 28 MPa, fy = 414 MPa.
A. 300 B. 350 C. 400 D. 450
1. Determine the location of the centroid of the gross concrete 3. If 16mmØ longitudinal bars are used, how many bars are
1. Using 3% vertical steel ratio, what is the required column area measured from the y-axis in mm. required if it will be placed on equal number of pieces on
width (mm) if architectural considerations limit the width A. 281 B. 262 C. 274 D. 253 each side of the section.
of the column in one direction to 350 mm?
2. Determine the location (mm) of the plastic neutral axis of A. 8 B. 14 C. 16 D. 20
2. If the column has a circular section, determine the required the column measured from the y-axis. Neglect the area of
minimum diameter if it is reinforced with 8-25 mm Ø bars. concrete occupied by the steel. Problem 7
3. If column Section = 450 mm x 450 mm. Vertical A. 272 B. 302 C. 282 D. 292 A 450 mm diameter concrete spiral column is to be designed
Reinforcement consists of 16 bars. Determine the diameter 3. Determine the factored moment Mu (kN-m) due to a factored to support a factored axial load of 3170 kN. Clear bar covering is
of vertical bars (mm) based on a steel ratio of 3%? load Pu= 3200 KN applied 400mm from the y-axis. Assume 40mm and the aggregate size is 25mm. Use the 2010 NSCP with
that the column is reinforced such that the plastic neutral fc’ = 28 MPa, fy = 414 MPa for the longitudinal steel, fyt = 414 MPa
Problem 2 axis is 290mm from the y-axis causing compression in the for the spiral steel. Limit the gross steel percentage to 2%. Find:
A 400 mm square tied RC column is to carry axial service 4-28mmØ bars.
1. The number of pcs 28mmϕ bars for the longitudinal
loads of 1400 kN dead load and 790 kN live load. Assume A. 352 B. 387 C. 326 D. 376
reinforcements.
column to be short and that any moment caused by the loads A. 5 B. 6 C. 7 D. 8
can be neglected. Use 2010 NSCP. If f’c = 28 MPa and fy = 415
2. The spacing of the 10mmϕ spiral reinforcements in mm.
MPa, determine:
A. 25 B. 50 C. 75 D.100
1. the factored axial load. PROBLEM for PRACTICE
3. Which of the following most nearly gives the clear spacing
2. the required number of 28 mmØ longitudinal bars. Problem 5 of the main longitudinal reinforcements in mm.
3. the maximum allowable spacing of 10 mmØ lateral ties. A reinforced concrete tied column is to be designed to support A.140 B.155 C.165 D. 207
a factored axial load of 2500 kN. Use fc’ = 28 MPa, fy = 400 MPa,
4. the required number of pieces per set of ties base on RC- and the 2010 NSCP. Find:
07 1. The smallest possible dimension for a square tied column in Problem 8 (Similar CE Bd 2015)
mm. A tied column is reinforced with 5-28mmΦ bars distributed
Problem 3 A. 200 B. 300 C. 400 D. 500 as shown in Figure-1. Concrete cover to centroid of reinforcement
A 400 mm diameter concrete column is to be reinforced 2. The required dimension of a square tied column if a 2% is 60mm. Use fc’ = 21 MPa, fy=415 MPa, Es=200GPa. The three
with 8-25 mmØ vertical bars and 10 mmØ spiral. If f’c = 21 MPa gross steel ratio is not to be exceeded for economic reason. bars shall be considered in tension and use Ø=0.65.
and fy = 415 MPa, calculate: A .300 B. 400 C. 500 D. 600
1. the maximum nominal axial strength of the RC column. 1. Determine the design axial load capacity of the column in
3. The required dimension of a circular spiral column if a 2% “KN”.
2. the design axial strength of the column. gross steel ratio is not to be exceeded for economic reason. A. 2640.7 B. 4735.3 C. 4062.7 D. 3119.8
3. the minimum spiral ratio required for the column section. A. 250 B.300 C. 400 D. 500
2. Determine the location of the plastic center from the
4. the recommended pitch of the spiral reinforcement. geometric centroid of the gross section in “mm”. Disregard
\ the concrete area displaced by steel bars.
A. 8.96 B. 11.65 C. 15.34 D. 22.11
3. Determine the moment (kN-m) induced by the eccentric
force Pu = 3400 kN at “e” along the x-axis = 200mm from
the geometric center of the cross section.
A. 640 B. 710 C. 650 D. 720
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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 7

RC-07
Ties shall be arranged such that every corner and
alternate longitudinal bar shall have lateral support
provided by the corner of a tie with an included angle
of not more than 135 degrees and no bar shall farther
than 150 mm clear on each side along the tie from such
a laterally supported bar. Where longitudinal bars are
located around the perimeter of a circle, a complete
circular tie shall be permitted.

3-28mm 2-28mm
a

450mm x

a
60 60
480mm
Figure - 1

y
d1 d2
55 55
84mm

b1 b2
6-20mmØ
4-28mmØ

Figure - 2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 8
NSCP 2010 Provisions: 410.11.2.2 Second-order effects shall be considered along the is less than or equal to 0.05, where ƩPu and Vus are the total vertical
length of compression members. It shall be permitted to account load and the story shear, respectively, in the story in question and
410.11 Slenderness Effects in Compression Members for these effects using the moment magnification procedure Δo is the first-order relative deflection between the top and bottom
outlined in Section 410.11.6. of that story due to Vus.
410.11.1 Slenderness effects shall be permitted to be neglected in
the following cases:
410.11.3 Nonlinear Second-Order Analysis
1. For compression members not braced against sidesway when: 410.11.6 Moment Magnification Procedure - Nonsway
Second-order analysis shall consider material nonlinearity,
klu member curvature and lateral drift, duration of loads, shrinkage and Compression members shall be designed for the factored axial
 22 (410-6) creep, and interaction with the supporting foundation. The analysis load, Pu, and the moment amplified for the effects of member
r procedure shall have been shown to result in prediction of strength curvature, Mc, as follows:
2. For compression members braced against sidesway when: in substantial agreement with results of comprehensive tests of
Mc = δM2 (410-11)
columns in statically indeterminate reinforced concrete structures.
klu M  Where
 34  12  1   40 (410-8) Cm
r  M2  410.11.4 Elastic Second-Order Analysis   1.0 (410-10)
Pu
Where Ml /M2 is positive if the column is bent in single curvature, 1
Elastic second-order analysis shall consider section properties 0.75Pc
and negative if the member is bent in double curvature.
determined taking into account the influence of axial loads, the
It shall be permitted to consider compression members braced presence of cracked regions along the length of the member, and  2 EI
Pc  (410-13)
against sidesway when bracing elements have a total stiffness, the effects of load duration. (kLu )2
resisting lateral movement of that story, of at least 12 times the
gross stiffness of the columns within the story. 410.11.6.1 EI shall be taken as
410.11.4.1 It shall be permitted to use the following properties for
410.11.1.1 The unsupported length lu of a compression member the members in the structure: (0.2 Ec I g )  Es I se
shall be taken as the clear distance between floor slabs, beams, or EI  (410-14)
1   dns
other members capable of providing lateral support in the direction 1. Modulus of elasticity ...................... ................... Ec
being considered. Where column capitals or haunches are present, or
from 408.6.1
lu shall be measured to the lower extremity of capital or haunch in 2. Moments of inertia, I 0.4Ec I g
the plane considered. EI  (410-15)
Compression members: 1  dns
410.11.1.2 It shall be permitted to take the radius of gyration, r, Columns................................................... .. 0.70Ig
equal to 0.30 times the overall dimension in the direction stability Walls Uncracked......................... .............. 0.70Ig 410.11.6.2 The term dns shall be taken as the ratio of maximum
is being considered for rectangular compression members, and Walls Cracked ........................... .............. 0.35Ig factored axial sustained load to the maximum factored axial load
0.25 times the diameter for circular compression members. For Flexural members: associated with the same load combination but shall not be taken
other shapes, it shall be permitted to compute the radius of gyration Beams....................................... ................ 0.35Ig greater than 1.0.
for the gross concrete section. Flat plates and flat slabs ............... ........... 0.25Ig
3. Area ................................................................1.0Ag 410.11.6.4 For members without transverse loads between
supports, Cm may be taken as
410.11.2 When slenderness effects are not neglected as permitted
by 410.11.1, the design of compression members, restraining 410.11.5 MOMENT MAGNIFICATION PROCEDURE M1
Cm  0.6  0.4  0.4 (410-16)
beams, and other supporting members shall be based on the M2
Columns and stories in structures shall be designated as non-sway
factored forces and moments from a second-order analysis
or sway columns or stories. The design of columns in non-sway
satisfying Sections 410.11.3, 410.11.4, or 410.11.5. These where Ml /M2 is positive if the column is bent in single curvature.
frames shall be based on Section 410.11.6. The design of column
members shall also satisfy 410.11.2.1 and 410.11.2.2. The For members with transverse loads between supports, Cm shall be
in sway frames or stories shall be based on Section 410.11.7.
dimensions of each member cross section used in the analysis taken as 1.0.
shall be within 10 percent of the dimensions of the members 410.11.5.1 It shall be permitted to assume a column in a story is
shown on the design drawings or the analysis shall be repeated. 410.11.6.5 The factored moment M2 in Equation (410-11) shall not
non-sway if the increase in column end moments due to second-
be taken less than
order effects does not exceed 5 percent of the first-order moments.
410.11.2.1 Total moment including second-order effects in M2,min = Pu (15 + 0.03h) (410-17)
410.11.5.2 It also shall be permitted to assume a story within a
compression members, restraining beams, or other structural structure is non-sway if about each axis separately, where 15 and h are in millimeters. For
members shall not exceed 1.4 times the moment due to first-order
effects. Q
 Pu o (410-10)
members for which M2,min exceeds M2, the value of Cm in Equation
(410-16) shall either be taken equal to 1.0, or shall be based on the
Vus I c ratio of the computed end moments Ml /M2.

