Jung’s Analytic

Psychology
Melvin B. Gados RPm
 Carl Jung (1875-1961)
■ His family tree is both religious and most of
them are doctors
■ Lived as an only child for 9 years before his
sister was born
■ His father according to him is an idealist
strong doubts on his faith while his mother
has 2 sides; the realistic slide and the
mystical side.
■ He said that he has personality 1
(extraverted; external objective world) and
personality 2 (introverted; subjective world)
■ He was best friends with Freud before,
talking for 13 hours straight when they first
met. He confessed that it was somehow a
religious crush or something
Jung’s Analytic Psychology

■ Jung, like Freud, based his personality theory

on the assumption that the mind, or psyche,
has both a conscious and an unconscious
level.
■ However, Jung strongly asserted that the
most important portion of the unconscious
springs not from personal experiences of the
individual but from the distant past of human
existence – the collective unconscious.
Conscious and the personal unconscious are
of lesser importance.
Levels of the Psyche
■ Conscious
◻ Attitudes and Functions
◻ Psychological types
■ Personal Unconscious
◻ Complexes
■ Collective Unconscious
◻ Archetypes
 Levels of the Psyche
■ Conscious
◻ Conscious images are those that are
sensed by the ego, whereas unconscious
elements have no relationship with the
ego.
◻ Jung saw the ego as the center of
consciousness, but not the core of
personality.
◻ Ego is not the whole personality, but
must be completed by the more
comprehensive self
◻ In a psychologically healthy person, the
ego takes a secondary position to the
unconscious self
Psychological Types

■ Attitude - a predisposition to act or

react in a characteristic direction.
◻ Introversion
◻ Extraversion
■ Both introversion and extraversion can
combine with any one or more of four
functions, forming eight possible
orientations, or types.
The Attitudes

■ Introversion
◻ Turning inward of psychic energy with an orientation
toward the subjective
◻ Turned to their inner world with all its biases,
fantasies, dreams and individual perceptions
◻ Perceive external world selectively

■ Extraversion
◻ Turning outward of psychic energy so that the
person is oriented toward the objective
◻ More influenced by their surroundings than by their
inner world
The Functions
■ Thinking
◻ Enables one to recognize meaning
■ Feeling
◻ Tells the value or worth of something
◻ The valuing of every conscious activity and should be
distinguished from emotion
■ Sensation
◻ Tells people that something exists
■ Intuition
◻ Allows them to know about something without
knowing how they know
◻ Perception beyond the workings of consciousness
Jungian Types
Jungian types
 Levels of the Psyche

■ Personal Unconscious
◻ repressed, forgotten, or subliminally
perceived experiences of one
particular individual.
◻ contains repressed infantile
memories and impulses, forgotten
events, and experiences
◻ formed by our individual
experiences and is therefore unique
to each of us
◻ Contents of the personal
unconscious are called complexes.
 Levels of the Psyche
■ Complex
◻ emotionally toned
conglomeration of
associated ideas.
◻ largely personal, but
they may also be partly
derived from
humanity’s
◻ collective experience.
partly conscious and A person’s experiences with
may stem from personal Mother may become grouped
around an emotional core so that
and collective
the person’s mother, or even the
unconscious word “mother,” sparks an emotional
response
 Levels of the Psyche
■ The Collective Unconscious
◻ Consists of thoughts and images that
are difficult to bring into awareness
◻ However, these thoughts were
never pressed out of consciousness
◻ Each of us was born with this
unconscious material and is
basically the same for all people
◻ Just as we inherit physical
characteristics from our ancestors
we also inherit unconscious psychic
characteristics
◻ Made up or primordial images
collectively referred to as archetypes
 Levels of the Psyche
■ Archetype
◻ A universal thought form or
predisposition to respond to the
world in certain ways (Jung,
1936)
◻ A potential to respond to
the world in a certain way
◻ the psychic counterpart to an
instinct
◻ Jung - there are “as many
archetypes as there are typical
situations in life”.
Archetypes in Cultural Forms
Archetypes in Cultural Forms

■ Professor Dumbledore is the wise old man, and Harry Potter is the
hero who undertakes an archetypal journey.
Archetypes in Cultural Forms
Archetypes in Cultural Forms
Some Important Archetypes
■ Persona
◻ The side of personality on
show to the world.
◻ Each person must project a
role, one that society
dictates
◻ Should not be confused with
complete self
◻ If people identify too closely
with their persona they
remain unconscious of their
individuality and are blocked
from attaining self-realization
◻ One may lose touch with inner
self and remain dependent
on society’s expectations.
Some Important Archetypes
■ Anima and Animus
◻ Anima - the female side of
the male
◻ Animus – the masculine
side of the female

