Patterns

of
Development
 skill
NARRATION
event vivid
narrate
 I. Narration
- the most basic pattern of
development
- describes how, when, and where an
event or occurrence actually happened
- used to tell a story or focus on a set of
related events
A. Components of Narrative Text
1. Logical Actions
- are considered the very movements
within the plot or the narrative that
drive the characters forward, be it
during the dialogue, or within a scene
 Example
It was late spring the last time we saw Ross. He was
standing at the edge of the hill, and he never so much as
looked up even though we were sure he knew we were
there. There was a bunch of flowers clutched to his fist, but
there really was no reason for him to be standing there. We
knew that Carrie wasn't coming to see him. But he stood
there anyway, waiting, even as the afternoon sunlight
deepened towards the evening. He must have been standing
there for hours.
 2. Way of Narration
- refers to how the writer presents the
story
- includes the pace by which scenes
are given out
* Having natural progression of time to the
events of the story makes a good writing.
 3. Terminology
- places emphasis on the fact that
concepts are critical to the narration
* Writers must choose how to address
terms and which ones they want to
use in order to create an appropriate
setting.
 Concrete Terms
- words that identify things, places,
and events that can be measured and
observed
- terms that have physical
manifestation in our world
Examples:
spoon, dog, house
 Abstract Terms
- refer to ideas or concepts that are
intangible

Examples:
love, freedom, feminism
Concrete: “He was shivering violently
from the cold.”
Abstract: “The joy in the air was
palpable.”
General: “He gave her a piece of
jewelry.”
Specific: “Each green stone had fire in
its facets.”
 quality
DESCRIPTION
sensory realistic
look
 II. Description
- the pattern of development which
goes into details about a specific object,
person, or location, in order to firmly
set its appearance
What does it look like?
What are its characteristics?
 A paragraph from Maya Angelou’s “I
Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
The dirt of the girl’s cotton dresses continued on their
legs, feet, arms, and faces to make them all of a piece. Their
greasy uncolored hair hung down, uncombed, with a grim
finality. I knelt to see them better, to remember them for all
time. The tears that had slipped down my dress left
unsurprising dark spots, and made the front yard blurry and
even more unreal. The world had taken a deep breath and
was having doubts about continuing to revolve.
Characteristics of Description
● has a clear focus and sense of
purpose
● uses sensory details and precise
words
● presents details in a logical order
 Varieties of Description
1. Objective Description
- looks into factual and scientific
characteristics of what is being
described as objectively as possible
• The writer stays away from
emotional impressions or responses
and instead, describes the scene as it
 2. Subjective Description

- a sort of description that the author

would normally use to “paint a
picture” of how he sees a character,
or how he wants the reader to see a
character
 DEFINITION
inform controvers
y
 III. Definition
- explains not just what something
means or is, but also what something
does, what something is used for, what
something looks like, etc
 The viola is a stringed instrument
in the violin family. It is only slightly
larger than the violin and is tuned at a
lower pitch. Like its smaller relative,
the viola is held on the shoulder under
the chin and is played with a bow.
While the violin has many uses, the
viola is used mainly in orchestral and
chamber music.
The term could be emphasized by the
following:
1. Characteristics or features
2. Function
3. What it is not
4. What it is similar to
5. Example
6. Origin
 Varieties of Definition
1. Scientific Definition

- defines concepts in the most factual

way, which is often used in scientific,
proper, or real world facts
 Bacterial endocarditis occurs when bacteria
in the bloodstream (bacteremia) lodge on
abnormal heart valves or other damaged heart
tissue. Certain bacteria normally live on parts of
your body, such as the mouth and upper
respiratory system, the intestinal and urinary
tracts, and the skin. Some surgical and dental
procedures cause a brief bacteremia. Bacteremia
is common after many invasive procedures but
only certain bacteria commonly cause
endocarditis.
 2. Subjective Definition
- defines the objects in a more personal
way
- usually derived from the author's

own experiences and opinion

- often used by a writer to state
something from the point of view of
the characters or in relation to the
setting
...”[I]diot” is a nice word to call somebody and I find
myself asking as Mr. Welch did of Senator Joseph
McCarthy, “Have you no sense of decency, sir?”
Throughout my life. I have had to struggle to keep me from
thinking of myself in the limiting way that word implies.
So, for the record, I would like it known that I am not an
“idiot”. I am a person who suffers from idiocy while
trying to lead a normal life. The last thing I need is for
somebody to make it harder by pointing out what an
“idiot” I am.
(Frazer, Ian. “What I am.”The New Yorker.com.
2007.<http://www.newyorker.com)
Signal Words for Definition
is defined means to define
as
as defined refers to to
illustrate
 CLASSIFICATION
AND
EXEMPLIFICATION
criteria
 Exemplification
- provides examples and illustrations in
order to further clarify or explain the
concept or subject matter
- presents the general statement and
then provides specific and concrete
examples to expound on the main idea
 Signal Words for Exemplification
after all for instance namely that is