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 8
NSCP 2015 Provisions: factored forces and moments considering second order 406.6.3.1.3 For factored lateral load analysis of two-way slab
effects in accordance with Sections 406.6.4, 406.7, or 406.8. systems without beams, which are designated as part of the
406.2.5 Slenderness effects shall be permitted to be neglected if Mu including second-order effects shall not exceed 1.4Mu seismic-force-resisting system, I for slab members shall be
(a) or (b) is satisfied: due to first-order effects. defined by a model that is in substantial agreement with
a. For columns not braced against sidesway results of comprehensive tests and analysis and I of other
klu 406.6.3 Section Properties frame members shall be in accordance with Sections
 22 (406.2.5a) 406.6.3.1 Factored Load Analysis 406.6.3.1.1 and 406.6.3.1.2.
r 406.6.3.1.1 Floor Moment of inertia and cross-sectional area of
b. For columns braced against sidesway members shall be calculated in accordance with Tables 406.6.4 Slenderness Effects, Moment Magnification
406.6.3.1.l(a) or 406.6.3.1.l(b), unless a more rigorous Method
klu M 
 34  12  1   40 (406.2.5b) analysis is used. If sustained lateral loads are present, I for 406.6.4.1 Unless Section 406.2.5 is satisfied, columns and
r  M2  columns and walls shall be divided by (1   ds ) where  ds stories in structures shall be designated as being nonsway or
sway. Analysis of columns in nonsway frames or storeys
and is the ratio of maximum factored sustained shear within a shall be in accordance with Section 406.6.4.5. Analysis of
klu storey to the maximum factored shear in that storey columns in sway frames or storeys shall be in accordance
 40 (406.2.5c) associated with the same load combination. with Section 406.6.4.6.
r
where M1/M2 is negative if the column is bent in single Table 406.6.3.1.l(a) Moment of Inertia and Cross-Sectional 406.6.4.2 The cross-sectional dimensions of each member used
curvature, and positive for double curvature. Area Permitted for Elastic Analysis at Factored Load in an analysis shall be within 10 percent of the specified
Level member dimensions in construction documents or the
If bracing elements resisting lateral movement of a storey Member and condition Moment of Cross- analysis shall be repeated. If the stiffnesses of Table
have a total stiffness of at least 12 times the gross lateral Inertia Sectional Area 406.6.3.1.1( b) are used in an analysis, the assumed member
stiffness of the columns in the direction considered, it shall Columns 0.70𝐼 reinforcement ratio shall also be within 10 percent of the
be permitted to consider columns within the storey to be Walls Uncracked 0.70𝐼 specified member reinforcement in construction documents.
braced against sidesway. Cracked 0.35𝐼 1.0𝐼
Beams 0.35𝐼 406.6.4.3 It shall be permitted to analyze columns and stories
406.2.5.1 The radius of gyration, r, shall be permitted to be in structures as nonsway frames if (a) or (b) is satisfied:
calculated by (a),(b),or (c): Flat plates and flat slabs 0.25𝐼
a. The increase in column end moments due to second order
Ig
a. r  ( 406.2.5. l) effects does not exceed 5 percent of the first order end
Ag Table 406.6.3.1.l(b) Alternative Moments of Inertia for moments;
Elastic Analysis at Factored Load
b. Q in accordance with Section 406.6.4.4.1 does not
b. 0.30 times the dimension in the direction stability is Alternative Value of I for Elastic Analysis
exceed 0.05.
being considered for rectangular columns; Member Min I Max
Columns 25𝐴 𝑀 0.5𝑃
c. 0.25 times the diameter of circular columns. and walls 0.35𝐼 0.80 1 𝐼 0.875𝐼
𝐴 𝑃 𝑃
Beams, 406.6.4.4 Stability Properties
406.2.5.2 For composite columns, the radius of gyration, r, flat 406.6.4.4.1 The stability index for a storey, Q, shall be
0.2𝑏
shall not be taken greater than: plates, 0.25𝐼 0.10 25𝜌 1.2 𝐼 0.50𝐼 calculated by:
and flat 𝑑

( Ec I g / 5) Es I sx slabs
Q
P 
u o
(406.6.4.4.1)
r (406.2.5.2) Vus lc
( Ec Ag / 5) Es Asx Note: For continuous flexural members, I shall be permitted

Longitudinal bars located within a concrete core encased by

to be taken as the average of values obtained for the critical
positive and negative moment sections. Pu and Mu shall be
where P u and Vus are the total factored vertical load and

structural steel or within transverse reinforcement horizontal storey shear, respectively, in the story being
calculated from the load combination under consideration, or
surrounding a structural steel core shall be permitted to be the combination of Pu and Mu that produces the least value of evaluated, and o is the first-order relative lateral deflection
used in calculating Asx and Isx ꞏ I.
between the top and the bottom of that storey due to Vus .
406.6.3.1.2 For factored lateral load analysis, it shall be
406.2.6 Unless slenderness effects are neglected as permitted permitted to assume I = 0.5Ig for all members or to calculate
by Section 406.2.5, the design of columns, restraining I by a more detailed analysis, considering the reduced
beams, and other supporting members shall be based on the stiffness of all members under the loading conditions.
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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 8

406.6.4.4.2 The critical buckling load, Pc, shall be calculated 406.6.4.5.2 Magnification factor  shall be calculated by:
by:

cm
 1.0 406.6.4.6.2 The moment magnifier  s shall be calculated by
 2 ( EI )eff Pu (406.6.4.5.2)
Pc  (406.6.4.4.2) 1 (a), (b), or (c). If  s exceeds 1.5, only (b) or (c) shall be
( klu )2 0.75Pc
permitted:
406.6.4.5.3 Cm shall be in accordance with (a) or (b): 1
406.6.4.4.3 The effective length factor k shall be calculated a.  s   1.0 (406.6.4.6.2a)
using Ec in accordance with Section 419.2.2 and I in a. For columns without transverse loads applied between 1 Q
accordance with Section 406.6.3.1.1. For nonsway members, supports:
k shall be permitted to be taken as 1.0, and for sway 1
b.  s   1.0
members, k shall be at least 1.0. M
cm  0.6  0.4 1 (406.6.4.5.3a) 1
P u
(406.6.4.6.2b)