◻ Principal function of these

archetypes is to is to guide
the selection of a romantic
partner and the course of
the subsequent relationship.
■ We look for a partner by
projecting our anima/animus
onto potential mates
Some Important Archetypes
■ Anima and Animus
◻ Androgynous ideal
■ the presence of both
masculine and feminine
qualities in an individual
and the ability to realize
both potentialities.
Some Important Archetypes
■ Self
◻ An inherited tendency to move
towards growth, perfection, and
completion
◻ The archetype of archetypes
because it pulls together other
archetypes and unites them in
the process of self realization
◻ Includes both personal and
collective images
◻ Symbolized by a person’s
ideas of perfection,
completion, and wholeness
buts its ultimate symbol is the
mandala.
Some Important Archetypes

■ Mandala
◻ in Hindu and Buddhist thought is a symbol of the
universe
◻ a symbol of the self (Jung).
◻ a concentrically arranged figure such as a circle,
wheel, or cross, which Jung saw appearing again and
again in his patients’ dreams and in the artwork of
all cultures.
◻ It represents the self striving toward wholeness.
Examples of Mandalas
 Some Important Archetypes
■ Shadow
◻ Contains the unconscious part of
ourselves that is essentially negative
◻ The evil side of human kind
◻ Located partly in the personal
unconscious in the form of repressed
feelings and partly in the collective
unconscious
◻ Good vs. evil is the most common theme
in literature because the collective
unconscious of all people readily grasps
the concept.
◻ Well-adjusted people incorporate their
good and evil parts into a wholeness of
self.
◻ Otherwise we may project our evil
thoughts on others. (projection)
Evidence for the Collective
Unconscious
■ Evidence comes form a lifelong study
of modern and ancient cultures
particularly mythology, cultural
symbols, dreams, and the statements
of schizophrenics.
■ If a collective unconscious exists that
is basically the same for each of us,
the primordial images should be found
in some form in all cultures and
across time.
■ Primordial images - expressed in
dreams, art, folklore, and
mythology.
■ People suffering from psychosis are
said to describe archetype-based
Dynamics of Personality
■ Causality
◻ Holds that present events have
their origin in previous
experiences
◻ However, a causal viewpoint
does not explain everything

■ Teleology
◻ Holds that present events are
motivated by goals and
aspirations for the future that
directs a person’s destiny
◻ Human behavior is shaped by
both causal and teleological
forces
◻ Jung insisted on balance
Dynamics of Personality
■ Progression
◻ Involves a forward flow
of energy needed to
adapt to the outside
world
◻ Inclines a person to react
consistently to a given
ser of environmental
conditions
Dynamics of Personality
■ Regression
◻ Adaptation to the inner world
relies on a backward flow
of energy
◻ A necessary backward step
in the attainment of a goal
◻ Activates the unconscious
psyche – aids the solution of a
problem
◻ Exemplified in Jung’s midlife
crisis
■ Both are essential if people are to
achieve individual growth or self-
Self-Realization
■ Psychological rebirth is called self-
realization or individuation
■ The process of becoming an individual or
whole person
■ The process of integrating the opposite
poles into a single homogeneous
individual
■ Coming to selfhood means that a person
has all psychological components
functioning in unity with no psychic
process atrophying
■ Relatively rare and is achieved only by
people who are able to assimilate
their unconscious into their total
personality.
Self-Realization
■ Involves individuation and
transcendence
■ Individuation
◻ When the systems of the individual psyche
achieve their fullest degree of
differentiation expression, and
development.
◻ fulfilling one’s own specific nature and
realizing one’s uniqueness in one’s place
within the whole.
◻ Not individualism

■ Transcendence
◻ refers to integration of the diverse systems of
the self toward the goal of wholeness and
identity with all of humanity.
◻ a deeper self or essence emerges to unite a
person with all of humanity and the
Self-Realization
■ If we view the psyche as a wheel,
the hub of which is the archetype
of the self, we can suggest that the
true self emerges when the
opposites coincide (as in a
mandala)
■ Neurosis results from a one-sided
personality development.
■ The coincidence of opposites is
the ultimate goal of personality
development in the Jungian
view.
■ Freud - the person is inescapably
in conflict
■ Jung - the person ultimately seeks
Stages of Development
Stages of Development
■ Childhood ■ Middle life
◻ Early morning sun ◻ brilliant like the late
◻ full of potential, but still morning sun, but
lacking in brilliance obviously headed for
(consciousness) the sunset
■ Youth ■ Old age
◻ The morning sun ◻ evening sun
◻ climbing toward the ◻ its once bright
zenith, but unaware of consciousness now
the impending decline markedly dimmed
Stages of Development

