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/ 9
Appendix 2
Solubility Product Constants at 25°C
Compound
‘Aluminum hydro 3x 10%
Barium carbonate 5.0 x 107?
Barium chromate 21x 10°"
Barium hydroxide Ba(OH),- 81,0 3x10
Barium iodate Ba(lOs)2 157 x10
Barium oxalate BaC.0, 1x 10-6
Barium sulfate BaSO, 11x 10°"
Cadmium carbonate CACO, 18x 10°
Cadmium hydroxide Ca(OH), 45x 10-8
Cadmium oxalare CAC.04 9x
Cadmium sulfide cas 1x
Calcium carbonate xO; 45x Calcite
CaCO, 60x Aragonite
Calcium fluoride Gh, 39x
Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH): 65x
Calcium oxalate CaCO," H,0 17x
Calcium sulface CaSO, 24x
Cobalt tt) carbonate Coco, 10x
Cobalt) hydroxide Co(OH)2 13%
Cobalt) sulfide Cos 5x «
Cos 3x B
Copper() bromide Cube 5x
Copper() chloride cu 19
Copper hydroxide* Cu,0" 2x
Copper) iodide Cul 1x
Copper() thiocyanate cuscn 40%
Copper(Ilhytroxide Ca(OH), 48%
Copper) sulfide Cus 8x
Iron(Ll) carbonate FeCOs 21x
Iron(LD) hydroxide Fe(OH) 41x
Iron(ID sulfide FS ax
Iron(Ill) hydroxide Fe(OH), 2x
Lanthanum iodate La(l03)s, 10x
Lead carbonate PbCO, 74x
Lead chloride Pecl, 17x
Lead chromate PLEO. 3x
Lead hydroxide PbO" ax Yellow
PbO" 5x Red
Lead iodide Poly 79%
Lead oxalate PLC.O, 85x w= 005,
Lead sulfite PbSO,
Lead sulfide PbS
‘Magnesium ammonium phosphate MgNH,PO,
‘Magnesium carbonate MgCO;
Magnesium hydroxide Ms(OH)s 71x 10-7
continued ee
Manganese carbonate
Manganese hydroxide
Manganese sulfide
Mercury(l) bromide
Mercury(l) carbonate
Mercury(l) chloride
Mercury) iodide
Mereury(I) thiocyanate
Mercury(I) hydroxide
Mercury(I) sulfide
Nickel carbonate
Nickel hydroxide
Nickel sulfide
Silver arsenate
Silver bromide
Silver carbonate
Silver chloride
Silver chromate
Silver cyanide
Silver iodate
Silver iodide
Silver oxalate
Silver sulfide
Silver thiocyanate
Strontium carbonate
Strontium oxalate
Strontium sulfate
Thallium() chloride
Thallium() sulfide
Zinc carbonate
Zinc hydroxide
Zine oxalate
Zine sulfide
Formula
‘Mao,
Mn(OH):
MaS
MaS
Hg,Br,
Hg,CO;
Hg.Cl,
Hels
Hgi(SCN)>
Hgot
Hes
Hgs
Nico,
Ni(OH),
NiS
Nis
AgsAsOx
AgBe
AgCO;
‘Agcl
AgCrO,
AgCN
AglO;
Agl
AgsC,04
Ags
AgSCN
SCO,
StC0.
S80,
Tic
TLS
ZnCO,
Zn(OH):
ZaC.O,
Z0S
Zo
5.0 x
2x
3x
3x
5.6 x
89x
12x
47x
30x
36x
2x
5x
13x
6x
4x
13x
6x
5.0 x
a1x
1.82 X 1
12x
22%
31x
83x
3.5 x
8x
11x
93x14
5x
32x
18x
6x
10x
3.0.x
ax
2x
3x
10"
10-3
10-7
10
10"
10”
1075
10"
10
107
107
10
10
10-3
10-3
10-2
oo
10-2
10
10-*
10-7
lo"
10
10-2
oe
10
10~
10
10
190-
10"
10”
10
10
Pink
Green
Black
wa
Amorphous
B
Most of these data are taken from A. E. Martell and R. M. Smith, Critical Stability Constants, Vols. 3-6, New York: Plenum,
1976-1989. In most cases, the values are for infinite dilution (ionic strength jt = 0.0) and the temperature 25°C.