406.6.4.4.4 For non-composite columns, (El)eff shall be

M2 0.75 P c

calculated in accordance with (a), (b), or (c):

where M1 / M2 is negative if the column is bent in single c. Second-order elastic analysis.
curvature, and positive if bent in double curvature;
a. ( EI )eff 
0.4 Ec I g
(406.6.4.4.4a)
where P u is the summation of all the factored vertical
1   dns b. For columns with transverse loads applied between
supports. loads in a storey and P c is the summation for all sway
0.2 Ec I g  Es I se Cm = 1.0 (406.6.4.5.3b)
resisting columns in a storey. Pc is calculated using Eq.
b. ( EI )eff  (406.6.4.4.4b) 406.6.4.4.2 with k determined for sway members from
1   dns Section 406.6.4.4.3 and (EI)eff from Section 406.6.4.4.4 or
406.6.4.5.4 M2 in Eq. 406.6.4.5.1 shall be at least M2,min
Ec I
calculated according to Eq. 406.6.4.5.4 about each axis 406.6.4.4.5 as appropriate with ds substituted for  dns
separately.
c. ( EI )eff  (406.6.4.4.4c)
1   dns M2,min  Pu (15  0.03h) (406.6.4.5.4) 406.6.4.6.3 Flexural members shall be designed for the total
magnified end moments of the columns at the joint.
where  dns shall be the ratio of maximum factored sustained If M2,min exceeds M2 , Cm shall be taken equal to 1.0 or
axial load to maximum factored axial load associated with calculated based on the ratio of the calculated end moments 406.6.4.6.4 Second-order effects shall be considered along the
the same load combination and I in Eq. 406.6.4.4.4c is M1 / M2 using Eq. 406.6.4.5.3a. length of columns in sway frames. It shall be permitted to
calculated according to Table 406.6.3.l .l(b) for columns and account for these effects using Section 406.6.4.5, where Cm
walls. 406.6.4.6 Moment Magnification Method: Sway Frames is calculated using M1 and M2 from Section 406.6.4.6.1.
406.6.4.6.1 Moments M1 and M2 at the ends of an individual
406.6.4.4.5 For composite columns, (El)eff shall be calculated column shall be calculated by (a) and (b).
by Eq. 406.6.4.4.4b, Eq. 406.6.4.4.5, or from a more detailed
analysis. a. M1  M1ns   s M1s (406.6.4.6. l a)
0.2 Ec I g
( EI )eff    Es I sx (406.6.4.4.5) b. M2  M2 ns   s M2 s (406.6.4.6.1 b)
1   dns
406.6.4.5 Moment Magnification Method: Nonsway
Frames
406.6.4.5.1 The factored moment used for design of columns
and walls, Mc, shall be the first-order factored moment M2
amplified for the effects of member curvature.
Mc   M2 (406.6.4.5.1)

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 8
SHORT COLUMNS UNDER
AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING 2. What is the nominal axial strength at eccentricity of 90 RC-06
mm from the weaker axis only? 410.11 Slenderness Effects in Compression Members
AVAILABLE SOLUTIONS:
3. Determine the nominal axial strength at eccentricity of 410.11.1 Slenderness effects shall be permitted to be
1. By Analytical Method: 160 mm from the stronger axis and 90 mm from the neglected in the following cases:
Use of Strain Compatibility Solution. weaker axis at the same time. Use reciprocal load
method. 1. For compression members not braced against sidesway
2. By Column Interaction Diagram. when:

Bresler’s Reciprocal Equation: klu

 22 (410-6)
EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR, k r
1 1 1 1 (Use of Alignment Charts)
   2. For compression members braced against sidesway when:
Pn Pnx Pny Po
Problem 3 klu M 
REFER TO THE NOMOGRAM PROVIDED:  34  12  1   40 (410-8)
r  M2 
To determine the realistic values of the end-restraint
Where Ml /M2 is positive if the column is bent in single
Problem 1 (Similar to CE Bd. Nov 2014) factors, Section 410.12.1 of the 2010 NSCP suggested to use curvature, and negative if the member is bent in double
GIVEN : 70% gross moment of Inertia for the columns and 35% gross curvature.
Concrete tied column bxh = 300mm x 600mm moment of inertia for the girders in order to account for the
Reinforcing bars = 3-28mmΦ bars each face effects of reinforcements and cracking. It shall be permitted to consider compression members braced
Total bar covering = 70 mm. against sidesway when bracing elements have a total stiffness,
The frame shown in FIGURE-1 is braced against sidesway. resisting lateral movement of that story, of at least 12 times
Materials : Concrete fc’ = 28 MPa All columns 300mm x 300mm and all the beams are 300mm x the gross stiffness of the columns within the story.
Steel bars fy = 415 MPa 450 mm. For pin-connected members, the restraint factor shall
Strength reduction factors: be taken as 10. All given measurements are taken to the
= 0.90 for tension controls centerline of the members. Determine the following: 410.11.6 Moment Magnification Procedure - Nonsway
= 0.65 for compression controls 1. The unsupported length of column AB. Compression members shall be designed for the factored axial
If subjected to eccentric loads, the column will bend about 2. The effective length factor for column AB. load, Pu, and the moment amplified for the effects of member
the major axis of the section. The displaced concrete shall not curvature, Mc, as follows:
3. The slenderness ratio of column AB.
be neglected. Determine the following: Mc = δM2 (410-11)
1. Calculate the factored axial load capacity (kN) when Where
concrete fails at a strain of εc = 0.003 and steel fails at a Cm
  1.0 (410-
strain of εs = fy /Es LONG (OR SLENDER) COLUMNS Pu
1
2. Calculate the factored flexural capacity (kN-m) when (Use of Moment Magnification Factor Method) 0.75Pc
concrete fails at a strain of εc = 0.003 and steel fails at a Problem 4 10)
strain of εs = fy /Es. A 300mm x 350mm RC column braced against sidesway
 2 EI
3. The value of the eccentricity of the load. has an effective length kLu = 4.2m The cross-section supports a Pc  (410-13)
factored axial dead load of 408 kN and a factored axial live load (kLu ) 2
of 660 kN as well as factored end moments of 60 kN-m and 80
410.11.6.4 For members without transverse loads between
Problem 2 kN-m about the stronger axis of the column section. Use f’c =
supports, Cm may be taken as
A 300mm x 400mm RC column is reinforced with 4 – 21 MPa and fy = 415 MPa. Refer to RC-06.
32mmØ vertical bars positioned with an effective concrete 1. Determine the classification of the column. M1
cover of 60 mm. f’c = 28 MPa and fy = 415 MPa. The nominal
Cm  0.6  0.4  0.4 (410-16)
2. Determine the Euler’s Buckling load Pc, if EI = M2
axial strength at zero eccentricity of the column is 4,114 kN.
Eccentricity of load at balance strain condition is 317mm. Use 6.68x10^12 N-mm^2.
where Ml /M2 is positive if the column is bent in single
the provided column interaction diagram in FIGURE 6. 3. Solve for the moment magnification factor . curvature. For members with transverse loads between
supports, Cm shall be taken as 1.0.
1. Calculate the nominal axial strength at eccentricity of 4. Find the magnified factored moment Mc.
160 mm from the stronger axis only.
5. Calculate the effective eccentricity of loading.

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 8
Problem 7
A 300mm x 400mm RC column is reinforced with 6 – 1. The unsupported length of column BC.
28mmØ vertical bars, three bars in each 300mm face. Effective
concrete cover is 60 mm. f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 415 MPa. 2. The effective length factor for column BC.
Consider bending about the stronger axis. Use column 3. The slenderness ratio of column BC.
interaction diagram in FIGURE 6.