as an example in other words put another way to be specific

consider the in particular specifically to clarify

following
for example in short stated to illustrate
differently
 Example
Dogs are domesticated animals that have been living
with humans for generations. Dogs can be classified in a
number of different ways. For example, they can be
classified by breed. Examples of different breeds include
beagles, basset hounds, poodles and countless others as
defined by the American Kennel Club (AKC). They can
also be classified by their role in the lives of their masters
and the work they do. For example, a dog might be a
family pet, a working dog, a show dog, or a hunting dog. In
many cases, dogs are defined both by their breed and their
role. For example, a dog could be a beagle that is a family
pet.
IV.Classification and Exemplification
Classification
- divides things into groups, classes, or
categories
- organizes ideas into divisions based
on criteria or standards
 Signal Words for Classification
another classified one kind the last
as group
another final type the first the next
kind category part
COMPARISON AND
CONTRAST
 V. Comparison and
Contrast
- organizes ideas based on how events,
places, people, things, and concepts are
similar to or different from one another
a. separately -involves describing one
item first followed by the second item
b. side-by-side -involves discussing
both items based on each point of
comparison
 Signal Words for Comparing

also equally in the same similarly

way
as in a similar like to compare
fashion
both in likewise
comparison
 Signal Words for Contrasting
although despite instead otherwise

and yet even so however still

as opposed to even though nevertheless the fact
remains
but in contrast nonetheless unlike
conversely in spite of on the contrary whereas

counter to in the on the other hand yet

meantime
 Example
Although I raised Marcee and Obbie from puppies, they have
completely diverse personalities. Obbie is a six year old, male,
toy Pomeranian whereas Marcee is a one year old, female,
Boston terrier. Obbie is small and soft, unlike Marcee who has
bristly hair and is much bigger. Marcee insists on sleeping on
the bed, under the covers every night. On the other hand, Obbie
will only sleep on the floor, under the bed. Obbie is
tremendously loyal and uptight; however, Marcee is hyper and
friendly to anyone she meets or sees. Around other dogs,
Marcee cowers to the larger dog, yet Obbie will always stand
his ground, never giving up until he is scolded. Given that they
were both treated the same way all their life, it is hard to believe
that they are so different in everything they do.
CAUSE AND EFFECT
reason
VI. Cause and Effect
- explains why something
happens or what results a
particular event produces
a. Paragraph empasizing cause
b. Paragraph emphasizing effect
 Example
An avalanche is a huge snow slide that
rushes down the side of a mountain carrying
large trees, rocks, and other debris in its path.
Avalanches are similar to landslides but can be
more dangerous and destructive. Avalanches
can occur when huge amounts of new snow fall
on layers of snow and ice that have become
unstable because of melting. They can also be
triggered by explosions or earthquakes.
 Example
Global climate change resulting from the
accumulation of greenhouse gases, for example, is
likely to have significant health effects, both direct
and indirect. An average global temperature rise of 3-
4o C, predicted for the year 2100 by the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, will
greatly increase the number of days in the United
States with temperatures over 38oC (100oF), with a
resulting sharp rise in heat-related mortality. Deaths
would occur primarily from heat strokes, heart
 Signal Words for Cause
as for in view of (the owing to (the
fact) fact)
because for the reason inasmuch seeing that
(of the fact) that as
being that in that one reason since

due to
(the fact that)
 Signal Words for Effect
accordingly consequently in consequence so that

as a consequence for this reason so therefore

as a result hence so much (so) that thus

(of this)
because
(of this)
PROBLEM-SOLUTION
VII. Problem-Solution
- focuses on either a problem
or solution in a particular area
or situation
 Signal Words for Problem-Solution
but the problem one solution is

first, second the solution one way is

nonetheless one reason for

the
ACTIVITY 1

Identify the problem/s

and the solution/s and
the consequence in each
paragraph.
 Obesity has become a major health issue for North
Americans, and this problem is aggravated by the lack of
physical activity in large segments of the population. In
addition to healthier eating habits, one solution would be
to make it easier for obese North Americans to exercise on
a daily basis. This could be done at work, before and after
the shift, to ensure full participation in the program. This
program would be beneficial to obese employees as they
would be required to participate twice daily to help
decrease obesity among North Americans.
 Several students receive poor grades on writing
assignments, not because they lack the ability to
communicate, but because they cannot seem to manage
their time when it comes to a large project. They do not
know where to begin, and therefore put things off until the
last minute. To solve this problem, students need to
develop a timeline for completing the project. If they
divide the assignment into manageable “chunks” or parts
and then set a schedule for completing each part, they will
be able to finish the entire project before the deadline.
Without the pressure of not knowing where to begin, the
students will be able to focus on the assignment and
communicate their ideas effectively.
ACTIVITY 2
Arrange the following sentences to
come up with a good paragraph. Add
correct and appropriate signal
words.Identify the pattern of
development used in the paragraph.
• Education is the first battle.

• The menace of drugs can be fought.

• Children need to be told at home and in school about drugs.

• People need to be aware of the effects so that they can make avoid this
problem.

• A second approach is to increase police manpower and powers to stop

dealers and to enforce the law.

• The main target should be the user.

• Families and counselors need to talk to children and people at risk.

• Parents need to look at their children and help them to become responsible.

• Jobs are needed to give people a role in society.

PERSUASION
fact
 VIII. Persuasion
- convinces readers to agree to
an argument or claim about a
particular topic.
 Signal Words for Emphasizing a Point

again in that to emphasize truly

case

for this indeed to repeat with this in

reason mind
in fact
 Signal Words for Concluding and Summarizing

accordingly consequently in brief inevitably in a nutshell

all in all due to in conclusion on the therefore

whole
as a result finally in short since thus

as I have said in any event in summary in essence to sum up

 Signal Words for Conceding a Point
admittedly it is true obviously true
that

assuredly needless to of course undoubtedly

say
certainly no doubt to be sure unquestionably

granted