Title: Mastering the Complexity: Systematic Literature Review in Public Health

Navigating the vast sea of existing literature in public health can be akin to searching for a needle in
a haystack. As researchers delve into their fields, they often encounter the daunting task of
synthesizing existing knowledge into a cohesive narrative. This process, known as a literature review,
serves as the foundation for advancing research, understanding current trends, and identifying gaps
in knowledge. However, crafting a literature review, particularly a systematic one, is no easy feat.

A systematic literature review demands meticulous planning, rigorous methodology, and extensive
analysis. Researchers must define their research questions, establish inclusion and exclusion criteria,
conduct comprehensive searches across various databases, and meticulously screen and evaluate the
identified studies. The process requires not only expertise in the subject matter but also proficiency in
research methodologies, critical appraisal, and data synthesis.

Moreover, the sheer volume of literature available can be overwhelming. Navigating through
numerous articles, deciphering complex methodologies, and synthesizing findings into a coherent
narrative can consume significant time and effort. For researchers juggling multiple responsibilities,
such as academic commitments, professional duties, or personal obligations, the task becomes even
more challenging.

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In contrast to the meta-analysis of published data, the pooled effect estimates were calculated from
the original data and only the combined results were presented (Table 3). After obtaining his
Bachelor of Science in Genetics, he earned a Master of Science in Microbiology from the Michael
DeGroote Institute of Infectious Disease Research at McMaster University. In 2007, a pooled
reanalysis (D) was published for 24 studies on the same topic for which the original data were
available ( 24 ). They differ with respect to assumptions about the heterogeneity of the estimate
between individual studies (see point 7). But what exactly is machine learning, and why does it hold
such importance. Supporting the identification of relevant pain-related initiatives and studies which
will be involved in INTEGRATE-Pain activities, such as discussing the status quo of effectiveness
and efficacy research in the field of pain research. The WHO collaborative study of neoplasia and
steroid contraceptives. Depending on the nature of the factors and target parameters (binary,
categorical or continuous variables), a logistic or a linear regression model is used to calculate the
effect estimates of the individual studies in the meta-analyses of published data (C) and pooled
reanalyses (D). WHO collaborative study of neoplasia and steroid contraceptives. To avoid bias, all
relevant articles should be considered, whatever their language. If the experiments and trials
identified in the literature search are of a uniform nature, a meta-analysis may be performed. Was
the heterogeneity between the estimates considered?—There may be marked differences between the
estimates in the individual studies. Nevertheless, here too it is necessary to consider that the
individual data (Glossary) are derived from different studies. Examples are given in each chapter,
with a succinct glossary to support the text. This must be borne in mind in the discussion and
interpretation of the results. Discussion Systematic review articles (B) can provide a comprehensive
overview of the current state of research ( 1 ). The WHO collaborative study of neoplasia and steroid
contraceptives. The authors of each study included in the analysis then provide individual data
(Glossary). For example, this might involve combined analysis of only studies with the same
characteristics in the study population, such as homogenous age groups, the same ethnic groups or
the same histological findings. With the tools to objectively collect and interpret information,
investigators can cater research programs, and expand on the current body of knowledge. The results
of each study are presented and analyzed according to defined criteria, such as study design and
mode of recruitment. Summaries of individual studies are mostly prepared when the results of
individual studies are unclear or inconsistent. For example, the reliability of the results of individual
studies can be limited by the inadequate quality of the individual studies—for example, by selection
of the study population or from aggregated data (Glossary). Methods for quantitative synthesis in
medicine. 2. Auflage New York: Oxford University Press 2000. Were sensitivity analyses
performed?—Like subgroup analyses, sensitivity analyses (Glossary) serve to test the stability of the
pooled estimate. Conclusions: Systematic literature reviews and meta-analyses enable the research
findings and treatment effects obtained in different individual studies to be summed up and
evaluated. The individual data must then be coded according to standard specifications, compiled in
a combined database and analyzed. 5. Was a descriptive analysis of the data performed. For a
systematic review article (B) and for a meta-analysis of published data (C), relevant information
should be extracted from the publications. This checklist can also be used to analyze the quality of
systematic review articles or meta-analysis. For more information, please refer to our Privacy Policy.
The WHO collaborative study of neoplasia and steroid contraceptives. Dr. rer. nat. Blettner, PD Dr.
rer. nat. et med. habil. Klug. They differ with respect to assumptions about the heterogeneity of the
estimate between individual studies (see point 7). Read more PUB-Effective Strategies to Monitor
Clinical Risks Using Biostatistics March 9, 2021 Effective strategies to monitor clinical risks using
biostatistics Read more. The extraction sheets may differ based on the study’s purpose. This is why it
is necessary to summarize and critically analyze individual studies on the same theme. The authors
steer readers on a logical, sequential path through the process, taking account of the different needs
of researchers, students and practitioners. These terms are often not clearly allocated in the literature.
The WHO collaborative study of neoplasia and steroid contraceptives. In contrast, systematic review
articles (B) claim that, if possible, they consider all published studies on a specific theme—after the