1. Determine the axial strength of column for eccentricity of Problem 10

loading of 150 mm. A slender RC column braced against sidesway carries a
2. What is the corresponding flexural strength of the service axial deadload of 500 kN and a service axial liveload of
column? 375 kN. Factored end moments are 37.5 kN-m and 75 kN-m
and the critical load for buckling is determined to be 3,200 kN.
3. Answers above questions if e=400mm. U = 1.2D + 1.6L
1. Solve for the moment magnification factor  ns.
2. Find the magnified factored moment Mc.
PROBLEM for PRACTICE Problem 8 3. Calculate the effective eccentricity of loading.
For the frame shown in FIGURE 7, assume the beams are
Problem 5 300mm x 450mm and that the columns are 300mm x 300mm.
A 300mm x 400mm RC column is reinforced with 6 – Use gross moments of inertia of columns and half gross Problem 11
28mmØ vertical bars, three bars in each 300mm face. Effective moments of inertia of beams. Assume A = C = 10. GIVEN TIED COLUMN OF A NON-SWAY FRAME.
concrete cover is 60 mm. f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 415 MPa.
1. Using an alignment chart, determine the effective length (SEE FIGURE-3)
Consider bending about the stronger axis.
factor for column CD. Effective length factor , K = 0.70
1. Determine the nominal axial strength at balanced strain Flexural rigidity , EI = 910,000 N-m2
condition. 2. Determine the slenderness ratio of column DE with the
Column factored loads: Axial load = 500 kN
aid of the alignment chart.
2. Calculate the corresponding nominal flexural strength at Moment at top = 200 kN-m causing bending in SINGLE
balanced strain condition. curvature
E Moment at bottom = 200 kN-m
10m
3. Find the eccentricity at balanced strain condition
4.5m Determine the following:
1. The unsupported length of the column in “m”.
Problem 6 (Similar to CE Bd. 2002) B D
10m 2. The value of the critical load, Pc , in KN.
Refer to the interaction diagram (FIGURE-5) for a 400mm
x 600mm tied column. The section is acted upon by a factored 3. The moment magnification factor.
4.5m
axial load of 1480 kN and factored bending moment of 442.60 4. The factored moment to be used in the design of the
kN-m about stronger axis. Use fc’ = 21 MPa, fy = 415 MPa. member, in kN-m.
A C
Determine the following:
FIGURE 7
1. The eccentricity of the column load in mm.
A. 100 B. 200 C. 300 D. 400
Problem 9
2. The area of the minimum steel required (mm2) is nearest REFER TO THE NOMOGRAM PROVIDED:
to.
A. 4320 B. 2,400 C. 3,600 D. 4800 To determine the realistic values of the end-restraint
factors, Section 410.12.1 of the 2010 NSCP suggested to use
3. The number of pcs 32mmϕ bars required.
70% gross moment of Inertia for the columns and 35% gross
A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 8
moment of inertia for the girders in order to account for the
effects of reinforcements and cracking.
The frame shown in FIGURE-1 is braced against sidesway.
All columns 300mm x 300mm and all the beams are 300mm x
450 mm. For pin-connected members, the restraint factor shall
be taken as 10. All given measurements are taken to the
centerline of the members. Determine the following:

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 8

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 8

Figure 6A Figure 6B

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 8

Figure 5

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 9
2015 NSCP
413.2.7.2 The location of critical section for factored shear in
408.4.4 Factored Two-Way Shear accordance with Sections 407.4.3 and 408.4.3 for one-way a band width equal to the length of short side of footing,
shear or Section 408.4.4.1 for two-way shear shall be measured centered on centerline of column or pedestal. Remainder
408.4.4.1 Critical Section of reinforcement required in short direction, 𝟏
408.4.4.1.1 Slabs shall be evaluated for two-way shear in the from the location of the critical section for Mu in Section
413.2.7.1. 𝜸𝒔 𝑨𝒔 , shall be distributed uniformly outside center band
vicinity of columns, concentrated loads, and reaction areas at width of footing, where 𝜸𝒔 is calculated by:
critical sections in accordance with Section 422.6.4. 413.2.7.3 Circular or regular polygon-shaped concrete columns
or pedestals shall be permitted to be treated as square members 2
422.6.4 Critical Sections for Two-way Members 𝜸𝒔 =  (413.3.3.3)
422.6.4.1 For two-way shear, critical sections shall be located of equivalent area when locating critical sections for moment, (  1)
so that the perimeter bo is minimum but need not be closer than shear, and development of reinforcement.
d/2 to (a) and (b): where  = ratio of long side to short side of footing
a. Edges or corners of columns, concentrated loads, or 413.3 SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
reaction areas; 413.3.1 General
b. Changes in slab or footing thickness, such as edges of 413.3.1.1 Minimum base area of foundation shall be calculated
capitals, drop panels, or shear caps. from unfactored forces and moments transmitted by
foundation to soil or rock and permissible bearing pressure
422.6.5 Two-way Shear Strength Provided by Concrete selected through principles of soil or rock mechanics.

422.6.5.1 For non-prestressed two-way members, 𝒗𝒄 shall be 413.3.1.2 Overall depth of foundation shall be selected such
calculated in accordance with Section 422.6.5.2. that the effective depth of bottom reinforcement is at least 150
mm.
Table 422.6.5.2
Calculation of 𝒗𝒄 for Two-way Shear 413.3.2 One-Way Shallow Foundations
𝒗𝒄 413.3.2.1 The design and detailing of one-way shallow
foundations, including strip footings, combined footings, and
0.33𝜆 𝑓 ′ (a)
grade beams, shall be in accordance with this section and the
2 applicable provisions of Sections 407and 409.
Least of (a), 0.17 1 𝜆 𝑓′ (b)
(b) and (c): 𝛽
𝛼 𝑑 413.3.2.2 Reinforcement shall be distributed uniformly across
0.083 2 𝜆 𝑓′ (c) entire width of one-way footings.
𝑏
Note: 𝛽 is the ratio of long side to short side of the column, concentrated load, or
reaction area and 𝛼 , is given in Section 422.6.5.3.
413.3.3 Two-Way Isolated Footings
413.2.7 CRITICAL SECTIONS FOR SHALLOW 413.3.3.1 The design and detailing of two-way isolated
FOUNDATIONS AND PILE CAPS footings shall be in accordance with this section and the
applicable provisions of Sections 407 and 408.
413.2.7.1 Mu at the supported member shall be permitted to be
calculated at the critical section defined in accordance with 413.3.3.2 In square two-way footings, reinforcement shall be
Table 413.2.7.1. distributed uniformly across entire width of footing in both
Table 413.2.7.l directions.
Location of Critical Section for Mu
Supported member Location of critical section 413.3.3.3 In rectangular footings, reinforcement shall be
distributed in accordance with (a) and (b).
Column with steel base Halfway between face of column and
plate edge of steel base plate a. Reinforcement in long direction shall be distributed
uniformly across entire width of footing.
Concrete wall Face of wall
Halfway between center and face of b. For reinforcement in short direction, a portion of the total
Masonry wall masonry wall reinforcement, 𝜸𝒔 𝑨𝒔 , shall be distributed uniformly over
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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 9
2010 NSCP 415.5.3 In one-way footings and two-way square footings,
SECTION 415 - FOOTINGS reinforcement shall be distributed uniformly across entire
411.12 PROVISIONS FOR SLABS AND FOOTINGS width of footing.
411.12.1 The shear strength of slabs and footings in the vicinity 415.3 LOADS AND REACTIONS
415.5.4 In two-way rectangular footings, reinforcement shall
of columns, concentrated loads or reactions is governed by the be distributed as follows:
more severe of two conditions: 415.3.1 Footings shall be proportioned to resist the factored
loads and induced reactions, in accordance with the appropriate 415.5.4.1 Reinforcement in long direction shall be distributed
411.12.1.1 Beam action where each critical section to be design requirements of this Code and as provided in Section uniformly across entire width of footing.
investigated extends in a plane across the entire width. For 415.
beam action, the slab or footing shall be designed in accordance 415.5.4.2 For reinforcement in short direction, a portion of the
with Sections 411.2 through 411.5. 415.3.2 Base area of footing or number and arrangement of total reinforcement, 𝜸𝒔 𝑨𝒔 , given by Eq. 415-1 shall be
piles shall be determined from unfactored forces and moments distributed uniformly over a band width (centered on centerline
411.12.1.2 Two-way action where each of the critical sections of column or pedestal) equal to the length of short side of
to be investigated shall be located so that its perimeter, bo, is a transmitted by footing to soil or piles and permissible soil
pressure or permissible pile capacity determined through footing. Remainder of reinforcement required in short
minimum but need not approach closer than d/2 to: direction, 𝟏 𝜸𝒔 𝑨𝒔 , shall be distributed uniformly outside
principles of soil mechanics.
1. Edges or corners of columns, concentrated loads or center band width of footing.
reactions. 415.3.3 For footings on piles, computations for moments and
2
2. Changes in slab thickness such as edges of capitals or drop
shears shall be permitted to be based on the assumption that the 𝜸𝒔 =  (415-1)
reaction from any pile is concentrated at pile center. (  1)
panels or shear caps.
For two-way action the slab or footing shall be designed in 415.4 FOOTINGS SUPPORTING CIRCULAR OR where  = ratio of long side to short side of footing
accordance with Sections 411.12.2 through 411.12.6. REGULAR POLYGON-SHAPED COLUMNS OR
PEDESTALS 415.8 MINIMUM FOOTING DEPTH
411.12.1.3 For square or rectangular columns, concentrated
loads or reaction areas, the critical sections with four straight For location of critical sections for moment, shear and Depth of footing above bottom reinforcement shall not be less
sides may be permitted. development of reinforcement in footings, it shall be permitted than 150 mm for footings on soil, or not less than 300 mm for
to treat circular or regular polygon-shaped concrete columns or footings on piles.
411.12.2 The design of a slab or footing for two-way action is pedestals as square members with the same area.
based on Equations 411-1 and 411-2. Vc shall be computed in
accordance with Section 411.12.2.1, 411.12.2.2 or 411.12.3.1.
Vs shall be computed in accordance with Section 411.12.3. 415.5 MOMENTS IN FOOTINGS
When moment is transferred between a slab and a column,
Section 411.12.7 shall apply. 415.5.1 External moment on any section of a footing shall be
determined by passing a vertical plane through the footing and
computing the moment of the forces acting over the entire area
411.12.2.1 For non-prestressed slabs and footings, Vc shall be of footing on one side of that vertical plane.
the smallest of (1),(2), and (3): 415.5.2 Maximum factored moment, Mu, for an isolated
1 2  footing shall be computed as prescribed in Section 415.5.1 at
1. Vc  1   fc 'bo d (411-37) critical sections located as follows:
6  
where  is the ratio of long side to short side of the column, 1. At face of column, pedestal, or wall, for footings
concentrated load or reaction area; supporting a concrete column, pedestal, or wall;
1  sd  2. Halfway between middle and edge of wall, for footings
2. Vc    2   fc 'bo d (411-38) supporting a masonry wall;
12  bo 
where s is 40 for interior columns, 30 for edge columns, 20 3. Halfway between face of column and edge of steel base
for corner columns, and plate, for footings supporting a column with steel base
1 plate.
3. Vc   fc 'bod (411-39)
3