"Cu,0(@ + H,0 = 2Cu* + 20H~
'PbO(®) + H,O = Pb?* + 20H”
'HgO(9 + H,0 = Hg** + 20H Acid Dissociation Constants at 25°C
ran
Acetic acid
Ammonium ion
Anilinium jon
Arsenic acid
Arsenous acd
Benzoie acid
Boric acid
1-Butanoi
(Chloroacetic acid
Citric acid
Dimethyl ammonium ion
Ethanol ammonium ion
Exhyl ammonium ion
Exhylene diammonium ion
Formic acid
Fumaric acid
Glycolic acid
Hydrazinium ion
Hydrazoic acid
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen slide
Hydroxyl ammonium ion
Hypochlorous acid
Todi acid
Lactic acid
Maleie acid
‘Malic acid
Malonie acid
Mandelie acid
‘Methyl ammonium ion
[Nitrous acid
Onalic acid
Peviodic acid
Phenol
Phosphoric acid
Phosphorous acid
o-Phthalic acid
Picric acid
Piper
Propanoic acid
=
CH,COOH
NH
GHLNH,*
HyAsO,
HAsO,
H,COOH,
1,80,
CH,CH,CH,COOH
HCO,
CO.(49)
GcH,Coon
HOOC(OH)C(CH,COOH),
(CH).NH,"
HOCH NH
‘GHSNH,*
*H,NCH,CH,NH,*
HCOOH
tmmrHOOCCH:CHCOOH
HOCH,COOH.
H,NNH,*
HN,
HN
HF
HO;
HS
HONH,*
HOC!
HIo,
CH,CHOHCOOH
cir HOOCCH:CHCOOH
HOOCCHOHCH,COOK
HOOCCH,COOH
iH,CHOHCOOH
CH,NH,*
HINO,
HOOCCOOH
110,
HOH
1,20,
1,20,
HCOOH):
(NO,)sCH,0H
GHyNH*
CH,CH,COOH,
10-5
10"
105
10
10"
10-5
10"
10>
1077
107
10>
10
10"
10"
10"
107
10
104
10-*
10"
107°
10"
10%
10"
108
10-¢
10-*
10"
10-4
10?
10-4
10
10~*
10"
10-4
10?
10-8
10"
10?
10"?
10?
10"
10"
10-5
1x 107
4.69 X10
4.69 X 10
1.73 x 107°
Lig x 10"!
3.21 x 10-5
1.3 x 107
5.9 x 10-7
8.00 x 10-*
2.01 x 10-*
542 x 10
5x10
632 x 10-8
32x10"
45x 10-8
continued Reid Formula
Pyridinium ion C,H,NH*
Pyruvie acid CH;COCOOH
Salicylic acid CsH¢OH)COOH
Succinic acid HOOCCH,CH;COOH
Sulfamic acid H,NSO3H
Sulfuric acid H,SO,
Sulfurous acid H,SO,
‘Tartaric acid HOOC(CHOH);COOH
Thiocyanic acid HSCN
‘Thiosulfuric acid H,S;03
‘Trichloroacetic acid Cl;CCOOH
‘Trimethyl ammonium ion (CH,);NH*
rq
5.90 x 10-6
3.2 x 103
1.06 x 10°
621 X 10%
1.03 x 107"
Strong
1.23 X 10 7
9.20 x 10-4
0.13
0.3
3
1.58 X 10°'°
2.31 X 10°
1.02 x 1077
6.6 X 10 *
431 x 107%
25X10?