■ Childhood: 3 substages
◻ Anarchic phase
■ characterized by chaotic and sporadic
consciousness.
■ “Islands of consciousness”.
◻ Monarchic phase
■ characterized by the development of the ego and by
the beginning of logical and verbal thinking.
■ Third person: ego is perceived as an object, it is
not
yet aware of itself as perceiver.
Stages of Development

■ Childhood: 3 substages
◻ Dualistic phase
■ the ego is divided into the objective and subjective.
■ refer to themselves in the first person and are aware
of their existence as separate individuals.
■ islands of consciousness become continuous land,
inhabited by an ego-complex that recognizes itself
as both object and subject
Stages of Development

■ Youth
◻ puberty until middle life
◻ youth is a period of increased activity, maturing
sexuality, growing consciousness, and
recognition that the problem-free era of childhood
is gone.
◻ The major difficulty is to overcome the natural
tendency to cling to the narrow consciousness of
childhood, thus avoiding problems pertinent to the
present time of life.
◻ Conservative principle - desire to live in the past
Stages of Development

■ Midlife
◻ begins at approximately age 35 or 40
◻ Comes with increasing anxieties but also a
period of tremendous potential.
◻ If middle-aged people retain the social and
moral values of their early life, they
become rigid and fanatical in trying to hold
on to their physical attractiveness and
agility.
Stages of Development
■ Old Age
◻ Jung believed that death is the goal of life and that life
can be fulfilling only when death is seen in this light.
◻ Backward orientation - clinging desperately to goals
and lifestyles of the past and going through the
motions of life aimlessly.
◻ Treatment: establish new goals and find meaning in
living by first finding meaning in death.
Jung’s Method of Investigation

■ Word Association Test

◻ purpose of the test in Jungian psychology
today is to uncover feeling-toned complexes.
◻ Jung typically used a list of about 100
stimulus words
◻ instructed the person with the first word that
came to mind.
◻ Certain types of reactions indicate that the
stimulus word has touched a complex.
Jung’s Method of Investigation

■ Dream Analysis
◻ Jung objected to Freud’s notion that nearly all
dreams are wish fulfillments and that most
dream symbols represent sexual urges.
◻ believed that people used symbols to
represent a variety of concepts—not merely
sexual ones
◻ Dreams are our unconscious and
spontaneous attempt to know the
unknowable.
Jung’s Method of Investigation

■ Dream Analysis
◻ The purpose of Jungian dream
interpretation is to uncover elements from
the personal and collective unconscious and
to integrate them into consciousness in order
to facilitate the process of self-realization.
◻ Dreams are often compensatory
Jung’s Method of Investigation
■ Active Imagination
◻ This method requires a person to begin with
any impression—a dream image, vision,
picture, or fantasy—and to concentrate
until the impression begins to “move.”
◻ The person must follow these images to
wherever they lead and then courageously
face these autonomous images and
freely communicate with them.
Jung’s Method of Investigation
■ Active Imagination
◻ Purpose is to reveal archetypal
images emerging from the
unconscious.
◻ Advantage: images are produced during a
conscious state of mind, thus making
them more clear and reproducible.
◻ Variation is to draw, paint, or express in
some other nonverbal manner the
progression of their fantasies
Jung’s Method of Investigation

■ Psychotherapy
■ Four basic approaches to therapy:
◻ Confession of a pathogenic secret (Cathartic
method of Breuer)
◻ The second stage involves interpretation,
explanation, and elucidation.
■ used by Freud, gives the patients insight
into the causes of their neuroses, but may
still leave them incapable of solving social
problems.
Jung’s Method of Investigation

■ The third stage, therefore, is the approach

adopted by Adler and includes the education of
patients as social beings.
■ Transformation (fourth stage)
◻ Therapist must first be transformed into a
healthy human being, preferably by
undergoing psychotherapy.
Jung’s Method of Investigation
■ Only after transformation and an established
philosophy of life is the therapist able to help
patients move toward individuation, wholeness,
or self-realization.
■ Employed with patients who are in the second
half of life and who are concerned with
realization of the inner self, with moral and
religious problems, and with finding a unifying
philosophy of life.