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 9
AXIALLY LOADED FOOTING FOOTINGS SUBJECTED TO ECCENTRIC LOADING: FOOTINGS SUBJECTED TO BI-AXIAL BENDING:
Case 1: when e ≤ D/6
FOOTING AREA, A (load is within the middle third)

Total Load
A
Allowable GROSS Soil Pressure

Net Load
or A
Allowable NET Soil Pressure
Note: use unfactored load
𝑷
𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟔𝒆𝒙 𝟔𝒆𝒚
𝑨 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝟏
𝑩 𝑫
𝑷 𝟔𝒆𝒙 𝟔𝒆𝒚
𝒒𝟏 𝟏 𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑩𝑫 𝑩 𝑫
𝑷 𝟔𝒆
𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟏
𝑩𝑫 𝑫 𝑷 𝟔𝒆𝒙 𝟔𝒆𝒚
𝒒𝟐 𝟏
𝑩𝑫 𝑩 𝑫
𝑷 𝟔𝒆
𝒒𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝟏 𝑷 𝟔𝒆𝒙 𝟔𝒆𝒚
𝑩𝑫 𝑫 𝒒𝟑 𝟏 𝒒𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑩𝑫 𝑩 𝑫

Case 2: when e > D/6 𝑷 𝟔𝒆𝒙 𝟔𝒆𝒚

(load is outside of middle third) 𝒒𝟒 𝟏
𝑩𝑫 𝑩 𝑫

𝟐𝑷
𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒒𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝟎
𝑩 𝟑𝒙

𝑫
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒙 𝒆
𝟐
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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 9
Problem 1
The 460 mm thick footing supports a 300 mm concrete 2. What is the net foundation pressure in kPa at edge B of
wall as shown in FIGURE-2. The unit weight of the concrete is the footing?
24 kN/cu.m and the unit weight of the soil is 16 kN/cu.m. Use A. 56 B. 77.3 C. 133.3 D. 210.7
fc’ = 24 MPa and fy = 240 MPa.
3. What is the minimum required gross allowable soil
bearing capacity to carry the given loads in kPa?
A. 78.8 B. 82.8 C. 233.5 D. 237.5

FIGURE‐3

1. Determine the factored shear force (kN) at critical

section for one-way shear.
1. Find the minimum width (m) of the footing to prevent
uplift. 2. Calculate the nominal shear stress in the footing (MPa) at
critical section for wide-beam action.
2. Determine the minimum width of the footing if the
allowable soil pressure is 200 kPa. 3. Calculate the factored shear force (kN) at critical section
for two-way shear.
4. Calculate the nominal shear stress in the footing (MPa) at
Problem 2 critical section for two-way action. Problem 6 (Similar CE BD. May 2012)
A proposed 3.5x3.5 square footing is loaded with 800 A 2.4m x 2.4m square footing supports a 350mm x
kN dead load and 400 kN live load transferred from a 400mm column.
300mmX500mm RC column. The bottom of footing is 1.5 m Given data: Thickness of footing = 0.60 m
below the ground. Trial thickness of footing is 500mm. f’c = 21 PROBLEM for PRACTICE Total factored axial load = 1,818 kN.
MPa and fy = 415 MPa. It is to be reinforced with 20mmϕ. Use Problem 4 Materials : Concrete , fc’ = 20.7 MPa
23.5 kN/m3 as unit weight of concrete. At ultimate condition U A square footing is proposed to be used to support a Steel bars, fy = 280 MPa
= 1.2D + 1.6L. Nominal concrete shear strength for punching vp 300mmX500mm RC column loaded with 760 kN dead load and (20mmϕ bothways)
= 1.52 MPa. 400 kN live load. The bottom of footing is 1.5 m below the Clear bar covering = 70 mm.
ground. Assume soil weighs 18.67 kN/m3 and allowable soil Strength reduction factors = 0.75 for shear
1. What is the critical factored shear force considering bearing pressure of 130 kPa. Thickness of footing is 500mm. = 0.90 for bending.
beam action? Use 23.5 kN/m3 as unit weight of concrete. 1. Calculate the shear stress in the footing (MPa) at critical
2. What is the design shear strength (kN) of footing section for wide-beam action.
considering beam action? 1. Determine the smallest footing size that can be used. A. 0.576 B. 0.657 C. 0.758 D. 0.41
Ans: 3.5m
3. What is the factored punching shear force? 2. Calculate the shear stress in the footing (MPa) at critical
section for two-way action.
4. What is the design shear strength (kN) of footing for Problem 5 A. 1.406 B. 1.52 C. 1.16 D. 1.83
punching? A 300mm square column is supported by a 2m x 3m x 3. Determine the number of pieces of 20 mm ϕ reinforcing
0.5m thick footing carries unfactored loads shown in the bars required in each direction of the footing.
Figure-1. The unit weight of the soil and concrete are 18 A. 10 B. 14 C. 17 D. 20
Problem 3 kN/cu.m and 24 kN/cu.m, respectively. There is a surcharge
A 3m x 3m x 0.4m footing with a 0.4m x 0.4m column at load of 4 kPa on top of the backfill due to loads induced in the
the center is loaded as shown in Figure 3. The base of the ground surface.
footing is 1.2m below the ground. Unit weight is 24 kN/m3 for
concrete and 18 kN/m3 for the soil above the footing. Use d = 1. What is the net foundation pressure in kPa at edge A of
315 mm for all calculations. At ultimate condition, U = 1.2D + the footing?
1.6L. A. 189.3 B. 210.7 C. 241.2 D. 300