Most data are infinite dilution values (j4 = 0). (From A. E. Martell and R. M. Smith, Critical Stability Constants, Vols. 1-6, New York: Plenum
Press, 1974-1989.) Appendix 4
Formation Constants at 25°C
Ligand on oT log oo Cr Sa
Acetate (CH;COO) Age 073 09 00
cet 118 00
ca 193 12 00
cat 221 142 00
Fe" 338" 3 1st on
Hg dog Aik = 8.45 0.0
Mg" 127 00
Piet 2.68 1.40 00
Ammonia (NH,) Ag’ 331 391 00
ca 255 201 134 0.84 00
co 19" 1s 093 0.64 00
log Ks = 0.06 log Ke = -0.74 00
cat 4.04 3.43 2.80 148 00
He* 88 86 10 07 0s
Nit 272 217 1.66 112 00
log K; = 0.67 log Ky = -0.03 00
Zot 221 2.29 2.36 2.03 00
Bromide (Br™) Age Agh + 2Br7 = AgBr7 log Kiky = 75 00
Hg 9.00 SI 23 16 05.
ph 177 00
Chloride (I>) Ag’ Agh +2 = AgCh” log KK, = 5.25 0.0
cl + C= AgCh log K; = 037 00
ca Cut + 2c = Cah log = 5.5* 00
Ft 1.48 0.65 00
Hgt 730 6.70 10 06 00
Poet PhP + 3CI- = PLC log Kikaks = 18 0.0
Sn? 151 074 -03 05 0.0
Cyanide (CN-) Age Agh + 2CN” = Ag(CN) log Kits = 2048 0.0
ca 60 St 453 227 00
Hg 17.00 15.75 3.56 2.66 00
Nit Nit + 4CN- NIC log KiKaKiK = 30.22 0.0
Za log Kiki, = 11.07 498 3.57 0.0
EDTA See Table 15-4, page 383.
Fluoride (>) ape 70 56 4a 24 00
Fe 5.18 3.89 3.03 00
Hydroxide (OH) apt APY 4 40H” = AWOH),~ log KiKaKK, = 33.4 00
ca 39 38 00
cat 65 00
Fee 46 00
Fe* 1181 ns 00
Het 10.60 n2 0.0
Ne 4a 49 3 0.0
Phe 64 PRY 30H” = PHCOH)s dog KKK = 13.9 00
Za 50 Zak + 40H ZnOH)P KKK = 1550.0
continued
A-10 log K, log K, log log
Iodide (I-) cat 2.28 1.64 1.0 1.0 0.0
Cut Cut +21 =Cul, log KK = 8.9 0.0
He** 12.87 10.95 3.8 2.2 05
Pbe* Pb** + 317 = PbI, log KKK; = 3.9 0.0
Pb?* + 417 = Pbl2~ log K,K,K3Ky = 4.5 0.0
Oxalate (C,0¢?-) APY 5.97 4.96 5.04 01
ca 3.19 0.0
cat 2.73 14 1.0 1.0
Feo+ 7.58 6.23 48 1.0
Mg?* 3.42(18°O)
Pbe+ 420 211 1.0
Sulfate (SO,2-) AB 3.89 0.0
ct 2.13 0.0
Cut 2.34 0.0
Feet 4.04 1.34 0.0
Mg?* 2.23 0.0
Thiocyanate (SCN~) cat 1.89 0.89 0.1 0.0
Cue Cu* + 3SCN~ = Cu(SCN),?~ log KiKaK3 = 11.60 0.0
Feat 3.02 0.62* 0.0
Hg?* log K,K, = 17.26 27 18 0.0
Nie 1.76 0.0
‘Thiosulfate (S,037-) Ag 8.82* 47 07 0.0
Cutt log K\K = 6.3 0.0
He?" log Kiki = 29.23 14 0.0
Data from A. E. Martell and R. M. Smith, Critical Stability Constants, Vols. 3-6, New York: Plenum Press, 1974-1989.
*20°C _Appendix5 —s_s
Standard and Formal Electrode Potentials
Half-Reaction Sas
Aluminum
APY + 36° = Alls) 1.662
Antimony
$b,0,2) + GH + de = 2860" + 31,0 +0581
HAsO, + 2H" + 2e” = HAsO, + HO +0559 0.577 in 1 M HCL, HCIO,
Barium
Bat! + 2° = Bal?) 2.906
Bismuth
BiO" + 2H* + 3° = Bi() + H,0 +0320
Bil” + 3e” = BQ) + AC +016
Bromine
Bry()) + 26° 2B +1.065 1.05 in 4 M HCL
Brag) + 2e° = 2Br~ +1.087?