application of previously defined inclusion and exclusion criteria ( 11 ). Limits applied to the search
(4) Limits enforced to the search (5) Screening. Every year, there is a great increase in the number of
scientific publications. Practical guidance is provided on the fundamentals of systematic reviewing
and also on advanced techniques such as meta-analysis. To avoid bias, all relevant articles should be
considered, whatever their language. In the lower funnel plot (Figure 2b), the small studies are
missing, which in this example show no increased risk. Manuscript received on 9 June 2008, revised
version accepted on 10 March 2009. This checklist can also be used to analyze the quality of
systematic review articles or meta-analysis. Thirdly, publication bias is also a problem for the meta-
analysis of published data. What is important is to analyze the methodological quality of the included
publications and to investigate the reasons for any differences between the results in the different
studies. A distinction is made between narrative reviews and systematic reviews ( Table 1 gif ppt ).
The included studies were first summarized in a descriptive overview, as is common in systematic
review articles (Table 2). Secondly, the pooled effect estimate is mostly calculated from aggregated
data. The WHO collaborative study of neoplasia and steroid contraceptives. This section presented
an overview of the various steps involved in performing a systematic review. The aim of the present
article is to describe and distinguish these forms and to allow the reader to perform a critical analysis
of the results of individual studies and the quality of the systematic review or meta-analysis.
Systematic evaluations should include the following. For this reason, there is probably a publication
bias, because these studies had not been published. 8. How were the results interpreted. Individual
data can be removed in accordance with the prospective specifications in the study protocol, without
it being necessary to exclude the whole study. Systematic literature reviews, meta-analyses of
published data, and meta-analyses of individual data (pooled reanalyses) are now being published
with increasing frequency. The different types of review and meta-analysis are discussed with
examples from the literature on one particular topic.
In: Ahrens W, Pigeot I (Hrsg.): Handbook of epidemiology. Results: Systematic literature reviews
provide an overview of the state of research on a given topic and enable an assessment of the quality
of individual studies. These figures make it clear how increasingly difficult it is for physicians in
private practice, clinicians and scientists to obtain comprehensive current information on any given
medical topic. In contrast, systematic review articles (B) claim that, if possible, they consider all
published studies on a specific theme—after the application of previously defined inclusion and
exclusion criteria ( 11 ). This helps to make the differences between the studies clear with respect to
the data examined. 6. Were the calculations of the effect estimates of the individual studies and of
the pooled effect estimate presented. This textbook is an authoritative and accessible guide to an
activity that is often found overwhelming. For this reason, there is probably a publication bias,
because these studies had not been published. 8. How were the results interpreted. Instructions of
this sort help to lay down standards for the summary of individual studies. WHO collaborative study
of neoplasia and steroid contraceptives. As a previous Ontario Graduate Scholar, he has applied his
accolades as a teaching assistant and has become a research associate in the department of surgery at
Hamilton Health Sciences. What is important is to analyze the methodological quality of the included
publications and to investigate the reasons for any differences between the results in the different
studies. The individual data must then be coded according to standard specifications, compiled in a
combined database and analyzed. 5. Was a descriptive analysis of the data performed. For example,
this might involve combined analysis of only studies with the same characteristics in the study
population, such as homogenous age groups, the same ethnic groups or the same histological
findings. In the upper funnel plot (Figure 2a), there is a roughly funnel shaped distribution of the
effect estimates of the individual studies around the pooled effect estimates (middle broken line).
Were sensitivity analyses performed?—Like subgroup analyses, sensitivity analyses (Glossary) serve
to test the stability of the pooled estimate. Data abstraction will involve pulling data elements from
the individual studies. Conclusions: Systematic literature reviews and meta-analyses enable the
research findings and treatment effects obtained in different individual studies to be summed up and
evaluated. This is why it is necessary to summarize and critically analyze individual studies on the
same theme. Generally, the data extraction sheet containing the title of the article, study design,
region, sample size, interventions and outcomes (Mueller et al., 2017 ). They also allow the results of
different studies to be evaluated together when these are inconsistent. We here describe the essential
features of these methods and discuss their strengths and weaknesses. How was the pooled effect
estimate calculated?—The effect estimates of the individual studies are combined by statistical
procedures to give a common pooled effect estimate ( 9 ) (Figure 1). This article provides a
systematic review of the current literature related to health literacy in nursing education and
identifies implications for nursing curricula. To address a particular research query, it attempts to
collect all available information on a specific subject. Every year, there is a great increase in the
number of scientific publications. The aim is to extract relevant information systematically from the
publications. Was the heterogeneity between the estimates considered?—There may be marked
differences between the estimates in the individual studies. Nevertheless, here too it is necessary to
consider that the individual data (Glossary) are derived from different studies. WHO collaborative
study of neoplasia and steroid contraceptives. The heterogeneity was also formally investigated with
statistical tests and various subgroup analyses were performed.