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 9

Problem 7 (CE BD MAY 2016)

A footing supports a 250 mm thick concrete wall. 3. The allowable soil pressure is 96 kPa. What should be the
Given : width (m) of the footing so that the allowable soil
Allowable soil bearing pressure = 290 kPa pressure will not be exceeded? Assume footing thickness
Thickness of footing = 350 mm of 250 mm.
Materials : A. 2.50 B. 3.00 C. 2.75 D. 2.25
Concrete, fc’ = 27.5 MPa
Steel, fy = 415 MPa
1. The footing is subjected to a moment of 126 kN-m and a
total vertical load of 280 kN. Find the minimum width Problem 9 Similar CE BD. Nov1991
(m) of the footing to prevent uplift. Refer to FIGURE - 4 for the details of the spread footing;
A. 2.7 B. 1.4 C. 1.0 D. 2.3 Given :
Concrete column = 350mm x 350mm
2. Given : Total axial load : Unfactored = 800 KN
Resisting moment, Mr = 440 kN-m Factored = 1270 KN
Overturning moment, Mo = 260 kN-m Bending moments:
Total vertical load, P = 265 kN Unfactored moment about x-axis = 146 kN-m
Find the width (m) of the footing if there is no uplift. Unfactored moment about y-axis = 109 kN-m
A. 4.1 B. 1.4 C. 2.9 D. 2.1 Factored moment about x-axis = 179.5 kN-m
3. Given : Factored moment about y-axis = 135.9 kN-m
Footing width, B = 3.0 m Concrete , fc’= 21 MPa
Resisting moment, Mr = 500 kN-m Steel bars , fy = 414 MPa
Overturning moment, Mo = 265 kN-m 1. Which of the following most nearly gives the safe
Total vertical load, P = 335 kN dimension (m) of a square spread footing if the effective
Which of the following gives the maximum soil bearing soil bearing capacity is 280 kPa.
pressure (KPa)? A. 1.7 B. 2.0 C. 2.3m D. 3.0
A. 290 B. 279 C. 223 D. 319 2. Which of the following gives the factored soil pressure
(kPa) at corner “b” of the footing?
A. 85 B. 219 C. 262 D. 396
Problem 8 (Nov. 2016 CE Exam) 3. If the footing has an effective depth of 360 mm, which of
A footing supports a 250 mm thick concrete wall. the following gives the nearest value (kN) of the factored
Given: shear at the critical section for two-way action of the
Wall loads: dead load = 175 kN/m footing?
Live load = 89 kN/m A. 405 B. 1046 C. 1149 D. 1893
Concrete, fc’ = 20.6 MPa
Steel, fy = 415 MPa
Unit weight concrete = 23.6 kN/mˆ3
Factored load combination = 1.2D + 1.6L
Width of footing = 1.75 m
Thickness of footing = 300 mm
Effective cover of
centroid of reinforcement = 100 mm

1. Which of the following gives the required spacing (mm)

of 16 diameter bars due to the moment at the footing?
A. 250 B. 275 C. 200 D. 300
2. Find the wide-beam nominal shear stress (MPa). FIGURE‐4
A. 0.55 B. 0.42 C. 0.32 D. 0.74

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 10
SQUARE FOOTING RECTANGULAR FOOTING
Problem 1 (Similar CE BD. May 2013) Problem 2 Problem 4
FIGURE-1 shows a reinforced concrete footing supporting A 600x600 mm column carries a total live load of 1,200 A 1.4m x 7.6m concrete footing supports two columns of
a steel column resting on a steel base plate. kN and a total dead load of 1,500 kN. The column is to be distance 6.0m apart:
ULTIMATE AXIAL LOADS: supported by a 4.8x3m rectangular spread footing whose
DL = 1240 kN, LL = 960 kN bottom is 2 m below the ground surface. It is to be reinforced GIVEN :
with 20 mm Ø bar. Allowable soil bearing capacity at the base COLUMN-C1 : Dimension = 300mm x 300mm
STEEL COLUMN DIMENSIONS: of the footing is 230 kPa. Unit weight of soil above footing is 16 1.2D+1.6L = 902 kN
Flange width = 205 mm, Flange thickness = 16 mm kN/m3. fc ’= 28 MPa and fy = 275 MPa. Assuming that the total
Web thickness = 9 mm, Depth = 250 mm pressure exerted by the footing due to its own weight and the
soil above it is 37.25 kPa. The bars are arranged such that the COLUMN-C2 : Dimension = 500mm x 500mm
BASE PLATE DIMENSIONS: B x N = 305 mm x 450 mm 1.2D+1.6L = 1,401 kN
short bars are above the longer bars. Use 2010/2015 NSCP.
FOOTING DETAILS: Column C1 is flush with the face of the short side of the
W x L = 2.5 m x 2.5 m 1. If the footing is 680mm thick, determine the number of footing.
Depth to centroid of outmost bar layer = 625 mm bars in long direction.
Footing effective depth = 710 mm
MATERIALS: fc’ = 28 MPa , fy = 415 MPa 2. If the footing is 680mm thick, determine the number of Materials : Concrete, fc’ = 30 MPa
bars in short direction. Steel, fy = 420 MPa
Strength Reduction Factors : Shear = 0.75
Bending = 0.90
RECTANGULAR COMBINED FOOTING The footing will be designed for uniform settlement.
Determine the following:
Problem 3
The base of the footing is 1.8 m below the ground surface. 1. The value of the maximum factored moment (kN-m) that
It has a surcharge of 4.8 kPa on the ground surface. The will be used in the design of the longitudinal steel between
thickness of the footing is 0.8 m. The allowable bearing the columns.
pressure of the soil is 285 kPa. Weight of concrete is 24 kN/m3
and of soil is 18 kN/m3. The footing supports 2 columns 5.50 2. The value of the maximum factored moment (kN-m) that
m apart and subjected to the following loads: will be used in the design of the longitudinal steel on the
cantilever portion of the footing.
Left Column: Right Column:
(0.45m x 0.60m) (0.60m x 0.60m) 3. The value of the critical nominal shear stress (MPa) for
one-way action of the footing.
DL = 780 kN DL = 1120 kN
LL = 600 kN LL = 900 kN 4. The value of the nominal shear stress (MPa) for two-way
action of the footing considering the 300x300mm footing.
Note: 0.45m column dimension is measured along the length of
the footing.
1. Determine the effective bearing pressure of the soil.
2. Calculate the minimum length of the footing in order to
have a uniform distribution of pressure.
3. What is the required width of the footing?

1. Find the number of pieces of 20mmϕ bars required for

the critical moment.
A. 17 B. 21 C. 24 D. 14
2. Determine the factored shear force (kN) at critical
section for one-way shear.
A. 890.63 B. 1,265.63 C. 482.94 D. 1,031.25
3. Determine the wide-beam shear stress in MPa.
A. 0.76 B. 1.08 C. 0.41 D. 0.88

