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Creative Commons “Attribution – Partage dans les mêmes conditions

!
" !
#
µ$ ∧
=
%π
µ$ & ' = %π $ − (! −

µ$ ∧
=
%π

) *
+ , -

+ . "* !
/ " - {} -
{ }! ∈ = $!
0 1 ' =$!
0 = $$ =
0 - {}
" - { }! 0 " "&
− = 2 =− =− =− ! =
/ ) 3'

θ θ+ θ

= ρ! ρ

= ρ! ρ + ρ! θ ! θ = θ! θ

= + =− ! ρ + !
0 = +
− ! ρ + !
= = !
+
/"
$ − θ
× ! θ ∧ $ $
µ$ $ µ$ θ
= =
%π 5
%π ( + )
54

µ$ π θ
= = ⋅ =
%π θ =$
( + )
54

µ$
3 =
( + ) 54

=$
µ$
$ =
5

0 = $
+

α
+

0 = 5
α ! $
∝ 4 5
+∞

6 *
- -
!
' 7 1 - 1
6 !

<< >> !

/ = = &
. +
µ$ !
= ×
( + − )
54

µ$
= = ×
( + − )
54

µ$ −
3 = ×
+ −
+
− = + − =
−
0 = α 8α = 9 !
+ −

µ$
= × α − α

6 , 7" , *

α − α ≈ − − =
0 ≈ µ$ !

5
 φ = ⋅ =$
: , ;
φ =
ε$
:
< = "
. " . !0
' " ' 7 .
* φ =$ . .

) > &

= ∪ ∪ !
φ =$⇔φ +φ +φ =$
!
0 φ =$
0 −φ =φ
−φ * '
φ * '
+ ' * & !
Aφ @ = ?& ? & !
?& = >!

!
> , " ,
+ , Γ !

%
 > , " ,
Γ = µ$ ' " Γ =$
Γ = ⋅ 8 1 Γ!
Γ

& '
7Γ !
C = −

3-

/ ρ - {}
" - { }! 7
ρ = θ ρθ θ !
∂ θ
+ - - = $!
∂θ
∂ θ
/ & {} ' "* = $!
∂
0 = θ ρ θ

> , " ,

Γ " , ∈ D -
ρ > $!

+ !
3 - ρ !

B
 δ = ⋅ = θ ρ θ ⋅ρ θ! θ = θ ρ × ρ! θ
π
0 Γ = θ ρ ρ! θ = θ ρ ρ! θ = π θ ρ ρ
$

C =+
0 " , , " , π θ ρ ρ = µ$
µ$ µ
0" 8 θ ρ = = θ ρ θ = $ θ!
πρ πρ

/ 6

<< !+ !

!
/ 7 - {}
" - { }!
7
= ρθ !
+ ' "* !
0 = ρ !
/ , 7 "* !
+ , Γ= !
δ = ⋅ !
F 3
= ρ = ρ
= ρ! ρ + ρ θ! θ + ! = !
=$ =$
ρ= =ρ θ=

0 δ = ρ = δ = ρ = ρ × −
F 3
= ρ! ρ ⊥ = ρ
0 =$
F 3
= ! = ρ !
0 δ = ρ = ρ ×
F 3 1 =$

E
 0 Γ =A ρ − ρ @×
=− × × ρ < <ρ
&

ρ ρ < ρ ρ > = $!

> , " ,
Γ = µ$
0
A ρ − ρ @× = µ$
ρ = ρ ρ ρ <
3 ρ − ρ = −µ $ ρ < <ρ
ρ = ρ ρ ρ >
ρ = ρ<
0 − = −µ $
ρ = ρ>
+ ρ =$ " 7 "* 7
* 6 7" = µ$ !
0 = µ$ =$
= µ$ ! 7 "
= $ 7 "* !