BrO;” + GH* + Se” = $Br,(2) + 3H,0 +152
BO,” + GH* + Ge" = Br” + 34.0, +144
Cadmium
Ca + 20° = Cals) 0.403
Calcium
Cat + 207 = Cal) 2.866
Carbon
CHO, (quinone) + 2H* + 2e” = CdH(OH), +0.699 0.696 in 1 M HCI, HCIO,, H,S0,
2CO,6g) + 2H! + 2 HCO, 049
Cerium
Cel Ce 41.70 in 1 MHCI0g +1.61 in 1 M HNO3 1.44 in
1MHSO,
Chlorine
Ch(g) + 26° = 2c1- +1359
HClO + H* +e = 3Ch() + H,0 +163
ClO,” + GH + Se" = SCl,(g) + 3H,0 +147
Chromium
Cet +e crt 0.408
Cet + 3° = CH) 0.744
Cr,02- + 4H! + Ge 2202" + 71,0 +133
Cobalt
Cot + 2e> = Cols) 0.477
Cot termece +1.808
Copper
Cut +20 = Cals) +0337
Co be Cu" +0153
Cat + = Cal) +0521
Ge tr te = Cull) +0.86
Cul(s) + = Cu) + 0.185
continued ee
Fluorine
P(g) + 2H* + 2e” = 2HE(ag)
Hydrogen
2H + 2° HHL)
Todine
(9) + 26° am
Io(aq) +e = 2I-
te 3
I> + = + 20
10, + 6H" +5 = 1,0) + 3,0
IOs” + GH + Se" = Hy(ag) + 31,0
10, + 2Cl + 6H" + 4e- = ICh + 34,0
HulO, + HY +26 10, + 31,0
Iron
Ret + 20" Feld)
Fe be ie
Re(CN)Q + RAEN)
Lead
POE + 26 = Pal)
PbO,() + 4H + 26” = Pb + 2H,0
PLSO(()) + 26° = PDE) + SOP
Lithium
Lit te Li)
Magnesium
Mgt + 26” =? Mg(s)
Manganese
Mal? + 26” = Mali)
Mn? fe = Mat
MnO,(3) + 4H” + 26” = Mn?* + 21,0
MnO, + 8H" +5e Mant + 4H,0
MnO,” + 4H" + 3c” =MaO,() + 2H,0
MnO,” + = MnO
Mereury
Hy + 267 = 2H)
2Hig’* + 267 = Hg,
Het + 20 Hg)
He,Cl(o) + 26 = 2Hg(0) + 2C-
Hg.SO(@) + 2e" = 2Hg() + S04
Nickel
Ni* + 26° = Nils)
Nitrogen,
Nig) + SH? + 4° NH
HNO, + Ht + © ==NO() + H,0
NO, + 3H* + 26° HNO, + H,0
Oxygen
1.0) + 2H* + 26° 24,0
HO,” + H,0 + 2° = 30H"
O:(9) + 411" + 4e" = 21,0
0.) + 2H" + 26° 1,0
O,@ + 2H" + 2° HOY + 1,0
Palladium
Pe + 2e- = Pals)
$3.06
0.000
+0.5355
+0615
+0536
+1.056
+1.196
+1178
+124
+1.601
-0.440
+0771
+0236
0.126
+1455
0.350
3.045
2.363
=1.:180
+123,
+151
+1.695
+0.564
+0788
+0920
+0854
+0.268
+0615
0.250
0.23
+1.00
+094
+1776
40.88
+1229
40.682
+207
+0.987
~0.005 in 1 M HCL, HCIO,
(0.700 in 1 M HCl; 0.732 in 1 M HCIO 068 in 1 M H,SO,
0.71 in 1 MHCk 0.72 in 1 M HCIOg, SO,
~0.14 in 1 MHCIOg ~0.29 in 1 MH,S0,
1.51 in 7.5 MH,SO,
(0274 in 1 M HCl; 0.776 in 1M HCIOg 0674 in 1 M H,S0,
0.907 in 1 M CIO,
(0.244 in satd KCI; 0.282 in 1 M KCI; 0.334 in 0.1 M KCL
0.92 in 1 MHNOs
continued EZ
tion
Platinum
PeC? + 20° = Pe) + AC
Del? + 2e> = PCE + 2C-
H,ScO; + 4H* + de" = Ses) + 31150
S