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 10
PROBLEM for PRACTICE
Problem 5 Problem 7
A 600x600 mm column carries a total live load of 1,200 GIVEN : 2. The value of the maximum factored moment (kN-m) that
kN and a total dead load of 1,500 kN. The column is to be COLUMN-C1 : Dimension = 450mm x 450mm will be used in the design of the longitudinal steel on the
supported by a rectangular spread footing whose width is 3 m D+L= 1380 kN : 1.2D+1.6L = 1896 kN cantilever portion of the footing.
and length is 4.8m. It is to be reinforced with 25 mm Ø bar. fc ’= A. 232 B. 348 C. 467 D. 274
COLUMN-C2 : Dimension = 600mm x 600mm
28 MPa and fy = 275 MPa. Using 2010/2015 NSCP, determine
D+L= 2020 kN : 1.2D+1.6L = 2784 kN 3. The value of the critical nominal shear stress (MPa) for
the required effective depth of the footing.
Distance between column centers = 5.5 m one-way action of the footing.
(hint: 𝑉 , 𝑉 , , wide beam shear is critical)
Edge of Column C1 is flush with the face of the short side A. 0.67 B. 1.35 C. 0.89 D. 0.44
Ans:582 mm of the footing
Allowable effective soil bearing capacity = 235.6 kPa 4. The value of the critical nominal shear stress (MPa) for
Problem 6 Concrete, fc’ = 24 MPa two-way action of the footing.
A reinforced concrete footing supports a 450 mm square Steel , fy = 345 MPa A. 1.80 B. 0.90 C. 0.50 D. 0.25
column.
GIVEN : 1. For uniform settlement of the footing, the length (m)
Thickness of the footing = 645 mm required for a rectangular footing that will support the
Effective depth of the flexural reinforcement = 545 mm columns is nearest to:
Column axial loads : DL = 800 KN A. 6.0 B. 6.54 C. 7.0 D. 8.20
LL = 800 KN 2. The safe width (m) of a rectangular footing that will
U = 1.2DL + 1.6LL support the columns is nearest to:
Materials : Concrete, fc’ = 24 MPa A. 1.9 B. 2.1 C. 2.8 D. 3.1
Steel, fy = 280 MPa
Allowable effective soil bearing capacity = 219.38 kPa 3. The maximum factored soil pressure under the footing
Strength reduction factors: 0.75 for shear (kPa) is nearest to:
0.90 for bending A. 236 B. 279 C. 319 D. 440

1. Determine the length required for the footing (m) if site

conditions limits the width of the footing to 2.0 m. Problem 8
A. 3.65 B. 2.45 C. 4.25 D. 5.20 A 1.4m x 7.6m concrete footing supports two columns of
distance 6.0m apart:
2. Determine the no. of pcs 28 mmϕ flexural reinforcements
along the long dimension of the footing. GIVEN :
A. 8 B. 10 C. 12 D. 14 COLUMN-C1 : Dimension = 300mm x 300mm
3. Determine the no. of pcs 28 mmϕ reinforcements along 1.2D+1.6L = 1437 kN
the short dimension of the footing over a bandwidth
(centered on centerline of the column), the bandwidth COLUMN-C2 : Dimension = 500mm x 500mm
having a width equal to the length of the short side of the 1.2D+1.6L = 2232 kN
footing. Column C1 is flush with the face of the short side of the
A. 6 B. 9 C. 11 D. 13 footing.

4. Determine the no. of pcs 28 mmϕ reinforcements (per Footing effective depth = 1000 mm
side) along the short dimension of the footing outside the Materials : Concrete, fc’ = 30 MPa
center bandwidth of the footing. Steel, fy = 415 MPa
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 Strength Reduction Factors : Shear = 0.75
Bending = 0.90
The footing will be designed for uniform settlement.
Determine the following :
1. The value of the maximum factored moment (kN-m) that
will be used in the design of the longitudinal steel between
the columns.
A. 1924 B. 1836 C. 2138 D. 1542

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 11
Trapezoidal Combined Footing Situation 3 Situation 4
The footing shown with an overall dimension of The 400x400mm column shown in FIGURE 1 is
Situation 1 3m x 4.5m x 0.8m is loaded with a 600 kN dead supported by 3.5m square footing with five piles.
A trapezoidal combined footing 5.5 m long is to load and 630 kN live load. The column is 0.6m The pile has a diameter of 300mm and the center
support two 400 mm square columns 5 meters square. The piles are 0.4m in diameter and are of the corner piles is 750mm from pile cap’s
apart. The center of the columns are both 0.25m spaced at 1.0m on centers. U = 1.2D + 1.6L edges. Consider 600mm effective depth.
away from property lines. The left column
carries 675 kN while the right column 825 kN.
The allowable soil pressure is 126 kPa. Assume The pile cap is subjected to the following service
footing is 0.5m thick with soil backfill 0.7m thick. loads:
Weight of concrete is 23.6 kN/m3 and of soil is Column axial loads: Moments:
20.4 kN/m3. D = 800 kN ME = 160 kN-m
1. Determine the required footing area. L = 750 kN ML = 80 kN-m
2. Find the width of the smaller end of the E = 200 kN
footing.
3. Calculate the width of the larger end of the At ultimate condition:
footing. U = 1.2D + 1.6L
U = 1.2D + E + L
8. Find the factored shear at critical section.
Footing on Piles
Consider an effective depth of 0.43m. To
11. Determine the required nominal beam shear
simplify the solution, use net load in shear
Situation 2 strength (MPa).
calculations.
A 3.4 m x 4.6 m x 0.5 m pilecap is supported by 12. Determine the required nominal punching
9. Calculate the factored punching shear at
12 piles (in a 3 x 4 pile arrangement) spaced at shear strength (MPa).
critical section. Use dave = 0.42m.
1.2m on centers. It is to carry a pier load of 760 13. Determine the minimum required nominal
10. Determine the factored bending moment at
kN and a longitudinal moment of 180 kN-m. flexural strength (kN-m) of the footing.
critical section.
Assume a soil backfill 1.2m thick. Consider
concrete weighs 23.6 kN/m3 and soil 18.2 kN/m3.
4. Approximate the total vertical load to be
carried by the pile group.
5. Determine the maximum pile reaction.
6. Find the minimum pile reaction.
7. If a transverse moment of 120 kN-m is added
to the above-mentioned loads, find the
maximum pile reaction.
FIGURE 1

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 11
Retaining Walls 24. Determine the factored moment per meter at
the critical section of the heel slab. Use a load
Situation 5 factor of 1.2 for soil pressure.
The section of a reinforced concrete retaining 25. Calculate the factored moment per meter at
wall is shown in FIGURE 2. There is a surcharge the critical section of the toe slab. Use a load
load of 12 kPa at the surface of the backfill. factor of 1.6 for soil pressure and 0.90 for
Unit weight of concrete = 23.5 kN/m3 weight of toe slab.
Unit weight of soil = 17.0 kN/m3
Angle of internal friction of soil, ϕ = 35°
Coefficient of friction between
soil and concrete, μ = 0.50
Allowable soil bearing capacity = 200 kPa 4.2 m
Minimum factors of safety for stability:
Sliding = 1.50
Overturning = 2.0 FIGURE 2

0.3 m
Use: Situation 6
U = 1.2 D + 1.6 L The section of a retaining wall is shown FIGURE 0.3 0.3
2.1 m
U = 1.2 D + 1.6 (L+H), H being the earth pressure 3. Consider unit weight of 23.6 kN/m3 for
. load concrete and 19.4 kN/m3 for soil. For lateral soil 2.7 m
pressure, consider an equivalent fluid pressure of
14. Determine the stability factor of safety 5.72 kN/m3. FIGURE 3
against overturning. 17. Calculate the moment of vertical loads about
15. Determine the stability factor of safety the toe (Righting Moment).
against sliding. 18. Determine the moment of the lateral force
16. Calculate the factored moment per meter about the toe (Overturning Moment).
length of the wall at the junction of the wall 19. Solve for FS against overturning.
and base. 20. Calculate the FS against sliding if µ=0.50.
21. Solve for the maximum soil pressure at the
base of the retaining wall.
22. Find the minimum soil pressure at the base
of the retaining wall.
23. Calculate the factored moment per meter
length at the critical section of the wall or
stem. Use a load factor of 1.6 for lateral force.

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 11
Problems for Practice Situation 8 Situation 9
Given data of a concrete footing supported on 7 A 400mm square column is resting on a pile cap
Situation 7 bearing-piles shown in FIGURE - 5. with 5 piles as shown in FIGURE 1. The piles
Refer to FIGURE 4. The columns carry service Footing dimension, W x L = 3.0m x 3.0m have a diameter of 300mm. The footing has an
loads and the footing will be designed for Footing effective depth, d = 300mm effective depth of 300 mm.
uniform settlement. The net soil bearing capacity Column dimension = 400mm x 400mm Column axial loads:
is 300 kPa. Neglect the weight of the footing. Pile diameter = 400 mm D = 420 kN , L = 360 kN, E = 210 kN
Pile spacing = 1.10 m Column moment due to earthquake = 160 kN-m
Column factored loads: The required strength of the footing is based on:
Axial load = 420 kN U=1.2D+1.0E+1.0L
Moment about x-axis = 180 kN-m Strength reduction factor for shear, ϕ = 0.75
Moment about y-axis = 120 kN-m 31. The critical beam shear strength (kN) at
Concrete , fc’ = 24 MPa ultimate loads is nearest to:
Steel bars, fy = 415 MPa A. 430 C. 640
B. 510 D. 859
FIGURE 4 32. Compute the nominal punching shear stress
26. Which of the following gives the position of in MPa.
the column resultant load from end “B” of A. 0.29 C. 0.48
the footing? B. 0.33 D. 1.36
A. 7.36 m C. 8.64 m 33. Compute the maximum design moment (kN-
B. 8.00 m D. 6.42 m m) in the design of the footing reinforcing
27. Which of the following gives the dimension bars.
at end “A” of the footing if a trapezoidal A. 160 C. 240
footing will be used to support the columns? B. 408 D. 370
A. 0.95 m C. 1.83 m FIGURE 5 34. Find the nominal punching shear stress
B. 1.43 m D. 2.24 m (MPa) acting around critical pile.
28. Which of the following gives the dimension 29. Determine the nearest value of the critical A. 0.38 C. 0.60
at end “B” of the footing if a trapezoidal factored shear (kN) for one-way action of the B. 0.51 D. 1.59
footing will be used to support the columns? footing.
A. 2.32 m C. 2.93 m A. 183 C. 115
B. 2.75 m D. 3.47 m B. 290 D. 224
30. Determine the nearest value of the factored
shear (kN) for two-way action of the footing.
A. 360 C. 714
B. 420 D. 511

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Concrete 11
NSCP Specifications:
415.6.3 Computation of shear on any section
through a footing supported on piles shall be in
accordance with the following:
415.6.3.1 Entire reaction from any pile whose
center is located dp/2 or more outside the section
shall be considered as producing shear on that
section.
415.6.3.2 Reaction from any pile whose center is
located dp/2 or more inside the section shall be
considered as producing no shear on that section.
415.6.3.3 For intermediate positions of pile center,
the portion of the pile reaction to be considered
in producing shear on the section shall be based
on straight-line interpolation between full value
at dp/2 outside the section and zero value at dp/2
inside the section.
Note: dp – diameter of pile

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 Review Innovations CE Review for May 2022 – Working Stress Design (WSD)
I- MATERIAL PROPERTIES: PROBLEMS:

CONCRETE: Situation 1: Data of a concrete beam reinforced for tension

are as follows:
Modulus of elasticity (408.6 .1- NSCP 2010):

Beam width, b = 280mm

Ec = wc1.5 0.043 fc' MPa for values of wc between 1500
Concrete, fc = 9.45 MPa
and 2500 kg/m3
Effective depth, d = 520 mm
Ec = 4700 fc' MPa for normal-weight concrete (wc = Steel , fs = 120 MPa
2300 kg/m3) Steel bars, As = 5-28mmØ
Modular ratio, n = 9
REINFORCING STEEL:
Use the Working Stress Design Method. Find the following:
Modulus of elasticity (408.6 .2- NSCP 2010): ES = 200,000 1. The location of the neutral axis (mm) from the outer
MPa for non-prestressed reinforcements
compression fiber of concrete.
THE ALTERNATE DESIGN METHOD (Working Stress a. 148 c. 276
Design – WSD) b. 237 d. 345
2. The moment capacity of the beam in KN-m.
424.2.1 - Non-prestressed reinforced concrete members shall a. 123 c. 167
be permitted to be designed using service loads (without b. 138 d. 194
load factors) and permissible service load stresses in
3. Which of the following statements is true for the given
accordance with provisions of Section 424.
beam?
424.3.1 - Load factors and strength reduction factors Φ shall a. The section complies with the code
be taken as unity for members designed by the Alternate b. The tension steel yields first.
Design Method. c. The concrete yields first.
d. The steel and concrete yield simultaneously.
426.6. – Flexure
4. The location of the neutral axis (mm) from the outer
For investigation of stresses at service loads, straight- line compression fiber of concrete.
theory (for flexure) shall be used with the following a. Under-reinforced c. Balanced
assumptions. b. Over-reinforced d. None of the list

424.6.1 - Strains vary linearly as the distance from the neutral Situation 2: Given are the data for a rectangular concrete
axis, except for deep flexural members with over- all depth- beam to be analyzed by the Working Stress Design (WSD):
span ratios greater than 2/5 for continuous spans and 4/5 for
simple spans, a nonlinear distribution of strain shall be
considered. See Section 410.8 of the Chapter. Beam dimensions, b x h = 200x600
Compression steel, As’ = 3-16mm
424.6.2 - Stress-strain relationship of concrete is a straight line Tension steel, As = 3-25mm
under service loads within permissible service load stresses. Total bar covering, d’ = 60 mm
Concrete, fc = 9.45 MPa
424.6.3 - In reinforced concrete members, concrete resists no Steel bars, fs = 140 MPa
tension. Modular ratio, n = 10

424.6.4 - It shall be permitted to take the modular ratio, n =

1. Determine the location (mm) from the compression face
Es /Ec , as the nearest whole number (but not less than 6).
of the beam where the stress in the section is zero.
Except in calculations for deflections, value of n for
a. 120.67 c. 201.86
lightweight concrete shall be assumed to be the same as for
b. 190.84 d. 211.14
normal weight concrete of the same strength,
2. The moment capacity of the beam in kN-m.
424.6.5 - In doubly reinforced flexural members, an effective a. 98.43 c. 121.56
modular ratio of 2Es/Ec shall be used to transform b. 100.0 d. 132.45
compression reinforcement for stress computations. 3. Determine the stress (MPa) in the compression steel.
Compressive stress in such reinforcement shall not exceed a. 9.45 c. 124
permissible tensile stress. b. 105 d. 140

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 Review Innovations CE Review for May 2022 – Working Stress Design (WSD)
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE

Situation 1: A reinforced concrete beam is 400 mm wide with

an effective depth of 530 mm. It has a tensile reinforcement
of 4 – 25mm. Use f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 275 MPa.

1. Calculate the modular ratio, n.

2. Determine the moment of inertia of the transformed
section.
3. Find the moment capacity of the section.
4. Calculate the total safe uniform load the beam could
support over a 6m span in kN/m.

Situation 2: A concrete beam section has the following

dimensions: bf = 600mm, bw = 300mm, d = 500mm and tf = 80
mm. It is subjected to a bending moment of 100 kN-m. f’c =
21 MPa, fs = 165 MPa and n = 9. It has a tensile reinforcement
of 4 – 32mm.

1. Calculate the maximum stress in concrete.

2. Find the concrete stress at the bottom of the flange.
3. Determine the total compressive force in the concrete.

Situation 3: A 300 mm x 600 mm reinforced concrete beam

section is reinforced with 4-28mm tension steel at d =
536mm and 2-28mm compression steel at d’ = 64mm. The
section is subjected to a bending moment of 150 kN-m. f’c =
21 MPa, fs = 165 MPa and n = 9.

1. Find the maximum stress in concrete.

2. Determine the stress in the compression steel.
3. Calculate the stress in the tension steel.

Situation 4: A 400 mm x 600 mm box section has a uniform

wall thickness of 75 mm except at the bottom which is
140mm thick. It is reinforced with 3 – 25mm at d = 540mm.
n = 9, f’c = 20 MPa and fs = 124 MPa.

1. Calculate the moment capacity of concrete.

2. Find the moment capacity of steel.
3. Determine the maximum simply supported span of the
beam if it is to carry a midspan load of 80 kN.

Situation 5: A rectangular reinforced concrete beam has a

width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 600 mm. The beam
is subjected to a service bending moment of 200 kN-m and a
service dead load of 15 kN/m. The section is reinforced with
4-32mmø bars. The modular ratio n = 8.

1. Using the Alternate Design method, find the distance of

the neutral axis from the top of the beam.
2. Determine the maximum stress in concrete in MPa.
3. Calculate the total compressive force in concrete in kN

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